M. D. Taylor, H. Premachandra, D. Hurwood, Sudath T. Dammannagoda, King Hang Chan, P. Mather, C. A. Gray, W. Knibb
Stock enhancement involves the augmentation of wild populations with hatchery-reared recruits. Stock enhancement generally also includes a postrelease monitoring program which tracks stocked individuals within the fishery, and this relies on having a means to identify the likely origin of recaptured fish (e.g., physical, otolith, or genetic tags). This study reports the application of sibship analysis to retrospectively infer the origin of Mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) within stocked estuaries, when other means of identification were not available. Eight cohorts of Mulloway were stocked into two estuaries, across a seven-year period, but only some of the fish released during the program were physically marked with chemical otolith stains. Fish were sampled from stocked estuaries (mostly through an angler-based sampling program) and genotyped for six microsatellite loci, alongside 129 fish sampled from nonstocked estuaries. The presence of multiple sibs within the mixed populations in stocked estuaries was used to infer the origin of captured fish, against a background of sibship for known-origin individuals (verified by otolith marks) and sibship levels within unstocked estuaries. The analysis suggested hatchery-reared fish could have contributed 9% of individuals sampled from the augmented populations (7% when corrected for background sibship). The proportion of fish inferred to be of hatchery origin decreased with size (likely due to mortality and migration), and the expected contribution rates for hatchery-reared fish differed among cohorts. The results highlight that sibship analysis may be useful for retrospective genetic evaluation of stocked estuaries.
{"title":"Genetic evaluation of the unknown contribution of stocked fish in angler catches: a case study using Mulloway Argyrosomus japonicus","authors":"M. D. Taylor, H. Premachandra, D. Hurwood, Sudath T. Dammannagoda, King Hang Chan, P. Mather, C. A. Gray, W. Knibb","doi":"10.5343/bms.2020.0050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2020.0050","url":null,"abstract":"Stock enhancement involves the augmentation of wild populations with hatchery-reared recruits. Stock enhancement generally also includes a postrelease monitoring program which tracks stocked individuals within the fishery, and this relies on having a means to identify the likely origin of recaptured fish (e.g., physical, otolith, or genetic tags). This study reports the application of sibship analysis to retrospectively infer the origin of Mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) within stocked estuaries, when other means of identification were not available. Eight cohorts of Mulloway were stocked into two estuaries, across a seven-year period, but only some of the fish released during the program were physically marked with chemical otolith stains. Fish were sampled from stocked estuaries (mostly through an angler-based sampling program) and genotyped for six microsatellite loci, alongside 129 fish sampled from nonstocked estuaries. The presence of multiple sibs within the mixed populations in stocked estuaries was used to infer the origin of captured fish, against a background of sibship for known-origin individuals (verified by otolith marks) and sibship levels within unstocked estuaries. The analysis suggested hatchery-reared fish could have contributed 9% of individuals sampled from the augmented populations (7% when corrected for background sibship). The proportion of fish inferred to be of hatchery origin decreased with size (likely due to mortality and migration), and the expected contribution rates for hatchery-reared fish differed among cohorts. The results highlight that sibship analysis may be useful for retrospective genetic evaluation of stocked estuaries.","PeriodicalId":55312,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Marine Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70882845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"First record of synchronous coral spawning in a marginal coral community in Shenzhen, China","authors":"Yu Zhao, Xiao-fei Zhang, Mingru Chen","doi":"10.5343/BMS.2020.0070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5343/BMS.2020.0070","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55312,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Marine Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70883468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kylie M. Smith, Devon M Pharo, C. Shea, Brian A Reckenbeil, K. Maxwell, W. Sharp
Corals throughout the Caribbean have experienced major declines since the 1970s. In response, many agencies have focused their conservation and restoration efforts on outplanting nursery-grown coral fragments onto degraded reefs. Predation on newly outplanted corals can be an important but often unmonitored factor contributing to the declining health and survival of these fragments. In this study, we outplanted 360 boulder coral fragments (Montastraea cavernosa, Orbicella faveolata, Pseudodiploria clivosa), sourced from both ex situ and in situ nurseries, at three locations in the Florida Keys. Each location included one inshore and one offshore site. Ten fragments of each species and source were outplanted at each site (60 corals per site). Transplants were monitored for finfish predation, live tissue area, and survival at 1, 2, 6, and 12 wks post-outplanting. We found the highest finfish predation for all species during the 1 wk monitoring period. Predation during this first week varied by location and reef type, with two locations showing higher predation on offshore sites and one location experiencing increased predation on the inshore site. We also found that coral fragments produced in the ex situ nursery experienced higher initial predation compared to fragments produced in the in situ nursery. However, overall coral survival at 12 wks post-outplanting was 96%, suggesting there was no effect of initial predation on survival. Our results indicate that coral restoration efforts may be affected by intense, initial predation on newly-outplanted boulder coral colonies, but this initial predation may not lead to an increase in mortality.
