Biological Conservation最新文献_第10页

IF 4.4 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2025-11-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111633

Monica L. Bond

引用次数: 0

When nocturnally migrating birds encounter low-level light pollution patches: a case study from the Croatian coast 当夜间迁徙的鸟类遇到低水平的光污染斑块：克罗地亚海岸的一个案例研究

IF 4.4 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2025-11-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111620

Simon Hirschhofer , Peter Ranacher , Robert Weibel , Barbara Helm , Davor Ćiković , Sanja Barišić , Louie Taylor , Maja Bjelić, Laušić , Baptiste Schmid

Artificial light is a pollutant of growing global concern. For nocturnally migrating birds, the consequences can be fatal. Attracted and disoriented by illuminated infrastructure, birds can become victims of collisions, especially when visibility is reduced by fog and clouds. Birds crossing large, predominantly dark bodies of water can suddenly be confronted with patches of lit coastal areas. In contrast, when flying over land along the coast, birds are sequentially confronted with lit areas and are likely to rely on different navigation cues. We deployed two ornithological radars in proximity along the Croatian coast: one at a light-polluted site and one at a near-natural site. The aim was to maximise the contrast in light pollution while keeping other site-specific factors similar. We monitored the consecutive spring migration seasons of 2023 and 2024 and modelled the effect of light pollution on the number of birds in the air, mean airspeeds and mean flight altitudes, considering atmospheric, temporal, and directional predictors. Our results are partially hampered by the fact that we had to exclude a second radar pair from the analysis due to a technical defect. Nevertheless, we found evidence for attraction towards light pollution of sea-crossing birds in the remaining radar pair. Furthermore, we found a significant contribution of light pollution to the reduction of mean airspeeds and altitudes, especially in an overcast context. Besides indicating disorientation, our results raise serious concerns about increased numbers of bird collisions associated with migration peaks and impaired visibility, even with lower-intensity light pollution.

人造光是一种日益受到全球关注的污染物。对于夜间迁徙的鸟类来说，后果可能是致命的。鸟类被照明的基础设施吸引并迷失方向，可能成为碰撞的受害者，特别是当能见度被雾和云降低时。鸟类在穿越大而主要是黑暗的水体时，会突然遇到一片明亮的沿海地区。相比之下，当沿着海岸飞越陆地时，鸟类会依次遇到有光的区域，可能会依赖不同的导航线索。我们在克罗地亚海岸附近部署了两个鸟类学雷达：一个在光污染的地方，另一个在接近自然的地方。目的是在保持其他场地特定因素相似的同时，最大限度地提高光污染的对比度。我们对2023年和2024年连续的春季迁徙季节进行了监测，并在考虑大气、时间和方向预测因素的情况下，模拟了光污染对空中鸟类数量、平均空速和平均飞行高度的影响。由于技术缺陷，我们不得不从分析中排除第二对雷达，这在一定程度上阻碍了我们的结果。然而，我们在剩下的雷达对中发现了海鸟对光污染有吸引力的证据。此外，我们发现光污染对平均空速和平均高度的降低有重要贡献，特别是在阴天的情况下。除了表明定向障碍外，我们的研究结果还引起了人们的严重关注，即即使在低强度光污染的情况下，与迁徙高峰和能见度受损相关的鸟类碰撞数量也会增加。

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引用次数: 0

The path towards old-growthness of the forests of Spain is slowed down as climate change intensifies 随着气候变化的加剧，西班牙森林向古老生长的道路放慢了速度

IF 4.4 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2025-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111592

