Biological Conservation最新文献_第3页

Long-term ecological and economic assessment of COVID-19 travel restrictions on Australia's only white shark cage-diving industry COVID-19对澳大利亚唯一的大白鲨笼子潜水业的旅行限制的长期生态和经济评估

IF 4.4 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2026.111693

Jordan K. Matley , Thomas M. Clarke , Joshua D. Dennis , Lauren Meyer , Chloe N. Roberts , Charlie Huveneers

The reduction and cessation of human activities due to the COVID-19 pandemic impacted animal populations globally, often with ecological and economic repercussions on sectors such as wildlife tourism. Restrictions in human mobility led Australia's only white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) cage-diving industry in South Australia to stop for 50 days between March and May 2020 — the longest period of industry inactivity for over 12 years. More than 10 years of monitoring and research on the sustainability of the industry was leveraged to investigate the immediate and long-term impacts of this 50-day closure on white sharks and the supporting ecosystem using a before, during, and after design based on ecological and economic metrics. We found limited impacts on the residency, activity, and diet of white sharks but a 10-fold reduction in the economic value of the industry in April – May 2020. Only silver trevally (Pseudocaranx georgianus), a species that commonly associates with cage-diving activities, showed behavioural modification, shifting its diet from provisioned to natural sources of food and reducing its residency at operator sites; however, these changes were short-term and reverted once operations resumed. Overall, there was no evidence of lasting impacts of COVID-19 restrictions on white sharks or other fish that closely associate with cage-diving activities. The prompt resumption of tourism and continued implementation of and adherence to management regulations that restrict the amount of bait/berley and operational capacity likely moderated any behavioural changes of white sharks both during and after COVID-19.

COVID-19大流行导致人类活动减少和停止，影响了全球动物种群，往往对野生动物旅游等部门产生生态和经济影响。对人类活动的限制导致澳大利亚南澳大利亚唯一的白鲨（Carcharodon carcharias）笼子潜水业在2020年3月至5月期间停止了50天，这是12年来最长的行业不活动期。我们对该行业的可持续性进行了10多年的监测和研究，利用基于生态和经济指标的前、中、后设计，调查了这50天关闭对白鲨及其配套生态系统的直接和长期影响。我们发现，对白鲨的居住、活动和饮食的影响有限，但在2020年4月至5月期间，该行业的经济价值减少了10倍。只有通常与笼中潜水活动有关的银鲹（Pseudocaranx georgianus）表现出行为改变，将其饮食从供应食物转变为自然食物，并减少其在操作场所的居住时间；但是，这些变化是短期的，一旦业务恢复就会恢复。总体而言，没有证据表明COVID-19限制对白鲨或其他与笼子潜水活动密切相关的鱼类产生了持久影响。旅游业的迅速恢复以及继续实施和遵守限制诱饵/贝利数量和运营能力的管理规定，可能会在COVID-19期间和之后减缓白鲨的任何行为变化。

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引用次数: 0

Mapping avian sensitivity to support onshore wind energy development and bird conservation in two European countries 绘制鸟类敏感性地图，以支持两个欧洲国家的陆上风能开发和鸟类保护

IF 4.4 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2026-01-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111688

Larissa Donida Biasotto , Juan Serratosa , Bethany L. Clark , Antonio Vulcano , Rafał Bobrek , Claudio Celada , Giorgia Gaibani , Marco Gustin , Jarosław Krogulec , Anna Staneva , Krzysztof Stasiak , Tris Allinson

Rapid renewable energy development is vital for tackling the climate crisis. Wind farms play a key role but raise conservation concerns for birds due to collision with turbines and avoidance or loss of valuable habitats. Siting turbines away from important areas for vulnerable bird species would reduce the impacts on biodiversity while still generating electricity. Sensitivity mapping provides a robust way to choose candidate sites for development at a landscape scale, which complements but should not replace site-specific environmental impact assessments. Here, we mapped avian sensitivity to onshore wind energy development that prioritises species based on risk of collision with wind turbines and displacement, and conservation status. Our method then integrates species' ranges, area of habitat maps, national bird surveys and citizen science data to estimate species distributions. We applied this approach to Italy and Poland, two European countries with different biodiversity, habitats and avian communities that have committed to targets on renewable energy production and biodiversity conservation. Our maps show that both countries have areas of higher and lower avian sensitivity and that there are opportunities to place wind developments away from the most sensitive areas for birds. The areas of higher sensitivity align well with the existing protected area network, but our maps reveal very highly sensitive areas outside of protected areas, where development should also be avoided. Sensitivity maps can be used by governments, NGOs, funders, and industry to ensure biodiversity is considered in spatial planning at national and regional levels.