{"title":"Recovery from finfish predation on newly outplanted boulder coral colonies on three reefs in the Florida Keys","authors":"Kylie M. Smith, Devon M Pharo, C. Shea, Brian A Reckenbeil, K. Maxwell, W. Sharp","doi":"10.5343/BMS.2020.0056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5343/BMS.2020.0056","url":null,"abstract":"Corals throughout the Caribbean have experienced major declines since the 1970s. In response, many agencies have focused their conservation and restoration efforts on outplanting nursery-grown coral fragments onto degraded reefs. Predation on newly outplanted corals can be an important but often unmonitored factor contributing to the declining health and survival of these fragments. In this study, we outplanted 360 boulder coral fragments (Montastraea cavernosa, Orbicella faveolata, Pseudodiploria clivosa), sourced from both ex situ and in situ nurseries, at three locations in the Florida Keys. Each location included one inshore and one offshore site. Ten fragments of each species and source were outplanted at each site (60 corals per site). Transplants were monitored for finfish predation, live tissue area, and survival at 1, 2, 6, and 12 wks post-outplanting. We found the highest finfish predation for all species during the 1 wk monitoring period. Predation during this first week varied by location and reef type, with two locations showing higher predation on offshore sites and one location experiencing increased predation on the inshore site. We also found that coral fragments produced in the ex situ nursery experienced higher initial predation compared to fragments produced in the in situ nursery. However, overall coral survival at 12 wks post-outplanting was 96%, suggesting there was no effect of initial predation on survival. Our results indicate that coral restoration efforts may be affected by intense, initial predation on newly-outplanted boulder coral colonies, but this initial predation may not lead to an increase in mortality.","PeriodicalId":55312,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Marine Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70882903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. R. Glass, S. R. Santos, J. Kauwe, Brandon D. Pickett, T. Near
For economically valuable marine fishes, identifying biogeographic barriers and estimating the extent of gene flow are critical components of fisheries management. We examined the population genetic structure of two commercially important reef-associated predators, the giant trevally ( Caranx ignobilis) and bluefin trevally (Caranx melampygus). We sampled 225 individuals and 32,798 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of C. ignobilis, and 74 individuals and 43,299 SNPs of C. melampygus. Analyses of geographic population structure indicate the two species display subtly different phylogeographic patterns. Caranx ignobilis comprises two to three putative populations—one in the Central Pacific, one inhabiting the Western Pacific and Eastern Indian oceans, and one in the Western Indian Ocean—with some restricted gene flow between them. Caranx melampygus shows evidence of restricted gene flow from Hawaii to the West Pacific and Indian oceans, as well as limited genetic connectivity across the Indo- Pacific Barrier. Both species exhibit patterns characteristic of other large, reef-associated predators such as deepwater snappers and the great barracuda. This study contributes to ongoing assessments of the role of the Indo-Pacific Barrier in shaping patterns of phylogeography for large reef-associated fishes. Furthermore, by identifying putative populations of C. ignobilis and C. melampygus in the Central Pacific, our findings serve to improve future management measures for these economically important, data-limited species, particularly in light of historic and contemporary overfishing in Hawaii.
