Biological Conservation最新文献_第5页

The BirdLife Seabird Tracking Database: 20 years of collaboration for marine conservation 鸟类国际生命协会海鸟跟踪数据库：海洋保护合作 20 年

IF 4.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110813

Ana P.B. Carneiro , Maria P. Dias , Bethany L. Clark , Elizabeth J. Pearmain , Jonathan Handley , Amy R. Hodgson , John P. Croxall , Richard A. Phillips , Steffen Oppel , Joanne M. Morten , Ben Lascelles , Cleo Cunningham , Frances E. Taylor , Mark G.R. Miller , Philip R. Taylor , Alice Bernard , David Grémillet , Tammy E. Davies

The BirdLife Seabird Tracking Database (STDB) was established in 2004 to collate tracking data to address the incidental mortality of seabirds in fisheries and to contribute to identification of sites at sea relevant to establishment of Marine Protected Areas. After 20 years, the STDB has grown to hold ca. 39 million locations for 168 species from >450 breeding sites. The STDB has become a powerful tool to support marine conservation by facilitating the compilation of robust multi-species data to address broad-scale questions, made possible by continuous collaboration with the scientific community. The STDB has facilitated major marine conservation outcomes, including the designation of the first marine protected area to be identified solely using tracking data. Advocacy based on analyses demonstrating overlaps between seabirds and fisheries have led to the adoption of seabird-bycatch mitigation measures by Regional Fisheries Management Organizations. The STDB has also provided compelling evidence for migratory connectivity in the ocean, and been crucial in informing many policy instruments at scales from national (e.g. protection and management of important sites identified from tracking data), to regional (e.g. working with Regional Conventions), to global (e.g. the identification of Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas). This review presents an overview of 1) how the STDB started and gained traction, 2) its current status in terms of data coverage and gaps, 3) methodological developments, 4) conservation successes, 5) the opportunities and challenges experienced in managing this global database, and 6) research priorities and future directions for seabird tracking studies.

鸟类生命海鸟追踪数据库（STDB）成立于 2004 年，旨在整理追踪数据，以解决海鸟在渔业中意外死亡的问题，并帮助确定与建立海洋保护区相关的海上地点。经过 20 年的发展，STDB 已拥有来自 450 个繁殖地的 168 个物种的约 3,900 万个地点。通过与科学界的持续合作，STDB 已成为支持海洋保护的有力工具，有助于汇编可靠的多物种数据，以解决大范围的问题。科学、技术和数据库促进了重大的海洋保护成果，包括指定了第一个完全利用跟踪数据确定的海洋保护区。基于海鸟与渔业之间重叠的分析所做的宣传，促使区域渔业管理组织采取了减少海鸟误捕的措施。STDB 还为海洋中的洄游连通性提供了令人信服的证据，并在为许多政策工具提供信息方面发挥了至关重要的作用，这些政策工具的范围从国家（如保护和管理根据跟踪数据确定的重要地点）到区域（如与区域公约合作），再到全球（如确定具有生态或生物重要意义的海洋区域）。本综述概述了：1）海鸟跟踪数据库是如何起步和发展的；2）其在数据覆盖面和差距方面的现状；3）方法论方面的发展；4）保护方面的成功经验；5）管理这一全球数据库所经历的机遇和挑战；6）海鸟跟踪研究的优先研究事项和未来方向。

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引用次数: 0

Introduced fish reduce the occurrence of shrews in alpine lakes 引进的鱼类减少了高山湖泊中鼩鼱的数量

IF 4.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110830

Lucia Bello , Andreu Albó , Pere Aymerich , Teresa Buchaca , Jennifer Caner , Elisa Cardarelli , Anna Corapi , Laia Nogué , Víctor Osorio , Ibor Sabás , Giacomo Sacchi , Flavia Suraci , Marc Ventura , Rocco Tiberti