快速发展可再生能源对应对气候危机至关重要。风力发电场发挥了关键作用，但由于与涡轮机的碰撞以及避免或失去宝贵的栖息地，引起了对鸟类保护的关注。将涡轮机安置在远离重要鸟类栖息地的地方，将减少对生物多样性的影响，同时仍能发电。敏感性制图为在景观尺度上选择候选开发地点提供了一种强有力的方法，它补充但不应取代特定地点的环境影响评估。在这里，我们绘制了鸟类对陆上风能开发的敏感性，根据与风力涡轮机碰撞和位移的风险以及保护状况对物种进行优先排序。然后，我们的方法综合了物种范围、栖息地地图、国家鸟类调查和公民科学数据来估计物种分布。我们将这种方法应用于意大利和波兰，这两个拥有不同生物多样性、栖息地和鸟类群落的欧洲国家，都致力于实现可再生能源生产和生物多样性保护的目标。我们的地图显示，这两个国家都有鸟类敏感程度较高和较低的地区，有机会将风力开发项目置于远离鸟类最敏感地区的地方。敏感性较高的地区与现有的保护区网络很好地结合在一起，但我们的地图显示了保护区之外非常敏感的地区，这些地区也应该避免开发。敏感性地图可以被政府、非政府组织、资助者和行业使用，以确保在国家和区域层面的空间规划中考虑到生物多样性。

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引用次数: 0

A century of change: Many losers vs. few winners among Swiss grassland plants 一个世纪的变化：瑞士草原植物多输家少赢家

IF 4.4 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2026-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111679

Stefan Widmer , Susanne Riedel , Manuel Babbi , Felix Herzog , Thomas Wohlgemuth , Michael Kessler , Jürgen Dengler

Grasslands in Europe are important habitats for a significant portion of the continent's biodiversity yet have undergone substantial transformations due to land use and climate changes during the 20th century. As plant species have been differentially impacted by these alterations, conservation efforts must not only consider overall species diversity but also assess changes at the individual species level. We resurveyed vegetation plots recorded in Switzerland between 1884 and 1931, covering a wide range of grassland types and elevations (300–2500 m a.s.l.), to identify plant species that have either increased or decreased in frequency and those that have experienced elevational shifts. Our findings reveal a predominance of decreasing species (losers) compared to increasing species (winners), with this pattern weakening at higher elevations. Notably, declines affected both rare and common species, the latter often being overlooked in conservation strategies. Decreases were most frequently associated with geophytes and species adapted to low nutrient conditions and cooler temperatures. While the proportion of neophytes increased at the expense of indigenous species and archaeophytes, it remained low overall. The upward shifts in mean elevation of many species appeared to be primarily driven by intensified land use at lower elevations, whereas climate change was likely a more significant factor at higher elevations, where human influence is less intense. The results underscore the need for enhanced conservation measures to preserve and restore grassland habitats, limit eutrophication (especially at lower elevations), and take action against climate change to allow mountain regions to function as refugia for some species.

欧洲的草原是该大陆很大一部分生物多样性的重要栖息地，但在20世纪，由于土地利用和气候变化，草原发生了重大变化。由于植物物种受到这些变化的不同影响，保护工作不仅要考虑整体物种多样性，而且要评估单个物种水平的变化。我们重新调查了瑞士1884年至1931年间记录的植被样地，覆盖了广泛的草地类型和海拔高度（300-2500 m a.s.l），以确定频率增加或减少的植物物种以及经历海拔变化的植物物种。我们的研究结果表明，减少的物种（输家）比增加的物种（赢家）占优势，这种模式在高海拔地区减弱。值得注意的是，稀有物种和普通物种都受到影响，后者往往在保护策略中被忽视。减少最常与地植物和适应低营养条件和较低温度的物种有关。虽然新植物的比例以牺牲本地物种和古植物为代价而增加，但总体上仍然很低。许多物种平均海拔的上升似乎主要是由低海拔地区土地利用的集约化驱动的，而在人类影响不那么强烈的高海拔地区，气候变化可能是一个更重要的因素。结果强调需要加强保护措施，以保护和恢复草原栖息地，限制富营养化（特别是在低海拔地区），并采取行动应对气候变化，使山区成为某些物种的避难所。