{"title":"Phylogeography of two marine predators, giant trevally (Caranx ignobilis) and bluefin trevally (Caranx melampygus), across the Indo-Pacific","authors":"J. R. Glass, S. R. Santos, J. Kauwe, Brandon D. Pickett, T. Near","doi":"10.5343/BMS.2019.0114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5343/BMS.2019.0114","url":null,"abstract":"For economically valuable marine fishes, identifying biogeographic barriers and estimating the extent of gene flow are critical components of fisheries management. We examined the population genetic structure of two commercially important reef-associated predators, the giant trevally ( Caranx ignobilis) and bluefin trevally (Caranx melampygus). We sampled 225 individuals and 32,798 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of C. ignobilis, and 74 individuals and 43,299 SNPs of C. melampygus. Analyses of geographic population structure indicate the two species display subtly different phylogeographic patterns. Caranx ignobilis comprises two to three putative populations—one in the Central Pacific, one inhabiting the Western Pacific and Eastern Indian oceans, and one in the Western Indian Ocean—with some restricted gene flow between them. Caranx melampygus shows evidence of restricted gene flow from Hawaii to the West Pacific and Indian oceans, as well as limited genetic connectivity across the Indo- Pacific Barrier. Both species exhibit patterns characteristic of other large, reef-associated predators such as deepwater snappers and the great barracuda. This study contributes to ongoing assessments of the role of the Indo-Pacific Barrier in shaping patterns of phylogeography for large reef-associated fishes. Furthermore, by identifying putative populations of C. ignobilis and C. melampygus in the Central Pacific, our findings serve to improve future management measures for these economically important, data-limited species, particularly in light of historic and contemporary overfishing in Hawaii.","PeriodicalId":55312,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Marine Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70880793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The West Coast Rock Lobster Managed Fishery (WCRLMF) moved from input to output controls in 2010. This change affected the relativity of fishery-based data sources (e.g., catch rates and landed size composition), making the assessment of the fishery problematic. A novel examination of the stock dynamics was required to ensure the robustness of the stock assessment and associated management arrangements. This study derived estimates of current biomass levels and harvest rates from the release of over 60,000 tagged western rock lobsters (Panulirus cygnus). A “Brownie” tag-recapture (BTR) model was initially implemented to provide an assessment on a fishery-wide basis. Estimates from this were compared to those derived from a novel purpose-built tag-recapture individual-based model (IBM) that accounted for sex, size, month, and location-specific changes in catchability. The two models produced similar estimates on a fishery-wide scale—harvest rate (HR 0.26 vs 0.30, respectively) and legal-sized biomass (about 24,500 vs 20,735 t, respectively)—while the IBM also provided estimates on a far finer spatial and temporal scale. Both models indicate that the WCRLMF is currently in a very sustainable condition and is being fished at a rate below maximum economic yield (HRmey is about 0.39). These findings were in concert with estimates derived for this fishery based on two separate catch-rate based population models, an integrated population model and a biomass-dynamics model. Such strong agreement among all models provides great certainty in the current assessment and management of this important marine resource.
{"title":"Development of an individual-based tag recapture model to benchmark biomass and harvest rates in an iconic lobster fishery","authors":"S. de Lestang, J. Hoenig, J. How","doi":"10.5343/bms.2021.0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2021.0026","url":null,"abstract":"The West Coast Rock Lobster Managed Fishery (WCRLMF) moved from input to output controls in 2010. This change affected the relativity of fishery-based data sources (e.g., catch rates and landed size composition), making the assessment of the fishery problematic. A novel examination of the stock dynamics was required to ensure the robustness of the stock assessment and associated management arrangements. This study derived estimates of current biomass levels and harvest rates from the release of over 60,000 tagged western rock lobsters (Panulirus cygnus). A “Brownie” tag-recapture (BTR) model was initially implemented to provide an assessment on a fishery-wide basis. Estimates from this were compared to those derived from a novel purpose-built tag-recapture individual-based model (IBM) that accounted for sex, size, month, and location-specific changes in catchability. The two models produced similar estimates on a fishery-wide scale—harvest rate (HR 0.26 vs 0.30, respectively) and legal-sized biomass (about 24,500 vs 20,735 t, respectively)—while the IBM also provided estimates on a far finer spatial and temporal scale. Both models indicate that the WCRLMF is currently in a very sustainable condition and is being fished at a rate below maximum economic yield (HRmey is about 0.39). These findings were in concert with estimates derived for this fishery based on two separate catch-rate based population models, an integrated population model and a biomass-dynamics model. Such strong agreement among all models provides great certainty in the current assessment and management of this important marine resource.","PeriodicalId":55312,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Marine Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70883960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Blount, V. Komyakova, L. Barnes, Marcus P. Lincoln Smith, Dilys Zhang, K. Reeds, D. McPhee, M. D. Taylor, W. Macbeth, E. Needham