Widespread fish introductions into originally fishless mountain lakes have had severe consequences for native biota, including aquatic macroinvertebrates, which provide important food subsidies for terrestrial and semiaquatic insectivores like shrews (Fam. Soricidae). Since both fish and shrews rely on aquatic macroinvertebrates as food, whether in their larval or imaginal stage, we investigated if fish presence had adverse effects on shrews. Baited tubes were deployed to monitor the presence/absence of shrews by collecting their scats in lakes with and without fish in the western Italian Alps. Only two species, the Valais shrew (Sorex antinorii) and the Eurasian water shrew (Neomys fodiens), were found inhabiting the lakes' edges, where they fed on aquatic insect subsidies. The results indicate a significant pattern of exclusion between shrews and introduced fish. This negative association was especially evident in the presence of large-bodied fish (i.e., salmonids), but also of small fish (i.e., cyprinids). Consistently, compared to naturally fishless lakes, those with fish exhibit a lower availability of aquatic prey, representing a significant portion of the diet of both shrew species. Overall, our findings suggest that the impact on shrews may be mediated by a complex interplay of competition and predation between fish and shrews. Fish impacts may extend beyond the lakes to insectivorous mammals in surrounding areas. We recommend that the potential benefits to species and habitats reliant on aquatic subsidies be considered and integrated into conservation and restoration plans, and that these findings be communicated to the public to foster greater support for restoration efforts.

在原本无鱼的高山湖泊中广泛引入鱼类对本地生物群造成了严重后果，其中包括水生大型无脊椎动物，它们为鼩鼱（鼩鼱科）等陆生和半水生食虫动物提供了重要的食物补助。由于鱼类和鼩鼱都依赖水生大型无脊椎动物作为食物，无论是幼虫阶段还是成虫阶段，因此我们研究了鱼类的存在是否会对鼩鼱产生不利影响。我们在意大利阿尔卑斯山西部有鱼和无鱼的湖泊中放置了诱饵管，通过收集鼩鼱的粪便来监测鼩鼱的存在与否。结果发现，只有瓦莱州鼩鼱（Sorex antinorii）和欧亚水鼩鼱（Neomys fodiens）这两种鼩鼱栖息在湖边，以水生昆虫为食。结果表明，鼩鼱与引进鱼类之间存在明显的排斥模式。这种负面关系在大型鱼类（即鲑科鱼类）和小型鱼类（即鲤科鱼类）之间尤为明显。同样，与自然无鱼湖泊相比，有鱼湖泊的水生猎物较少，而水生猎物在两种鼩鼱的食物中都占很大比例。总之，我们的研究结果表明，对鼩鼱的影响可能是由鱼类和鼩鼱之间复杂的竞争和捕食相互作用促成的。鱼类的影响可能会超出湖泊范围，延伸到周边地区的食虫哺乳动物。我们建议，在制定保护和恢复计划时，应考虑到对依赖水生补助的物种和栖息地的潜在益处，并将这些发现传达给公众，以促进对恢复工作的更大支持。

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引用次数: 0

Connectivity conservation to mitigate climate and land-cover change impacts on Borneo 保护连通性，减轻气候和土地覆盖物变化对婆罗洲的影响

IF 4.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110838

Matthew J. Struebig , Moritz Wenzler , Rebecca K. Runting , Elizabeth Law , Sugeng Budiharta , David Seaman , Stephanie Kramer-Schadt

Enhancing connectivity between protected areas is crucial for facilitating species range shifts in response to climate change. Yet spatial planning for this connectivity often overlooks the combined impacts of climate and land-cover change, particularly in tropical regions where habitat loss is a more immediate biodiversity threat.

We explore the need for connectivity between protected areas to mitigate the dual impacts of climate- and land-cover change on Borneo. Using habitat suitability models and combined climate and land-cover change forecasts, we develop connectivity models for present and future scenarios, identifying optimal connections between protected areas for 81 species. By considering restoration and opportunity economic costs, we also explore the cost-benefit trade-offs of implementing connectivity plans.

Connectivity solutions varied among species, but often converged on the same connections between protected areas, with contemporary connections traversing 6 to 40 km and comprising 67 % forest cover, on average. By the 2080s there were fewer connections, and while many were shorter, they also comprised poorer quality habitat, reflecting reductions in forest cover and species distributions. As a result, the economic cost of creating corridors between protected areas was estimated to be 65 % higher in 2080 than in 2020.