Adrià Cos , Javier Retana , Lluís Comas , Jordi Vayreda

Old-growth or mature forests are main drivers of biodiversity and provide unique ecosystem services. However, due to historical human management, European forests are mainly dominated by young stands, with old-growth forests being almost nonexistent. Understanding how these secondary forests develop back towards old-growthness and what factors affect this development can contribute significantly to the conservation efforts of the scarce mature forests. Based on the idea of the development cycle, we have categorized the plots of the three consecutive Spanish National Forest Inventories spanning three decades into eight sylvogenetic phases. This novel approach has allowed us to gain important insights on the development of forests in Spain. First, we have shown how historical management legacies still shape most forests of Spain, which show structures typical of very young forests, with mature phases virtually nonexistent. Despite this, during the span of the study, most forests have shown an advance in their development cycle. However, this advance seems to be slowing down in the recent years. The analysis of several anthropic and natural factors indicates that this deceleration seems correlated with an increase of the effects of climate change, in particular with the intensification of drought spells that forests are suffering. Given the expected intensification of droughts and other perturbations derived from climate change, we can expect that the natural development of Spanish forests will continue to slow down and even suffer further regression, thus slowing or impeding their path towards maturity.

原生林或成熟林是生物多样性的主要驱动力，并提供独特的生态系统服务。然而，由于历史上人类的管理，欧洲的森林主要以幼林为主，原生林几乎不存在。了解这些次生林是如何向原始生长方向发展的，以及影响这一发展的因素对保护稀缺的成熟森林有重要意义。基于发展周期的概念，我们将三次连续的西班牙国家森林调查的地块分为八个森林形成阶段。这种新颖的方法使我们能够对西班牙森林的发展获得重要的见解。首先，我们展示了历史管理遗产如何影响西班牙的大多数森林，这些森林显示了典型的非常年轻的森林结构，几乎不存在成熟阶段。尽管如此，在研究期间，大多数森林在其发展周期中显示出进步。然而，近年来，这种进步似乎正在放缓。对若干人为因素和自然因素的分析表明，这种减速似乎与气候变化影响的增加有关，特别是与森林遭受的干旱加剧有关。鉴于预计干旱和气候变化引起的其他扰动将加剧，我们可以预期西班牙森林的自然发展将继续放缓，甚至进一步退化，从而减缓或阻碍其走向成熟的道路。

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引用次数: 0

Balancing restoration and conservation: Source material selection for restoration of an endangered Australian seagrass, Posidonia australis 平衡恢复与保护：澳大利亚濒危海草Posidonia australis恢复的源材料选择

IF 4.4 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2025-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111621

Madelaine Langley, Erin McCosker, Alistair G.B. Poore, Adriana Vergés

Restoration of endangered species is an essential but challenging feature of the global response to biodiversity loss. Sourcing material from endangered species for restoration must not compromise conservation of existing populations, which can limit large-scale restoration opportunities. On Australia's east coast, Posidonia australis is a slow-growing endangered seagrass with limited seed production. Effective restoration relies on adult fragments sourced through direct transplanting from existing meadows, or from naturally detached “beach-cast” fragments. We assessed the relative success of these two donor sources and the effect of fragment size by monitoring shoot density, necrosis cover, and epiphyte cover over 18 months post-planting. Plots containing directly transplanted fragments maintained a shoot density of 97 %, while plots containing beach-cast fragments initially declined before stabilising at 60 % of the original density. Notably, mixed-source plots (50 % from each donor source) retained 91 % density. Fragment size (1–2 vs. >2 shoots) did not significantly impact seagrass density, indicating that smaller fragments—common in beach-cast material—remain viable for restoration. Beach-cast seagrass exhibited high necrosis in the first three months, likely due to physiological stress from beaching, but their long-term performance was comparable to directly transplanted fragments. These findings highlight a key trade-off in P. australis restoration: while direct transplantation yields higher density retention, it is constrained by legal protection and ecological concerns surrounding donor meadow harvesting. Beach-cast fragments, though more readily available, exhibit higher initial losses after planting. A mixed-source approach may provide an optimal balance, leveraging the resilience of directly transplanted fragments while minimising the ecological impact of donor harvesting.