Artificial reefs have many applications but are best known for their deployments to enhance recreational fisheries by creating new habitat in areas where natural reef is otherwise limited. The expectation is that fish assemblages will take up residence on artificial reefs and that these assemblages will become at least similar, if not more diverse and abundant, to those on natural reefs. Although designed, purpose-built artificial reefs are becoming more widely used in support of recreational fisheries and many of the historic issues have been resolved, conservation practitioners and managers still face challenges as to the type, number, and arrangement of structures and where to deploy them to maximize benefits and minimize risks. The ecological literature was reviewed to develop and enhance contemporary principles of artificial reef best practices for utilization. Our review identified optimal shapes, vertical relief, void spaces, and unit arrangements for increasing volumes and diversity of catch to recreational fishers and we provide a tool for identifying the least constrained areas for artificial reef deployment. We suggest; (a) monitoring of noncatch motivators in combination with quantitative indicators of the fishing activity (e.g., catch rate and effort) will provide the best understanding of success or failure of an artificial reef deployment; (b) choosing target species for informing purpose-built artificial reef designs to be reef-associated, demersal, philopatric, territorial, and obligatory reef species that are desired by local recreational fishers; and (c) considering the ecosystem services provided by artificial reefs beyond those associated with recreational fishing.
{"title":"Using ecological evidence to refine approaches to deploying offshore artificial reefs for recreational fisheries","authors":"C. Blount, V. Komyakova, L. Barnes, Marcus P. Lincoln Smith, Dilys Zhang, K. Reeds, D. McPhee, M. D. Taylor, W. Macbeth, E. Needham","doi":"10.5343/bms.2020.0059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2020.0059","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial reefs have many applications but are best known for their deployments to enhance recreational fisheries by creating new habitat in areas where natural reef is otherwise limited. The expectation is that fish assemblages will take up residence on artificial reefs and that these assemblages will become at least similar, if not more diverse and abundant, to those on natural reefs. Although designed, purpose-built artificial reefs are becoming more widely used in support of recreational fisheries and many of the historic issues have been resolved, conservation practitioners and managers still face challenges as to the type, number, and arrangement of structures and where to deploy them to maximize benefits and minimize risks. The ecological literature was reviewed to develop and enhance contemporary principles of artificial reef best practices for utilization. Our review identified optimal shapes, vertical relief, void spaces, and unit arrangements for increasing volumes and diversity of catch to recreational fishers and we provide a tool for identifying the least constrained areas for artificial reef deployment. We suggest; (a) monitoring of noncatch motivators in combination with quantitative indicators of the fishing activity (e.g., catch rate and effort) will provide the best understanding of success or failure of an artificial reef deployment; (b) choosing target species for informing purpose-built artificial reef designs to be reef-associated, demersal, philopatric, territorial, and obligatory reef species that are desired by local recreational fishers; and (c) considering the ecosystem services provided by artificial reefs beyond those associated with recreational fishing.","PeriodicalId":55312,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Marine Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70882555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. L. Almeida, C. Stallings, M. Condini, A. M. Garcia, O. Tzadik, C. Koenig, M. Hostim-Silva
Atlantic goliath grouper Epinephelus itajara (Lichtenstein, 1822) are classified as vulnerable by the IUCN and have decreasing local populations throughout their distribution due to overfishing and habitat degradation. Due to their protected status, basic life history information that can inform management and conservation is lacking for some local populations, including in Brazil. In the present study, we examined how δ15N of juvenile Atlantic goliath grouper fin rays, a nonlethal method, varied with total length across four estuaries in Brazil. A total of 100 juvenile Atlantic goliath grouper (total length range: 95–505 mm) were analyzed, and we observed positive relationships between δ15N and fish lengths (i.e., evidence of trophic growth). Among-estuarine slopes did not differ, suggesting trophic growth was consistent among sites despite different δ15N values between the northernmost site and a group of southern sites, possibly reflecting different isotopic baselines. This study is the first effort to provide useful insights into the trophic ecology of juvenile Atlantic goliath grouper in Brazil, which could help address knowledge gaps and conserve this endangered species. The nonlethal methodology employed in this study could be used to advance our understanding of the trophic ecology of other vulnerable and endangered marine fishes and help inform conservation and management practices.