Our analysis highlights the urgent need to prioritize connectivity interventions early to maximize long-term benefits for multiple species facing climate-change disruption while minimizing costs. However, conservation planning in tropical regions is complex, given high rates of forest degradation and loss. Implementing our approach at finer spatial scales could help identify cost-effective areas to prioritize landscape connectivity, helping safeguard tropical biodiversity amid changing environmental conditions.

加强保护区之间的连通性对于促进物种的分布范围变化以应对气候变化至关重要。然而，这种连通性的空间规划往往忽视了气候和土地覆被变化的综合影响，尤其是在热带地区，因为栖息地的丧失对生物多样性的威胁更为直接。我们探讨了保护区之间连通性的必要性，以减轻婆罗洲气候和土地覆被变化的双重影响。利用栖息地适宜性模型以及气候和土地覆盖物变化综合预测，我们建立了当前和未来情景下的连通性模型，为 81 个物种确定了保护区之间的最佳连通性。通过考虑恢复成本和机会经济成本，我们还探索了实施连接计划的成本效益权衡。不同物种的连接解决方案各不相同，但往往趋同于保护区之间的相同连接，当代的连接穿越 6 到 40 公里，平均包括 67% 的森林覆盖率。到 20 世纪 80 年代，连接点的数量会减少，虽然许多连接点的长度更短，但其栖息地的质量也更差，这反映了森林覆盖率和物种分布的减少。因此，在 2080 年，在保护区之间建立走廊的经济成本估计比 2020 年高出 65%。我们的分析突出表明，迫切需要尽早优先考虑连通性干预措施，以便为面临气候变化干扰的多种物种带来最大的长期利益，同时最大限度地降低成本。然而，由于森林退化和损失率高，热带地区的保护规划非常复杂。在更精细的空间尺度上实施我们的方法有助于确定具有成本效益的区域，优先考虑景观连通性，从而在不断变化的环境条件下保护热带生物多样性。

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引用次数: 0

‘Endangered’ and ‘threatened’ mean unacceptable extinction risk: A reply to Akçakaya (2024) 濒危 "和 "受威胁 "意味着不可接受的灭绝风险：答复 Akçakaya (2024)

IF 4.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110806

George F. Wilhere

引用次数: 0

Petracca et al. (2024) under-estimates the risk of gray wolf extinction by unscientific value judgments Petracca 等人（2024 年）通过不科学的价值判断低估了灰狼灭绝的风险

IF 4.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110760

Francisco J. Santiago-Ávila , Bridgett M. vonHoldt , Adrian Treves

引用次数: 0

Reply to Thornton and Murray: Models for Canada lynx conservation planning require nuance 答复 Thornton 和 Murray：加拿大猞猁保护规划模型需要细微差别

IF 4.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110836

Jacob S. Ivan , Karen E. Hodges , Joseph D. Holbrook , Ron A. Moen , Lucretia E. Olson , John R. Squires , Jennifer H. Vashon

引用次数: 0

Prioritising challenges and actions for freshwater conservation in a tropical biodiversity hotspot 确定热带生物多样性热点地区淡水保护的优先挑战和行动

IF 4.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110839

Alexandra Zieritz , Christopher Gibbins , Yixiong Cai , Farah Diba , Lydia X. Gan , Manuel Lopes-Lima , Jose Christopher E. Mendoza , John Morse , Ting Hui Ng , Elysia X.P. Toh , John Pfeiffer , Bi Wei Low , Ristiyanti Marwoto , Khairul Adha A. Rahim , Brooke Shellman , Zohrah Sulaiman , Zhi Wan Tan , Daisy Wowor , Noor Syarifuddin Yusuf , Darren C.J. Yeo