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引用次数: 0

Informing conservation problems and actions using an indicator of extinction risk: A detailed assessment of applying the LIFE metric 利用灭绝风险指标通知保护问题和行动：应用生命指标的详细评估

IF 4.4 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2026-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111663

Alison Eyres , Andy Arnell , Thomas S. Ball , Richard J. Cuthbert , Michael Dales , Alejandro Guizar-Coutiño , Jody Holland , Emilio Luz-Ricca , Anil Madhavapeddy , Leila Pain , Tom Swinfield , Thomas B. White , Andrew Balmford

Extinction is a critical issue, with land-use change the main threat to many terrestrial species. Understanding and tackling this requires global, comparable, and scalable metrics that link land-cover change to extinction risk and are useable across diverse conservation contexts. Here, we demonstrate the flexibility of the new Land-cover change Impacts on Future Extinctions (LIFE) metric through five distinct case studies. First, we explore the near real-time quantification of biodiversity harms in tropical hotspots by integrating LIFE with forest loss data. Second, we couple LIFE with crop distribution and trade data to assess variation in extinction impacts mediated by food consumption – specifically of apples in the UK. Third, we test LIFE's suitability for use in biodiversity compensation through a hypothetical scenario in Sumatra. Fourth, we use LIFE to prioritize competing conservation investments by comparing benefits of area-based projects in Honduras. Finally, we combine LIFE with counterfactual methods to evaluate the effectiveness of a long-term conservation project in Sierra Leone. Together, these examples show that LIFE offers actionable insights into a geographically and thematically wide range of conservation challenges, from land-use planning to sustainable consumption. Like all global metrics, LIFE's broad applicability relies on assumptions and simplifications. It should be used cautiously, and alongside local knowledge and ground-truthing, especially for restoration, offsetting, or fine-scale analysis, and in poorly studied areas. By providing an accompanying “How-to” guide, we aim to ensure LIFE can be used widely to inform understanding of the extinction crisis and support tangible actions to halt it.

灭绝是一个关键问题，土地利用变化是许多陆地物种的主要威胁。理解和解决这一问题需要全球性的、可比较的、可扩展的指标，这些指标将土地覆盖变化与灭绝风险联系起来，并可在不同的保护环境中使用。在这里，我们通过五个不同的案例研究展示了新的土地覆盖变化对未来灭绝（LIFE）指标的灵活性。首先，我们将LIFE与森林损失数据相结合，探索了热带热点地区生物多样性危害的近实时量化。其次，我们将LIFE与作物分布和贸易数据相结合，以评估食物消费介导的灭绝影响的变化-特别是英国的苹果。第三，我们通过苏门答腊岛的一个假设情景测试了LIFE在生物多样性补偿中的适用性。第四，我们使用LIFE通过比较洪都拉斯地区项目的收益来优先考虑竞争性保护投资。最后，我们将LIFE与反事实方法相结合，以评估塞拉利昂长期保护项目的有效性。总之，这些例子表明，LIFE为地理上和主题上广泛的保护挑战提供了可操作的见解，从土地使用规划到可持续消费。像所有全局指标一样，LIFE的广泛适用性依赖于假设和简化。它应该谨慎使用，并与当地知识和地面真相一起使用，特别是在恢复，抵消或精细尺度分析以及研究不足的地区。通过提供附带的“操作指南”，我们的目标是确保LIFE可以广泛使用，以告知对灭绝危机的理解，并支持采取切实行动阻止它。

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引用次数: 0

Water and fire: Wildfires threaten fish habitats across Brazilian biomes, and protected areas offer insufficient safeguards 水和火：野火威胁着巴西生物群落的鱼类栖息地，而保护区提供的保障措施不足