{"title":"Nonlethal stable isotope analysis reveals consistent trophic growth of juvenile Atlantic goliath grouper Epinephelus itajara in Brazilian estuaries","authors":"L. L. Almeida, C. Stallings, M. Condini, A. M. Garcia, O. Tzadik, C. Koenig, M. Hostim-Silva","doi":"10.5343/bms.2021.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2021.0025","url":null,"abstract":"Atlantic goliath grouper Epinephelus itajara (Lichtenstein, 1822) are classified as vulnerable by the IUCN and have decreasing local populations throughout their distribution due to overfishing and habitat degradation. Due to their protected status, basic life history information that can inform management and conservation is lacking for some local populations, including in Brazil. In the present study, we examined how δ15N of juvenile Atlantic goliath grouper fin rays, a nonlethal method, varied with total length across four estuaries in Brazil. A total of 100 juvenile Atlantic goliath grouper (total length range: 95–505 mm) were analyzed, and we observed positive relationships between δ15N and fish lengths (i.e., evidence of trophic growth). Among-estuarine slopes did not differ, suggesting trophic growth was consistent among sites despite different δ15N values between the northernmost site and a group of southern sites, possibly reflecting different isotopic baselines. This study is the first effort to provide useful insights into the trophic ecology of juvenile Atlantic goliath grouper in Brazil, which could help address knowledge gaps and conserve this endangered species. The nonlethal methodology employed in this study could be used to advance our understanding of the trophic ecology of other vulnerable and endangered marine fishes and help inform conservation and management practices.","PeriodicalId":55312,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Marine Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70883748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wei Khang Heng, Ming-Jay Ho, C. Kuo, Ya-yi Huang, C. Ko, M. Jeng, Chaolun Allen Chen
Outbreak of crown-of-thorns sea stars, Acanthaster cf. solaris, were documented in coral reefs around Taiping Island, Spratlys for the first time. The outbreak might be thereason for the significant decline in live coral cover in 2021. Comprehensive monitoring through regional collaboration is needed.
{"title":"Crown-of-thorns starfish outbreak at Taiping Island (Itu Aba), Spratlys, South China Sea","authors":"Wei Khang Heng, Ming-Jay Ho, C. Kuo, Ya-yi Huang, C. Ko, M. Jeng, Chaolun Allen Chen","doi":"10.5343/bms.2021.0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2021.0030","url":null,"abstract":"Outbreak of crown-of-thorns sea stars, Acanthaster cf. solaris, were documented in coral reefs around Taiping Island, Spratlys for the first time. The outbreak might be thereason for the significant decline in live coral cover in 2021. Comprehensive monitoring through regional collaboration is needed.","PeriodicalId":55312,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Marine Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70883850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hatchery-reared aquatic animals tend to perform worse in natural environments than wild conspecifics. This was pointed out over a century ago and while there are many possible causes, one persistent observation is that unnatural rearing environments cause behavioral expressions unsuitable for a life in the wild. Behavioral traits being adaptive in barren, food-rich, and predator-free hatchery tanks likely differ from those being adaptive in nature. More recently, suspicions of cognitive deficiencies due to sensory deprivation have also been raised. Over the last few decades, substantial research has been devoted to produce more wild-like phenotypes in animals reared for stocking. This research includes life-skills training programs, where animals learn to cope with important features of the natural environment (e.g., live food and predation risk), and environmental modifications aimed at stimulating the formation of adequate cognitive and behavioral traits (e.g., environmental enrichment and reduction of the number of individuals per tank). The main purpose of this paper is to provide a summary of the current state-of-knowledge of interventions aimed at ameliorating cognitive and behavioral deficiencies in aquatic animals reared for stocking. Furthermore, it aims to provide a foundation to assist in the development of future questions, hypotheses, and experiments to eventually improve the postrelease performance of these animals.
