Pub Date : 2024-04-02DOI: 10.1134/s106235902360469x
I. A. Schanzer, A. V. Fedorova, I. G. Meschersky
Abstract
We used a plastid ndhC-trnV intergenic spacer to reconstruct the genealogy of haplotypes and phylogenetic relationships of major taxonomic groups of the genus Rosa. We analyzed the data using the statistical parsimony, maximum likelihood, and NeighborNet approaches. According to our results, the majority of species may be subdivided into three groups roughly corresponding to the taxonomic sections Pimpinellifoliae, Rosa (former Cinnamomeae) and Synstylae + Chinenses + Gallicanae + Caninae. We assess their relationships as broadly paraphyletic, since the first group appears to be ancestral to the second and the third. The fourth group distanced from these three by many mutational steps consists of R. persica (subgenus Hulthemia) sequences. We argue that R. persica together with the North American R. minutifolia and R. stellata (section Minutifoliae) probably represent the only remnants of an ancient group of roses widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere in the Oligocene. Two major lineages of the section Caninae arose independently from different ancestors belonging to Synstylae.
摘要 我们利用质体ndhC-trnV基因间距重建了蔷薇属主要分类群的单倍型谱系和系统发育关系。我们采用统计解析法、最大似然法和 NeighborNet 法对数据进行了分析。根据我们的结果，大多数物种可细分为三个组，大致对应于 Pimpinellifoliae、Rosa（原 Cinnamomeae）和 Synstylae + Chinenses + Gallicanae + Caninae 分类群。我们认为它们之间的关系大致上属于旁系，因为第一组似乎是第二组和第三组的祖先。第四组与这三组之间的距离经过多次变异，由 R. persica（Hulthemia 亚属）序列组成。我们认为，R. persica 与北美的 R. minutifolia 和 R. stellata（Minutifoliae 节）可能是渐新世时期广泛分布于北半球的古老玫瑰群的唯一残余。Caninae节的两个主要品系是由属于Synstylae的不同祖先独立产生的。
{"title":"A Haplotype Network Approach to Reconstruct the Phylogeny of Rosa L. (Rosaceae)","authors":"I. A. Schanzer, A. V. Fedorova, I. G. Meschersky","doi":"10.1134/s106235902360469x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s106235902360469x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>We used a plastid <i>ndh</i>C-<i>trn</i>V intergenic spacer to reconstruct the genealogy of haplotypes and phylogenetic relationships of major taxonomic groups of the genus <i>Rosa</i>. We analyzed the data using the statistical parsimony, maximum likelihood, and NeighborNet approaches. According to our results, the majority of species may be subdivided into three groups roughly corresponding to the taxonomic sections Pimpinellifoliae, Rosa (former Cinnamomeae) and Synstylae + Chinenses + Gallicanae + Caninae. We assess their relationships as broadly paraphyletic, since the first group appears to be ancestral to the second and the third. The fourth group distanced from these three by many mutational steps consists of <i>R. persica</i> (subgenus Hulthemia) sequences. We argue that <i>R. persica</i> together with the North American <i>R. minutifolia</i> and <i>R. stellata</i> (section Minutifoliae) probably represent the only remnants of an ancient group of roses widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere in the Oligocene. Two major lineages of the section Caninae arose independently from different ancestors belonging to Synstylae.</p>","PeriodicalId":55366,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140575972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-02DOI: 10.1134/s1062359023605323
S. S. Tarasov, E. K. Krutova
Abstract
The effect of ultrasound (5, 10, and 20 min, intensity 25 kW/m2, frequency 26.1 kHz) on the dynamics of the activity of the main antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and the expression of the genes encoding them (SOD-1, CAT, POD), was studied in germinating seeds and wheat sprouts. Ultrasound after one hour predominantly suppressed the activity of antioxidant enzymes, with subsequent restoration and increase (after one and six days) of activity. The content of mRNA transcripts of the studied genes predominantly increased one hour after exposure, and subsequently (after one and six days) it was either higher or remained equal to the control. The results obtained apparently indicate that ultrasound triggers eustress mechanisms; i.e., the stimulating effect led to the mobilization of protective processes of cells, hormesis.