濒危物种的恢复是全球应对生物多样性丧失的一个重要但具有挑战性的特征。从濒危物种中获取材料进行恢复不能损害对现有种群的保护，这可能会限制大规模恢复的机会。在澳大利亚东海岸，Posidonia australis是一种生长缓慢的濒危海草，种子产量有限。有效的恢复依赖于从现有草甸直接移植的成年碎片，或从自然分离的“海滩”碎片中获取。我们通过监测种植后18个月的芽密度、坏死覆盖和附生覆盖来评估这两种供体来源的相对成功程度以及碎片大小的影响。含有直接移植碎片的地块保持了97%的芽密度，而含有海滩投掷碎片的地块在初始密度下降后稳定在原始密度的60%。值得注意的是，混合源地块（每个捐赠源各占50%）保持了91%的密度。碎片大小（1-2枝vs. 2枝）对海草密度没有显著影响，这表明较小的碎片-在海滩投掷材料中很常见-仍然可以恢复。海滩投下的海草在前三个月表现出高度坏死，可能是由于海滩的生理应激，但它们的长期性能与直接移植的碎片相当。这些发现突出了南胡杨恢复的一个关键权衡：虽然直接移植产生更高的密度保留，但受到法律保护和围绕供体草甸收获的生态问题的限制。海滩投掷碎片虽然更容易获得，但在种植后表现出更高的初始损失。混合来源方法可以提供最佳平衡，利用直接移植碎片的复原力，同时最大限度地减少供体收获对生态的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of roads on animals and mitigation measures in Asia 亚洲道路对动物的影响及缓解措施

IF 4.4 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2025-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111627

Haotong Su , Yun Wang , Qilin Li , Yangang Yang , Abudusaimaiti Maierdiyali , Shuangcheng Tao , Yaping Kong , Jiding Chen , Jiapeng Qu , Yongshun Han , Aili Kang , Shu Chen , Yoichi Sonoda , Wendy Collinson-Jonker , Jed S. Merrow , Marcel P. Huijser , Lazaros Georgiadis , Rodney van der Ree

Asia, the world's largest continent, boasts extensive road networks and rich biodiversity. However, the significant threats that roads pose to Asian ecosystems remain largely unaddressed. This study aims to provide a broad overview and insights into the research status regarding the effects of roads on animals and the implementation of mitigation measures in Asia through a comprehensive literature review, thereby filling a critical gap in global road ecology research. Following a systematic literature search and the establishment of inclusion and exclusion criteria, we included 589 publications, encompassing 36 Asian countries, while an additional 12 countries had no relevant publications included. From the included studies, we identified seven types of effects of roads on animals in Asia: road mortality, barriers to movement, road avoidance, various behavioral and physiological responses, habitat effects, illegal hunting, and road attraction. We compiled all documented roadkill data from pertinent research, resulting in approximately 208,291 roadkill records, including 1048 species, with 148 species classified as above Least Concern (LC) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Asia has also implemented various mitigation measures. At least 155 species utilized wildlife crossing structures, with 39 species classified as above LC. Despite a considerable body of research in this field, there exists a notable imbalance in the geographical distribution of research across Asian countries and among the species that are the focus of research and mitigation. We propose several recommendations for future research directions in Asia, with many of these also relevant to future studies globally.

亚洲是世界上最大的大陆，拥有广泛的道路网络和丰富的生物多样性。然而，道路对亚洲生态系统构成的重大威胁在很大程度上仍未得到解决。本研究旨在通过全面的文献综述，全面了解亚洲地区道路对动物影响及缓解措施实施的研究现状，从而填补全球道路生态学研究的重要空白。在系统的文献检索和建立纳入和排除标准后，我们纳入了589篇出版物，包括36个亚洲国家，另外12个国家没有纳入相关的出版物。从纳入的研究中，我们确定了道路对亚洲动物的七种影响：道路死亡率、运动障碍、道路回避、各种行为和生理反应、栖息地影响、非法狩猎和道路吸引力。我们从相关研究中整理了所有记录在案的道路杀戮数据，得出了大约208,291条道路杀戮记录，包括1048个物种，其中148个物种被国际自然保护联盟（IUCN）列为最不关注（LC）以上。亚洲也实施了各种缓解措施。至少155种利用了野生动物交叉结构，其中39种被分类为LC以上。尽管在这一领域进行了大量研究，但亚洲各国研究的地理分布以及作为研究和缓解重点的物种之间存在明显的不平衡。我们对亚洲未来的研究方向提出了一些建议，其中许多建议也与未来的全球研究有关。