Tropical fresh waters experience one of the highest rates of biodiversity loss globally. Effective tropical freshwater biodiversity conservation requires prioritised and concerted action that is informed by science, but efforts to synthesise the available expertise and knowledge remain lacking to date. Here, we identify the most important challenges for freshwater conservation in the tropical biodiversity hotspot Sundaland, and provide roadmaps towards addressing them. A Delphi technique for consensus building, adopted across a panel of 18 experts, identified challenges under the categories of threats, research needs, and social and policy-related challenges. Threats were ranked by their importance in terms of the spatial extent, severity and persistence, while research needs, and social and policy-related challenges were ranked according to how severely they impede conservation. The top-ranked challenges were (1) threats: deforestation, agriculture, urbanisation, water management; (2) research needs: lack of data on freshwater biodiversity, systematic biology, understanding multiple stressors and resilience of freshwater ecosystems; and (3) social and policy-related challenges: low priority of freshwater biodiversity, lack of expertise, lack of systematic conservation planning, and growth of population and affluence. Addressing these challenges requires an approach that integrates improved communication and collaboration among researchers and stakeholders, scientific outreach to improve public appreciation of freshwater biodiversity and build capacity, implementation of best practices to mitigate negative human impacts, systematic conservation planning, and adoption of novel tools and technologies to address important knowledge gaps. This work can serve as a model for prioritising conservation actions in other regions that lose biodiversity at similarly rapid rates.

热带淡水是全球生物多样性丧失率最高的水域之一。要有效保护热带淡水生物多样性，就必须以科学为依据，优先采取协调一致的行动，但迄今为止，我们仍然缺乏综合现有专业技术和知识的努力。在此，我们确定了热带生物多样性热点地区巽他兰淡水保护面临的最重要挑战，并提供了应对这些挑战的路线图。由 18 位专家组成的小组采用德尔菲技术达成共识，确定了威胁、研究需求以及社会和政策相关挑战等类别下的挑战。威胁根据其空间范围、严重程度和持续性的重要性进行排序，而研究需求以及社会和政策相关挑战则根据其阻碍保护的严重程度进行排序。排名靠前的挑战包括：(1) 威胁：森林砍伐、农业、城市化、水资源管理；(2) 研究需求：缺乏淡水生物多样性数据、系统生物学、了解多重压力因素和淡水生态系统的恢复能力；(3) 社会和政策相关挑战：淡水生物多样性不受重视、缺乏专业知识、缺乏系统的保护规划以及人口和富裕程度的增长。要应对这些挑战，就必须采取以下综合方法：加强研究人员和利益相关者之间的沟通与合作；开展科学宣传活动，提高公众对淡水生物多样性的认识和能力建设；实施最佳实践，减轻人类的负面影响；制定系统的保护规划；采用新型工具和技术，填补重要的知识空白。这项工作可以作为一种模式，为生物多样性以类似速度丧失的其他地区确定保护行动的优先次序。

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引用次数: 0

Conservation benefits of marine reserves depend on knowledge integration of genotypic and phenotypic diversity 海洋保护区的保护效益取决于基因型和表型多样性的知识整合

IF 4.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110831

Barbara Koeck , Esben Moland Olsen , Libor Závorka , Amélie Crespel , Carla Freitas , Katja Enberg , Even Moland , Marte Sodeland , Henrik Høiberg Jessen , Héloïse Marte , Shaun S. Killen

Conserving intraspecific trait variation is vital for maintaining the viability of species. It ensures a species to adapt to warming and increasingly stochastic environments, and to recover following extreme events. Here we investigate the selective effects of spatial management on intraspecific genetic and phenotypic variation of two sympatric but genetically distinct Atlantic cod ecotypes in a Norwegian fjord. We found that phenotypic differences between sympatric cod genotypes were mainly driven by morphological and metabolic traits. Offshore cod had higher metabolic maintenance costs at cool temperatures but lower aerobic capacity at warm acclimation than coastal ecotypes, indicative of thermal constraint of aerobic physiological processes beyond metabolic maintenance. Offshore cod also had larger and thicker peduncles and better body condition. We found that protection benefits from the no-take zone (NTZ) of the Tvedestrand marine protected area were independent of individual space-use size, but instead resulted from ecotype-specific differences in habitat occupation. Results specifically show that the current delimitations of the NTZ do not cover habitats occupied by the coastal and highly resident cod ecotype which shows greater metabolic thermal tolerance but is considered to already be in a depleted state. Our study exemplifies why protecting intraspecific diversity is directly relevant for management implementations aimed at reducing the impact of further selection pressures such as ongoing environmental change. Careful investigation of intraspecific diversity and integration of such knowledge to fisheries management and design of protected areas may prevent unwanted additional selective pressures and contribute to offer broad protection to genotypes and phenotypes.