{"title":"Dynamics of the Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes and the Expression of the Genes Encoding Them in Wheat after Exposure to Ultrasound","authors":"S. S. Tarasov, E. K. Krutova","doi":"10.1134/s1062359023605323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1062359023605323","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The effect of ultrasound (5, 10, and 20 min, intensity 25 kW/m<sup>2</sup>, frequency 26.1 kHz) on the dynamics of the activity of the main antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and the expression of the genes encoding them (<i>SOD-1</i>, <i>CAT</i>, <i>POD</i>), was studied in germinating seeds and wheat sprouts. Ultrasound after one hour predominantly suppressed the activity of antioxidant enzymes, with subsequent restoration and increase (after one and six days) of activity. The content of mRNA transcripts of the studied genes predominantly increased one hour after exposure, and subsequently (after one and six days) it was either higher or remained equal to the control. The results obtained apparently indicate that ultrasound triggers eustress mechanisms; i.e., the stimulating effect led to the mobilization of protective processes of cells, hormesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":55366,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140589247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-02DOI: 10.1134/s1062359023602744
V. V. Vodopyanova, V. G. Dvoretsky, A. S. Bulavina
Abstract
Variations in the surface chlorophyll a concentration (Chl-a) measured during 25 cruises conducted from 1984 to 2020 were investigated in the Barents Sea and adjacent Svalbard waters. Seasonal maps of the mean annual Chl-a estimations were created for the Barents Sea. Significant seasonal and temporal variations of Chl-a were found in different water masses. The surface Chl-a content reached a maximum in the spring (46% of the annual estimation). In the summer, it tended to decrease accounting for 28% of the total annual value, while in the autumn and winter, Chl-a was found to be 21 and 5% of the total annual stock, respectively. Atlantic Water and Arctic Water had the highest contribution to the total annual Chl-a biomass. In Arctic Water, peaks of the Chl-a concentrations were registered in spring and these decreased in summer and autumn. The summer season was the most productive period in Atlantic Water. The Chl-a dynamics and distribution in relation to climatic factors were investigated. Application of generalized linear and non-linear models to predict Chl-a variations showed the great significance of the indices associated with the global atmospheric circulation, mean annual temperature, and salinity anomalies, as well as the extent of ice in the Barents Sea.
{"title":"Spatial and Seasonal Variability of the Chlorophyll a Concentration in the Barents Sea","authors":"V. V. Vodopyanova, V. G. Dvoretsky, A. S. Bulavina","doi":"10.1134/s1062359023602744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1062359023602744","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Variations in the surface chlorophyll <i>a</i> concentration (Chl-a) measured during 25 cruises conducted from 1984 to 2020 were investigated in the Barents Sea and adjacent Svalbard waters. Seasonal maps of the mean annual Chl-a estimations were created for the Barents Sea. Significant seasonal and temporal variations of Chl-a were found in different water masses. The surface Chl-a content reached a maximum in the spring (46% of the annual estimation). In the summer, it tended to decrease accounting for 28% of the total annual value, while in the autumn and winter, Chl-a was found to be 21 and 5% of the total annual stock, respectively. Atlantic Water and Arctic Water had the highest contribution to the total annual Chl-a biomass. In Arctic Water, peaks of the Chl-a concentrations were registered in spring and these decreased in summer and autumn. The summer season was the most productive period in Atlantic Water. The Chl-a dynamics and distribution in relation to climatic factors were investigated. Application of generalized linear and non-linear models to predict Chl-a variations showed the great significance of the indices associated with the global atmospheric circulation, mean annual temperature, and salinity anomalies, as well as the extent of ice in the Barents Sea.</p>","PeriodicalId":55366,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140575973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-02DOI: 10.1134/s1062359023605189
L. A. Fedina, M. V. Maslov, S. K. Malysheva, O. V. Nakonechnaya, T. O. Markova
Abstract
Data on the status of two natural populations of the rare, endemic medicinal species Alangium platanifolium known from the Russian Federation is provided in this article. Information about one of them is reported for the first time. Geobotanical descriptions of the phytocenoses are presented. In southern Primorskii krai, A. platanifolium has been noted to grow in the shrub layer of coniferous/broad-leaved forest with Pinus koraiensis and Abies holophylla. It has also been found that the area of the population discovered 20 years ago has expanded tenfold and now amounts to 10 ha. The new locality of A. platanifolium covers an area of 0.25 ha. The total number of A. platanifolium is more than 700 of various-age plants. The data obtained extends the current knowledge of the distribution and life state of A. platanifolium and indicates the fact of the growth of subtropical elements in phytocenoses of the Russian Federation.