{"title":"Reared to become wild-like: addressing behavioral and cognitive deficits in cultured aquatic animals destined for stocking into natural environments—a critical review","authors":"J. Näslund","doi":"10.5343/bms.2020.0039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2020.0039","url":null,"abstract":"Hatchery-reared aquatic animals tend to perform worse in natural environments than wild conspecifics. This was pointed out over a century ago and while there are many possible causes, one persistent observation is that unnatural rearing environments cause behavioral expressions unsuitable for a life in the wild. Behavioral traits being adaptive in barren, food-rich, and predator-free hatchery tanks likely differ from those being adaptive in nature. More recently, suspicions of cognitive deficiencies due to sensory deprivation have also been raised. Over the last few decades, substantial research has been devoted to produce more wild-like phenotypes in animals reared for stocking. This research includes life-skills training programs, where animals learn to cope with important features of the natural environment (e.g., live food and predation risk), and environmental modifications aimed at stimulating the formation of adequate cognitive and behavioral traits (e.g., environmental enrichment and reduction of the number of individuals per tank). The main purpose of this paper is to provide a summary of the current state-of-knowledge of interventions aimed at ameliorating cognitive and behavioral deficiencies in aquatic animals reared for stocking. Furthermore, it aims to provide a foundation to assist in the development of future questions, hypotheses, and experiments to eventually improve the postrelease performance of these animals.","PeriodicalId":55312,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Marine Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70881985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Under the influence of climate stressors, species distributions of fishes in the eastern Pacific are shifting, with many species moving poleward. Moray eels (family Muraenidae) are ecologically important predators inhabiting coastal reefs. Due to their cryptic nature and lack of commercial importance, the species distributions of muraenids in the tropical and subtropical eastern Pacific are poorly understood. Here, we document the geographic range size of 33 muraenid species in the eastern Pacific and also report a shift in the established population range of Muraena argus based on recent trapping efforts. We found that 17 species demonstrated shifts in geographic range size, including sampled-range expansions and new occurrences at offshore islands. Eleven species were observed in new biogeographic provinces, primarily in the northward direction to the San Diegan Province. Trapping data and local knowledge gathered from fishing cooperatives suggest that M. argus has established populations at least 300 km further north than previously reported. Both the yearly number of reported observations and geographic extent of sampling have increased over time, but the number of recorded extensions has not. These results highlight the importance of compiling data from diverse sources (including museum records, local ecological knowledge, and the non- English scientific literature) as well as the continued value of biodiversity surveys in the eastern Pacific.
{"title":"Revising geographic distributions of eastern Pacific moray eels","authors":"K. Dale, A. Ramírez-Valdez, J. Mccosker, M. Love","doi":"10.5343/BMS.2020.0060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5343/BMS.2020.0060","url":null,"abstract":"Under the influence of climate stressors, species distributions of fishes in the eastern Pacific are shifting, with many species moving poleward. Moray eels (family Muraenidae) are ecologically important predators inhabiting coastal reefs. Due to their cryptic nature and lack of commercial importance, the species distributions of muraenids in the tropical and subtropical eastern Pacific are poorly understood. Here, we document the geographic range size of 33 muraenid species in the eastern Pacific and also report a shift in the established population range of Muraena argus based on recent trapping efforts. We found that 17 species demonstrated shifts in geographic range size, including sampled-range expansions and new occurrences at offshore islands. Eleven species were observed in new biogeographic provinces, primarily in the northward direction to the San Diegan Province. Trapping data and local knowledge gathered from fishing cooperatives suggest that M. argus has established populations at least 300 km further north than previously reported. Both the yearly number of reported observations and geographic extent of sampling have increased over time, but the number of recorded extensions has not. These results highlight the importance of compiling data from diverse sources (including museum records, local ecological knowledge, and the non- English scientific literature) as well as the continued value of biodiversity surveys in the eastern Pacific.","PeriodicalId":55312,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Marine Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70882628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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