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引用次数: 0

Turtles and turnarounds: Small animal exclusion fencing effectively reduces turtle road mortality 海龟和转弯：小动物隔离围栏有效地降低了海龟道路死亡率

IF 4.4 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2025-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111605

Tricia M. Markle , Christopher E. Smith , Seth P. Stapleton

Mortality and habitat fragmentation associated with roadways are leading threats to the persistence of freshwater turtles. While roadway mitigation for wildlife is becoming more common, it is often expensive, and effectiveness for small animals remains understudied. Proven designs can maximize benefits and budget, and effective wildlife barriers have the added benefit of improving road safety. Here, we test and evaluate the efficacy of a design for small animal exclusion using off-the-shelf chain-link fencing. Design modifications to help prevent turtles from accessing roadways included wrap-around end treatments and burying the fence bottom. The goal of the fencing was to redirect turtles away from roadways and to existing under-road infrastructure where practicable. We implemented a Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) study at 11 sites (4 Impact, 7 Control) from 2018 to 2021, with data collected during weekly walking surveys. Results for the first three years showed a strong reduction in mortality (62 %) for adult turtles after fence installation, with a significant interaction between Treatment and Period for Impact sites when compared to Controls (Z = −2.42, df _res = 818, P = 0.015). However, the initial design did not decrease mortality of juvenile and hatchling turtles. After retrofitting fences with 1.27 cm wire mesh in 2021, we documented a substantial reduction in mortality across all age classes of turtles (up to 91 % over pre-treatment). This study demonstrates that barriers with wrap-around end treatments can be an effective way to reduce road mortality of turtles, while meeting economic objectives.

与道路相关的死亡率和栖息地破碎化是淡水龟持久性的主要威胁。虽然对野生动物的道路缓解措施正变得越来越普遍，但往往成本高昂，对小动物的有效性仍未得到充分研究。经过验证的设计可以使效益和预算最大化，有效的野生动物屏障还具有改善道路安全的额外好处。在这里，我们测试和评估了一种使用现成的链环围栏设计的小动物隔离效果。为了防止海龟进入道路，对设计进行了修改，包括环绕末端处理和掩埋围栏底部。围栏的目的是在可行的情况下将海龟从公路转移到现有的地下基础设施。从2018年到2021年，我们在11个地点（4个影响地点，7个控制地点）实施了控制后影响（BACI）研究，并在每周步行调查中收集了数据。前三年的结果显示，安装围栏后，成年海龟的死亡率大幅降低（62%），与对照组相比，处理和影响地点时间之间存在显著的相互作用（Z = - 2.42, df res = 818, P = 0.015）。然而，最初的设计并没有降低幼龟和幼龟的死亡率。在2021年用1.27厘米铁丝网改造围栏后，我们记录了所有年龄组海龟死亡率的大幅降低（比预处理前降低了91%）。该研究表明，在满足经济目标的同时，采用缠绕末端处理的屏障可以有效降低海龟的道路死亡率。

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引用次数: 0

Shadow under the lamp: Evidence-based assessments reveal local extirpation risk of large Indian civets (Viverra zibetha) concealed by intensive activity in human-dominated landscapes 灯下的阴影：基于证据的评估揭示了大型印度果子狸（Viverra zibetha）的局部灭绝风险，这些风险被人类主导的景观中的密集活动所掩盖