{"title":"Natural Populations of the Rare Medicinal Species Alangium platanifolium (Alangiacеае) in Russia","authors":"L. A. Fedina, M. V. Maslov, S. K. Malysheva, O. V. Nakonechnaya, T. O. Markova","doi":"10.1134/s1062359023605189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1062359023605189","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Data on the status of two natural populations of the rare, endemic medicinal species <i>Alangium platanifolium</i> known from the Russian Federation is provided in this article. Information about one of them is reported for the first time. Geobotanical descriptions of the phytocenoses are presented. In southern Primorskii krai, <i>A. platanifolium</i> has been noted to grow in the shrub layer of coniferous/broad-leaved forest with <i>Pinus koraiensis</i> and <i>Abies holophylla</i>. It has also been found that the area of the population discovered 20 years ago has expanded tenfold and now amounts to 10 ha. The new locality of <i>A. platanifolium</i> covers an area of 0.25 ha. The total number of <i>A. platanifolium</i> is more than 700 of various-age plants. The data obtained extends the current knowledge of the distribution and life state of <i>A. platanifolium</i> and indicates the fact of the growth of subtropical elements in phytocenoses of the Russian Federation.</p>","PeriodicalId":55366,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140576016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1134/s1062359023602690
Abstract
The effect of a lipid extract isolated from the marine green algae Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot on the liver and blood biochemical indicators in mice under the impact of acute stress (vertical fixation by the dorsal neck fold) was studied. The pharmacological effect of the C. fragile lipid extract was manifested in the restoration of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as in the normalization of the indicators of the endogenous antioxidant defense system under the effect of stress. The biological activity of the lipid extract of C. fragile is, probably, due to the action of its constituent polyunsaturated fatty acids of the ω-3 and ω-6 families. The lipid extract of C. fragile was not inferior to the reference Omega-3 preparation in restoring the body’s metabolic reactions caused by the impact of the stress; however, it showed higher antioxidant activity.
{"title":"The Effect of a Lipid Extract from the Marine Green Algae Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot 1889 on Metabolic Reactions under Acute Stress","authors":"","doi":"10.1134/s1062359023602690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1062359023602690","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>The effect of a lipid extract isolated from the marine green algae <em>Codium fragile</em> (Suringar) Hariot on the liver and blood biochemical indicators in mice under the impact of acute stress (vertical fixation by the dorsal neck fold) was studied. The pharmacological effect of the <em>C. fragile</em> lipid extract was manifested in the restoration of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as in the normalization of the indicators of the endogenous antioxidant defense system under the effect of stress. The biological activity of the lipid extract of <em>C. fragile</em> is, probably, due to the action of its constituent polyunsaturated fatty acids of the ω-3 and ω-6 families. The lipid extract of <em>C. fragile</em> was not inferior to the reference Omega-3 preparation in restoring the body’s metabolic reactions caused by the impact of the stress; however, it showed higher antioxidant activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":55366,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140576052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1134/s106235902360530x
Abstract
The possibility of analyzing the general and functional diversity of the ecosystem is considered, as is unambiguous interpretation of the results obtained based on our work experience and previously obtained data. The prospects for studying small mammals without removal from the wild are discussed. We discuss distinguishing in a sample the resident component, which makes it possible to characterize local resource flows, and the nonresident component, dependent on the state of the territory as a whole. A description of the capture–mark–recapture protocol, methods for assessing spatial activity, calculating the density of the resident population per unit area, and the completeness of species richness estimate is provided. The estimates of animal numbers per unit of trapping effort in pooled sample, the population density of residents, and the index of the nonresident flow are compared. The possibility of analyzing the resource flows in “historical,” “novel,” and “hybrid” ecosystems, as well as using data to analyze the resilience of the ecosystem and detect the threshold point, is considered.