保护种内性状变异对于维持物种的生存能力至关重要。它能确保物种适应变暖和日益随机的环境，并在极端事件发生后恢复。在这里，我们研究了挪威峡湾中两种同域但基因不同的大西洋鳕鱼生态型的空间管理对种内遗传和表型变异的选择性影响。我们发现，同域鳕鱼基因型之间的表型差异主要由形态和代谢特征驱动。与沿岸生态型相比，近海鳕鱼在低温条件下的代谢维持成本较高，但在暖适应条件下的有氧能力较低，这表明有氧生理过程受到了热限制，超出了代谢维持的范围。近海鳕鱼的足柄也更大、更粗，身体状况更好。我们发现，Tvedestrand 海洋保护区的禁渔区（NTZ）所带来的保护效益与个体空间利用大小无关，而是来自于生态型在栖息地占用方面的特异性差异。研究结果特别表明，目前划定的禁渔区并不包括沿海和高度栖息的鳕鱼生态型所占据的栖息地，这种生态型表现出更强的代谢热耐受性，但被认为已经处于枯竭状态。我们的研究举例说明了为什么保护种内多样性与旨在减少进一步选择压力（如持续的环境变化）影响的管理实施直接相关。仔细调查种内多样性并将这些知识融入渔业管理和保护区设计中，可以防止不必要的额外选择压力，并有助于为基因型和表型提供广泛的保护。

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引用次数: 0

Monitoring the trade in bat taxidermy and specimens on e-commerce platforms 监测电子商务平台上的蝙蝠标本制作和标本交易

IF 4.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110827

Sara Bronwen Hunter , Julie Weeds , Fiona Mathews

Wildlife trade is a major economic activity but can pose a threat to many species. Previous research has focused on the trade of bats (Chiroptera) for food and medicine but little is known about the online, international trade in bat taxidermy and specimens, which is thought to be an emerging threat. We aimed to characterise this trade by sampling two major e-commerce platforms over an 18-month period. We used an automated pipeline, whereby data were accessed programmatically; filtered using a neural-network classifier; and the locations and species mentioned in relevant listings were identified using Named Entity Recognition. We retrieved 40,412 relevant results, representing 2363 and 2116 unique listings from Etsy and eBay, respectively. Although the accuracy of listings could not be verified, most (57 %) provided species-level information. Hence, 47 bat species were listed for sale, of which 32 are not currently identified by the IUCN Red List as traded for any purpose. The highest number of listings were sold from USA, Hong Kong and the UK, whilst traded species' ranges were predominantly located in South East Asia. We provide one of the first longitudinal datasets on the online bat trade, indicating that several species are being traded at potentially high volumes, with demand from North America and Europe driving exploitation in South East Asia. This is concerning for highly-traded species which occur at low densities, such as the painted wooly bat Kerivoula picta. Our automated pipeline can be used for subsequent monitoring of this trade, or could be adapted for monitoring of trade in other taxa.