IF 4.4 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2025-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111600

Weiming Lin , Yue Weng , Hongmin Wang , Minhui Li , Qi Wang , Jia A , Qing Zhao , Fang Wang

Conservation planning requires reliable biodiversity assessments to provide robust evidence. To ensure the long-term effectiveness of management plans, decision-makers must acknowledge the limitations of imperfect evidence and remain aware of the potential biases in species distribution and abundance inference. To illustrate how reliable assessments clarify and reshape conservation strategies, we used large Indian civet (Viverra zibetha) and its sympatric species as an example to demonstrate how improved monitoring networks and analytical approaches can enhance our understanding of species status under incomplete information. Large Indian civet has been considered abundant because its camera trap detections ranked top among all meso-carnivores in Bayuelin Nature Reserve, China. However, species distribution modeling revealed a highly restricted range of 58.10 km², where intensive anthropogenic disturbances pose severe threats. Canonical correspondence analysis further suggested that the previous monitoring network must be expanded into disturbed areas beyond reserve boundary for comprehensive assessment. Moreover, by sequentially applying a species distribution model and a spatial capture-recapture model, we estimated a population size of only 11 individuals (95 % CI: 10.28–16.51) for the civet, which is 45 % smaller in density than sympatric leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis) despite a higher detection rate of the former. By using evidence-based assessments and revealing local extirpation risk of large Indian civets, our research underscores the importance of evidence-based assessments to provide reliable information for conservation planning. Such need exists not only for our study species but also for a wide range of taxa with concerning status, where accurate assessments are hindered by imperfect evidence.

保护规划需要可靠的生物多样性评估来提供有力的证据。为了确保管理计划的长期有效性，决策者必须承认不完善证据的局限性，并保持对物种分布和丰度推断的潜在偏差的认识。为了说明可靠的评估如何澄清和重塑保护策略，我们以大型印度果子狸（Viverra zibetha）及其同域物种为例，展示了改进的监测网络和分析方法如何在信息不完全的情况下增强我们对物种状况的理解。大型印度果子狸在中国巴音林自然保护区的中食肉动物中摄像机陷阱探测率最高，因此被认为数量丰富。然而，物种分布模型显示，在58.10 km2的高度限制范围内，强烈的人为干扰构成了严重的威胁。典型对应分析进一步表明，必须将原有的监测网络扩大到保护区边界以外的干扰区进行综合评价。此外，通过序列应用物种分布模型和空间捕获-再捕获模型，我们估计果子狸的种群规模只有11只（95% CI: 10.28-16.51），尽管果子狸的检出率更高，但其密度比同域豹猫（Prionailurus bengalensis）小45%。通过基于证据的评估和揭示大型印度果子狸在当地的灭绝风险，我们的研究强调了基于证据的评估对保护规划提供可靠信息的重要性。这种需求不仅存在于我们研究的物种中，也存在于许多地位令人担忧的分类群中，而这些分类群的准确评估因证据不完善而受到阻碍。

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引用次数: 0

When good forests look bad: Methodological biases in EU conservation status reporting 当好的森林看起来不好时：欧盟保护状况报告中的方法偏差

IF 4.4 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2025-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111610