IF 4.4 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2026-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111692

Gustavo Henrique Soares Guedes, Francisco Gerson Araújo

Temporary wetlands are aquatic ecosystems shaped by alternating wet and dry periods, but the influence of wildfires on their water regimes and biodiversity dynamics remains insufficiently investigated. This study compares fire frequency in temporary wetlands inhabited by annual fishes (Rivulidae) across biomes differing in fire propensity and protection, using a comprehensive spatiotemporal framework across 1161 sites over four decades (1985–2024), and drawing on occurrence records of 187 species, 102 of which are threatened with extinction in Brazil. Results show that wildfires were subject to 57 % of annual fish species and burned 28 % of the temporary wetlands in which they occur. Fire-dependent biomes (Cerrado, Pantanal; with the exception of the Pampa) experienced significantly higher fire frequency than fire-independent (Caatinga) and fire-sensitive (Amazon, Atlantic Forest) biomes. Fire frequency peaked between 2020 and 2024, with regions such as the Amazon exhibiting increasing vulnerability. The majority of burned wetlands in the Caatinga, Atlantic Forest, and Pampa were associated with small fire scars (<50 ha), while large-scale fire events were predominantly concentrated in the Cerrado and Pantanal. Protected areas did not consistently mitigate fire frequency; in some biomes, reserves recorded higher fire frequencies than unprotected areas. Fire can affect annual fish both directly, through egg mortality caused by burning, and indirectly, by altering or destroying the temporary wetland habitats on which they depend. Our findings reveal significant gaps in existing conservation frameworks and underscore the urgent need to integrate proactive fire-management strategies into protected-area governance and broader aquatic-biodiversity planning under intensifying global fire regimes.

临时湿地是由干湿交替期形成的水生生态系统，但野火对其水分状况和生物多样性动态的影响仍未得到充分研究。本研究利用巴西187个物种（其中102个物种在巴西濒临灭绝）的发生记录，利用综合时空框架，比较了不同生物群落中不同火灾倾向和保护的年生鱼类（Rivulidae）居住的临时湿地的火灾频率。结果表明，森林野火影响了57%的年度鱼类，烧毁了28%的临时湿地。火灾依赖型生物群落（塞拉多、潘塔纳尔、潘帕草原除外）的火灾频率明显高于非火灾依赖型生物群落（Caatinga）和火灾敏感型生物群落（亚马逊、大西洋森林）。火灾频率在2020年至2024年间达到峰值，亚马逊等地区表现出越来越大的脆弱性。Caatinga、Atlantic Forest和Pampa的大部分湿地都伴有小的火痕（50 ha），而大规模火灾事件主要集中在Cerrado和Pantanal。保护区并没有持续降低火灾频率；在一些生物群落中，保护区记录的火灾频率高于未受保护的地区。火可以直接影响一年生鱼类，通过燃烧造成的卵死亡，间接影响它们，通过改变或破坏它们赖以生存的临时湿地栖息地。我们的研究结果揭示了现有保护框架的重大差距，并强调了在全球火灾加剧的情况下，迫切需要将主动火灾管理战略纳入保护区治理和更广泛的水生生物多样性规划。

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引用次数: 0

Microclimatic moisture and the climate change resilience of lichen epiphytes – an applied model for temperate rainforest 附生地衣的小气候湿度和气候变化适应能力——一个温带雨林的应用模型