{"title":"The Role of Biodiversity in Ensuring the Functioning of Ecosystems: Paper 2. Small Mammals in the Ecological Monitoring System: Obtaining Data and Assessment of the Diversity, State, and Dynamics of Ecosystems","authors":"","doi":"10.1134/s106235902360530x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s106235902360530x","url":null,"abstract":"<span> <h3>Abstract</h3> <p>The possibility of analyzing the general and functional diversity of the ecosystem is considered, as is unambiguous interpretation of the results obtained based on our work experience and previously obtained data. The prospects for studying small mammals without removal from the wild are discussed. We discuss distinguishing in a sample the resident component, which makes it possible to characterize local resource flows, and the nonresident component, dependent on the state of the territory as a whole. A description of the capture–mark–recapture protocol, methods for assessing spatial activity, calculating the density of the resident population per unit area, and the completeness of species richness estimate is provided. The estimates of animal numbers per unit of trapping effort in pooled sample, the population density of residents, and the index of the nonresident flow are compared. The possibility of analyzing the resource flows in “historical,” “novel,” and “hybrid” ecosystems, as well as using data to analyze the resilience of the ecosystem and detect the threshold point, is considered.</p> </span>","PeriodicalId":55366,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140589163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1134/s1062359023603695
Abstract
The effect of the synthetic analogue of leu-enkephalin (dalargin) on the level of corticosterone in the blood and the mass of the adrenal glands in rats with various typological features of behavior in the model of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was studied. Groups were formed: active low-anxiety (ALA) and high-anxiety (AHA), as well as passive low-anxiety (PLA) and high-anxiety (PHA) rats. Each of the four groups of rats was divided into three subgroups, where subgroup 1 is an intact control. Twenty days after the first stressful exposure, rats from subgroup 3 were injected intramuscularly with dalargin for seven days, and rats from subgroup 2 were injected with saline solution. It was found that the course of injections of dalargin into rats in the PTSD model had a positive effect on the studied indicators only in the group of active high-anxiety animals.
{"title":"The Effect of Dalargin on the Level of Corticosterone in Rats with Different Individual Typological Features of Behavior in the PTSD Model","authors":"","doi":"10.1134/s1062359023603695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1062359023603695","url":null,"abstract":"<span> <h3>Abstract</h3> <p>The effect of the synthetic analogue of leu-enkephalin (dalargin) on the level of corticosterone in the blood and the mass of the adrenal glands in rats with various typological features of behavior in the model of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was studied. Groups were formed: active low-anxiety (ALA) and high-anxiety (AHA), as well as passive low-anxiety (PLA) and high-anxiety (PHA) rats. Each of the four groups of rats was divided into three subgroups, where subgroup 1 is an intact control. Twenty days after the first stressful exposure, rats from subgroup 3 were injected intramuscularly with dalargin for seven days, and rats from subgroup 2 were injected with saline solution. It was found that the course of injections of dalargin into rats in the PTSD model had a positive effect on the studied indicators only in the group of active high-anxiety animals.</p> </span>","PeriodicalId":55366,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140576119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-26DOI: 10.1134/s1062359023606298
Abstract
The study sample was collected during a field survey done in the year 2019 from Darjeeling hills, India. A detailed morphological description along with field images and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analyses suggested that the collected specimen is Gerhardtia foliicola. It is well characterized by its reddish brown and hygrophanous pileus, densely crowded lamellae, irregular ellipsoid basidiospores and its occurrence on leaf litter and humus in broadleaf or coniferous forests.