Harald Mauser , Magda Bou Dagher Kharrat , Bart Muys

The condition of natural habitats is central to EU conservation policy and legislation. The Habitats Directive of 1992 established measures to protect, maintain, improve, monitor, and report habitat conditions. Article 17 of Directive 92/43/EEC mandates that Member States monitor and report the conservation status of natural habitats every six years. The most recent reporting period (2013–2018) revealed that only 14.22 % of forest habitats are in “Good” conservation status, while 53.88 % are in “Poor” and 30.6 % in “Bad” status. This essay reviews the methodology for assessing the conservation status of forest habitats, focusing on the parameter “Structure and Functions,” and discusses its impact on reporting outcomes. We found that the poor conservation status of forest habitats is largely an artefact of expert rules in the assessment method, which cascade a broad range of good habitat conditions into a bad conservation status. Consequently, the current reporting method fails to detect significant improvement and deterioration of the ecological condition on the ground of European forest habitats. While this analysis is focused on forest habitats, the insights may apply to other habitat types. The findings have implications for the reporting period from 2019 to 2024 and the implementation of the new EU Nature Restoration Law. This work explores the limitations of the assessment method and proposes adjustments to stimulate a process of continuous improvement essential for driving the significant and immediate conservation action that European forest biodiversity urgently requires.

自然栖息地的状况是欧盟保护政策和立法的核心。1992年的《栖息地指令》制定了保护、维持、改善、监测和报告栖息地条件的措施。第92/43/EEC号指令第17条规定各成员国每六年监测和报告自然生境的保护状况。最近的报告期（2013-2018年）显示，只有14.22%的森林栖息地处于“良好”保护状态，53.88%处于“差”状态，30.6%处于“坏”状态。本文回顾了评估森林栖息地保护状况的方法，重点关注参数“结构和功能”，并讨论了其对报告结果的影响。研究发现，森林生境保护状况较差很大程度上是评估方法中专家规则的人为影响，将大量良好的生境条件级联为较差的保护状况。因此，目前的报告方法未能发现欧洲森林生境的生态条件的显著改善和恶化。虽然这一分析侧重于森林栖息地，但其见解可能适用于其他栖息地类型。这些发现对2019年至2024年的报告期和新的欧盟自然恢复法的实施有影响。这项工作探讨了评估方法的局限性，并提出了调整建议，以刺激持续改进的过程，这对于推动欧洲森林生物多样性迫切需要的重大和立即的保护行动至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

Adding value to imperfect long-term animal monitoring data for conservation insight 为不完善的长期动物监测数据增加价值，以了解保护情况

IF 4.4 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2025-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111617

S.D. Sarre , E.J. Stringer , R. Brawata , E. Carlson , R. Colley , E. Cook , B. Croak , L.I. Doucette , M. Hoehn , B. Howland , W.S. Osborne , S. Pulsford , J.M. Thomson , R.P. Duncan , B. Gruber

Long-term monitoring can provide insights into population decline of rare taxa yet is often inadequate owing to low encounter rates and poorly defined research questions. Here, we apply a multi-scale approach to investigate the ecology and long-term trends of a critically endangered lizard, the Canberra grassland earless dragon, and show that while all populations declined over 21 years of trapping, variation in population size tended to be site specific. This suggests that local, more than landscape-level, features are driving fluctuations in the remnant populations. We also showed, through contemporary occupancy surveys, that dragons preferred plots with intermediate grass tussock height (5–15 cm) and percent bare ground (6–30 %). This preference was evident across all years, trapping grids, and captures when using Land Surface Temperature and Normalised Difference Vegetation Index as proxies for temperature and vegetation structure. Taken together, these data provide compelling evidence that the dragons require intermediate vegetation cover and prefer cooler summer conditions. Overall, we demonstrate that combining long-term population monitoring, contemporary habitat sampling, and temporal satellite data sheds light on important ecological processes not evident when considering any one method alone. Our approach identified vegetation structure as a key factor limiting the dragon's distribution, providing a focus for future management of the species. More broadly, we show that adopting a multi-scale approach could enhance the value of monitoring data for rare taxa.