野生动物贸易是一项重要的经济活动，但也会对许多物种构成威胁。以前的研究主要集中在蝙蝠（Chiroptera）的食物和药物贸易，但对蝙蝠标本和标本的在线国际贸易知之甚少，而这种贸易被认为是一种新出现的威胁。我们的目标是通过对两个主要电子商务平台进行为期 18 个月的抽样调查来描述这种贸易的特点。我们采用了自动化流程，通过程序访问数据，使用神经网络分类器过滤数据，并使用命名实体识别技术识别相关列表中提及的地点和物种。我们检索到了 40,412 条相关结果，分别代表了 Etsy 和 eBay 上的 2363 条和 2116 条独特的列表。虽然无法验证列表的准确性，但大多数列表（57%）都提供了物种级别的信息。因此，有 47 个蝙蝠物种被挂牌出售，其中 32 个物种目前未被《世界自然保护联盟红色名录》确定为任何目的的交易物种。美国、香港和英国出售的蝙蝠数量最多，而交易物种的分布范围主要在东南亚。我们首次提供了网上蝙蝠交易的纵向数据集，表明一些物种的交易量可能很高，北美和欧洲的需求推动了东南亚的开发。这对于出现密度较低的高交易量物种来说令人担忧，例如画眉蝠（Kerivoula picta）。我们的自动化管道可用于对这一贸易的后续监测，也可用于对其他分类群贸易的监测。

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引用次数: 0

Identifying complementary conservation and restoration priority areas for plant species 确定植物物种的补充保护和恢复优先区域

IF 4.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110826

Jian Zhou , Zijie Zhong , Huiyuan Liu , Feiling Yang , Jinyi Luo , Haining Qin , Ruidong Wu

The coverage of protected areas (PAs) remains far from the Kunming-Montreal target and degraded ecosystems are greatly limiting the conservation efficiency of PAs. Therefore, this paper proposes a method to identify conservation and restoration priority areas to supplement existing PAs. A case study was conducted focusing on Yunnan, southwestern China, which intersects with three world biodiversity hotspots. First, the spatial ranges for 3768 representative conservation plant species were mapped using species distribution models. Subsequently, planning units were classified into three restorability categories, namely no-need restoration, potentially restorable and non-restorable units, according to land cover changes between 2000 and 2020. Then, conservation and restoration priority areas were identified by applying a two-step systematic conservation planning process. Finally, replacement cost analysis was applied to compare the effectiveness of existing PAs and the overall 30 % priority areas. Northwestern, southwestern, and southeastern Yunnan have high biodiversity conservation values. Especially in eastern and southeastern Yunnan, large amounts of restoration priority areas were identified. Conservation and restoration priority areas account for 15.80 % and 3.69 % of Yunnan's land, respectively. Compared to existing PAs, conservation priority areas can increase the number of species covered from 2461 to 3277, and further to 3566 when including restoration priority areas. Compared to existing PAs, the mean species coverage in the overall 30 % priority areas has increased from 27.28 % to 72.69 %. Notably, 12.86 % of existing PAs were identified as restoration priority areas. This study indicates that in addition to conservation measures, implementing restoration strategies in high conservation-value areas is equally important.

保护区（PAs）的覆盖范围与昆明-蒙特利尔的目标仍相差甚远，退化的生态系统极大地限制了保护区的保护效率。因此，本文提出了一种确定保护和恢复优先区域的方法，以补充现有的保护区。本文以中国西南部与世界三大生物多样性热点地区交汇的云南为重点开展了案例研究。首先，利用物种分布模型绘制了 3768 种代表性保护植物的空间分布范围。随后，根据 2000 年至 2020 年的土地覆被变化，将规划单元划分为三个可恢复性类别，即无需恢复、潜在可恢复和不可恢复单元。然后，采用两步系统保护规划流程确定保护和恢复优先区域。最后，采用重置成本分析法比较现有保护区和总体 30% 优先区域的有效性。云南西北部、西南部和东南部具有较高的生物多样性保护价值。特别是在云南东部和东南部，确定了大量的恢复优先区域。保护优先区和恢复优先区分别占云南土地面积的 15.80% 和 3.69%。与现有保护区相比，保护优先区可覆盖的物种数量从 2461 种增加到 3277 种，如果包括恢复优先区，则可进一步增加到 3566 种。与现有保护区相比，总体 30% 优先区域的平均物种覆盖率从 27.28% 增加到 72.69%。值得注意的是，12.86% 的现有保护区被确定为恢复优先区域。这项研究表明，除保护措施外，在高保护价值地区实施恢复战略也同样重要。

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引用次数: 0