{"title":"Gerhardtia foliicola (Agaricales), a New Record of Gilled Fungi from India Based on Morphological and Molecular Analyses","authors":"","doi":"10.1134/s1062359023606298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1062359023606298","url":null,"abstract":"<span> <h3>Abstract</h3> <p>The study sample was collected during a field survey done in the year 2019 from Darjeeling hills, India. A detailed morphological description along with field images and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analyses suggested that the collected specimen is <em>Gerhardtia foliicola.</em> It is well characterized by its reddish brown and hygrophanous pileus, densely crowded lamellae, irregular ellipsoid basidiospores and its occurrence on leaf litter and humus in broadleaf or coniferous forests.</p> </span>","PeriodicalId":55366,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140314027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-26DOI: 10.1134/s1062359023604111
Sabnoor Yeasrin Jyoti, Bhaben Tanti
Abstract
Citrus is considered to have originated in north-eastern India which is recognized for having a wide variety of Citrus plants. Assam (India) is also a rich biodiversity hotspot of different Citrus species. The geographic region of this state is favored by a very suitable climatic condition for the growth of different crop plants including Citrus. But, being a flood prone area, every year Assam faces a destruction of large scale of crop plants. The increasing problem of climate change also affects this region to a greater extent from the past few years. For this reason, some unpredictable environmental conditions are experienced by this area which has become a cause of unfavorable growth of plants. Since Citrus is a very significant fruit crop of Assam, therefore, study on the effect of abiotic stress on this species is necessary. The present investigation includes a study on the morpho-physiological response of five different Citrus species to three different abiotic stresses including submergence, drought and low pH. Growth parameters like leaf fresh weight and dry weight, root fresh weight and dry weight were measured which revealed decreasing value in the stress conditions followed by an increased rate in the recovery. Similarly, the stress conditions were found to affect the physiological parameters including total chlorophyll content, relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI), relative electrolytic conductance (REC). Maximum quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) of the Citrus plants under stress was found to be notably reduced which further increased in recovery. The key parameters mostly affected by stress were found in principal component analysis (PCA). Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of leaves and roots were highly affected by low pH and drought stress, whereas maximum quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm), membrane stability index (MSI) and relative water content (RWC) were come out to be the principal factors affected by submergence stress. Nevertheless, a good recovery rate was observed in the Citrus species. From this study the traditional Citrus species of Assam were discovered to possess significant tolerance ability against abiotic stresses.