长期监测可以提供对稀有类群数量下降的见解，但由于低相遇率和不明确的研究问题，往往是不充分的。本文采用多尺度方法对堪培拉草原无耳龙的生态和长期趋势进行了研究，结果表明，在21年的诱捕过程中，堪培拉草原无耳龙的种群数量呈下降趋势，但种群规模的变化倾向于特定地点。这表明，地方性特征，而不是景观层面的特征，正在推动剩余种群的波动。我们还发现，通过当代的占用调查，龙更喜欢草丛高度中等（5-15厘米）和裸露地面（6 - 30%）的地块。当使用地表温度和归一化植被指数作为温度和植被结构的代理时，这种偏好在所有年份、捕获网格和捕获中都很明显。综合起来，这些数据提供了令人信服的证据，证明龙需要中间植被覆盖，更喜欢凉爽的夏季环境。总体而言，我们证明了将长期人口监测、当代栖息地采样和时间卫星数据相结合，揭示了单独考虑任何一种方法时都不明显的重要生态过程。我们的方法确定了植被结构是限制龙分布的关键因素，为未来的物种管理提供了重点。更广泛地说，我们表明采用多尺度方法可以提高稀有分类群监测数据的价值。

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引用次数: 0

King Island as a microcosm of 19th- and 20th-century agricultural land clearing in Australia 国王岛是19世纪和20世纪澳大利亚农业土地清理的一个缩影

IF 4.4 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2025-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111608

Madeleine Bessell-Koprek , Grant James Williamson , Liu Zhao , Simon Graeme Haberle , David M.J.S. Bowman

King Island (Lutruwita/Tasmania) provides a sharply bounded microcosm of the landscape change resulting from European colonisation and agricultural expansion across temperate Australia. Over two centuries, extensive land clearance, wetland drainage, and altered fire regimes have reshaped its vegetation and biodiversity. Using historical maps, aerial imagery, and spatial overlays with vegetation and land use data, we reconstruct the extent, timing, and ecological impacts of vegetation loss from 1827 to 2022. In this period, over two-thirds of native vegetation has been cleared, with wet forests and swamp systems disproportionately affected. What remains is fragmented, structurally simplified, and increasingly vulnerable to interacting pressures, including fire suppression, uncontrolled wildfires, invasive herbivory, and climate change. Current vegetation conservation efforts are constrained by land tenure legacies, misclassification of degraded systems, and the ambiguous ecological status of post-clearing scrub and grasslands. We argue that passive protection is insufficient. Restoration must prioritise ecological representativeness, structural complexity, and functional connectivity, informed by both historical baselines, Indigenous-led land care practices and targeted ecological pressures. King Island's bounded geography and long disturbance history make it a powerful microcosm for understanding landscape transformation and restoration potential in fragmented agricultural systems in Australia, and more broadly globally. By integrating spatial analysis with historical interpretation, this study contributes to broader efforts to reconcile restoration goals with ecological thresholds and socio-political constraints in post-clearing environments.

国王岛（卢特鲁维塔/塔斯马尼亚）是欧洲殖民和农业扩张导致澳大利亚温带地区景观变化的一个缩影。两个多世纪以来，广泛的土地清理、湿地排水和改变的火灾制度重塑了其植被和生物多样性。利用历史地图、航空图像以及植被和土地利用数据的空间叠加图，我们重建了1827年至2022年植被损失的程度、时间和生态影响。在此期间，超过三分之二的原生植被被砍伐，潮湿的森林和沼泽系统受到的影响尤为严重。剩下的是支离破碎，结构简化，并且越来越容易受到相互作用的压力，包括灭火，不受控制的野火，入侵的食草动物和气候变化。目前的植被保护工作受到土地权属遗产、退化系统分类错误以及清除后灌丛和草地生态状况不明确的限制。我们认为被动保护是不够的。恢复必须优先考虑生态代表性、结构复杂性和功能连通性，同时考虑历史基线、土著主导的土地护理实践和有针对性的生态压力。国王岛有限的地理位置和长期的扰动历史使其成为了解澳大利亚乃至全球破碎农业系统景观转变和恢复潜力的一个强大的缩影。通过将空间分析与历史解释相结合，本研究有助于更广泛地协调恢复目标与生态阈值和后清除环境中的社会政治约束。

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