{"title":"Low pH and Water Stress Induced Morpho-Physiological Response in Some Traditional Citrus Species of Assam, India","authors":"Sabnoor Yeasrin Jyoti, Bhaben Tanti","doi":"10.1134/s1062359023604111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1062359023604111","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p><i>Citrus</i> is considered to have originated in north-eastern India which is recognized for having a wide variety of <i>Citrus</i> plants. Assam (India) is also a rich biodiversity hotspot of different <i>Citrus</i> species. The geographic region of this state is favored by a very suitable climatic condition for the growth of different crop plants including <i>Citrus</i>. But, being a flood prone area, every year Assam faces a destruction of large scale of crop plants. The increasing problem of climate change also affects this region to a greater extent from the past few years. For this reason, some unpredictable environmental conditions are experienced by this area which has become a cause of unfavorable growth of plants. Since <i>Citrus</i> is a very significant fruit crop of Assam, therefore, study on the effect of abiotic stress on this species is necessary. The present investigation includes a study on the morpho-physiological response of five different <i>Citrus</i> species to three different abiotic stresses including submergence, drought and low pH. Growth parameters like leaf fresh weight and dry weight, root fresh weight and dry weight were measured which revealed decreasing value in the stress conditions followed by an increased rate in the recovery. Similarly, the stress conditions were found to affect the physiological parameters including total chlorophyll content, relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI), relative electrolytic conductance (REC). Maximum quantum efficiency (<i>F</i><sub>v</sub>/<i>F</i><sub>m</sub>) of the <i>Citrus</i> plants under stress was found to be notably reduced which further increased in recovery. The key parameters mostly affected by stress were found in principal component analysis (PCA). Hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of leaves and roots were highly affected by low pH and drought stress, whereas maximum quantum efficiency (<i>F</i><sub>v</sub>/<i>F</i><sub>m</sub>), membrane stability index (MSI) and relative water content (RWC) were come out to be the principal factors affected by submergence stress. Nevertheless, a good recovery rate was observed in the <i>Citrus</i> species. From this study the traditional <i>Citrus</i> species of Assam were discovered to possess significant tolerance ability against abiotic stresses.</p>","PeriodicalId":55366,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140313487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-26DOI: 10.1134/s1062359023605724
Christian DiBiase, Nathanial Stahl, Vaduod Niri, Poongodi Geetha-Loganathan
Abstract
This study investigates the differential browning mechanisms among various cultivars of apples. The biochemical mechanism responsible for browning activities in apples involves a group of enzymes known as polyphenol oxidases (PPO). These enzymes facilitate the reaction between polyphenolic substrates (PPS) and oxygen in the production of benzoquinones, a compound that auto-polymerizes to form melanin, the primary browning agent in apples. In this study, both the PPO and PPS were extracted from five distinct apple cultivars, namely Fuji, Red Delicious, Gold Rush, Ruby Frost, and Mutsu. To identify the types of PPO in each subspecies, the reactivity of the extracted enzyme from each cultivar was quantified in the presence of three known substrates, catechol, catechin, and chlorogenic acid using UV-vis absorption spectrophotometry. The reactivity of the PPO extract with each substrate was compared across the five apple cultivars to identify the specificity of PPO to type(s) of PPS present and to quantify the concentration of PPO present in each species. Browning activity directly affects the longevity of fruits and vegetables, which is a consistent problem in the agricultural industry. If the biochemical mechanism of browning activity is better understood, it could lead to improvements in future food production, storage, and transportation methods.
{"title":"Biochemical Analysis of Browning Activities in Apples","authors":"Christian DiBiase, Nathanial Stahl, Vaduod Niri, Poongodi Geetha-Loganathan","doi":"10.1134/s1062359023605724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1062359023605724","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>This study investigates the differential browning mechanisms among various cultivars of apples. The biochemical mechanism responsible for browning activities in apples involves a group of enzymes known as polyphenol oxidases (PPO). These enzymes facilitate the reaction between polyphenolic substrates (PPS) and oxygen in the production of benzoquinones, a compound that auto-polymerizes to form melanin, the primary browning agent in apples. In this study, both the PPO and PPS were extracted from five distinct apple cultivars, namely Fuji, Red Delicious, Gold Rush, Ruby Frost, and Mutsu. To identify the types of PPO in each subspecies, the reactivity of the extracted enzyme from each cultivar was quantified in the presence of three known substrates, catechol, catechin, and chlorogenic acid using UV-vis absorption spectrophotometry. The reactivity of the PPO extract with each substrate was compared across the five apple cultivars to identify the specificity of PPO to type(s) of PPS present and to quantify the concentration of PPO present in each species. Browning activity directly affects the longevity of fruits and vegetables, which is a consistent problem in the agricultural industry. If the biochemical mechanism of browning activity is better understood, it could lead to improvements in future food production, storage, and transportation methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":55366,"journal":{"name":"Biology Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140313736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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