IF 4.4 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111683

Christopher J. Ellis

The biodiversity response to climate change will, for many species, be determined by continued availability of suitable microclimatic space locally, and the ability to colonise into such refugia through dispersal. This study measured and modelled microclimatic vapour pressure deficit (VPD) for three contrasting woodland study sites, to purposefully extend microclimatic modelling to lichen epiphytes. Statistical downscaling indicated that VPD is explained by macroclimatic moisture input (precipitation) and temperature (saturated vapour pressure), with important and locally modifying effects of elevation, landscape topography, and canopy structure. Allowing for over-fitting controls, niche models for lichen epiphyte abundance were improved when including microclimatic VPD in addition to precipitation. A niche model for lichen indicators – species which determine the conservation status of UK lowland temperate rainforest – was projected at a 5 m grid-scale for a climate baseline, and three climate change scenarios (2040s, RCP 4.5; 2060s, RCP 6; 2080s, RCP 8.5), over five temperate rainforest National Nature Reserves (NNRs). Resilience of each NNR was estimated as the proportion of extant microhabitats that have an equivalent or improved microclimate (relative to the climate baseline) at incrementing spatial distances from 10 to 100 m. Despite microclimatic buffering, resilience of the NNRs was found to be limited under their current configuration. Resilience was higher for more northerly (cooler) sites, and for sites with a greater woodland extent. Resilience could be further enhanced by woodland expansion for topographically variable landscapes that have been historically deforested, with tree regeneration/planting targeted to situations that offer future microclimatic refugia.

对许多物种来说，生物多样性对气候变化的反应将取决于当地适宜的小气候空间的持续可用性，以及通过扩散在这些避难所定居的能力。本研究测量和模拟了三个不同林地研究点的小气候蒸汽压差（VPD），有目的地将小气候模拟扩展到地苔附生植物。统计降尺度表明，VPD是由宏观气候湿度输入（降水）和温度（饱和蒸汽压）解释的，海拔、景观地形和冠层结构对VPD具有重要的局地调节作用。考虑到过度拟合控制，当包括小气候VPD和降水时，地衣附生菌丰度的生态位模型得到了改进。在5个温带雨林国家级自然保护区（NNRs）上，以5米网格尺度对气候基线和3种气候变化情景（2040年代，RCP 4.5； 2060年代，RCP 6； 2080年代，RCP 8.5）进行了地衣指标生态位模型的预估。每个NNR的恢复力被估计为在10到100 m的空间距离上具有相同或改善的小气候（相对于气候基线）的现存微生境的比例。尽管有小气候缓冲作用，但研究发现，在目前的配置下，nnr的恢复能力有限。恢复力越靠北（越冷）的地点和林地面积越大的地点越高。对于历史上被砍伐过的地形多变的景观，可以通过林地扩张进一步增强恢复能力，同时针对未来提供小气候避难所的情况进行树木再生/种植。

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引用次数: 0

Victims of the cure: Determining the pollinator and necrophage biodiversity costs of Japanese beetle [Popillia japonica] traps 治愈的受害者：确定日本甲虫（Popillia japonica）陷阱的传粉者和尸噬体生物多样性成本

IF 4.4 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111676

Simone Aubé , Simon Legault , Josée Doyon , Jacques Brodeur

Trapping of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), a highly invasive beetle, is a widely used monitoring and pest control strategy in North America. However, these traps frequently capture nontarget beneficial insects such as pollinators and necrophages, raising conservation concerns. In this study, we quantified the abundance and diversity of bees (Apidae: Apis mellifera, Bombus spp.) and carrion beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) inadvertently collected in baited traps across 20 farms along an agricultural intensification gradient in southern Québec, Canada. Using 360 trap samples collected between June and September 2024, we analyzed how bycatch varied with seasonality, Japanese beetle abundance, landscape composition, and weather conditions. We found that pollinator bycatch was higher early in the season and in farms with either highly intensive crops or mostly natural land covers and was positively influenced by high temperature and low humidity. In contrast, necrophage bycatch peaked in late August, and was abundant under cooler, rainy conditions, and mid-level agricultural intensification. Japanese beetle abundance intensified the seasonal effects on both functional groups, likely due to the release of cadaveric volatile compounds. Results suggest that baited Japanese beetle traps pose a limited but non-negligible threat to beneficial insect biodiversity. Our comprehensive bycatch assessment is used to suggest mitigation approaches to minimize unintended captures and promote conservation efforts.

日本甲虫（Popillia japonica Newman，鞘翅目：金龟子科）是一种高度入侵的甲虫，诱捕是北美地区广泛采用的一种监测和害虫防治策略。然而，这些陷阱经常捕获非目标的有益昆虫，如传粉昆虫和尸噬细胞，引起了保护问题。在这项研究中，我们量化了在加拿大魁省南部沿农业集约化梯度的20个农场无意中收集的蜜蜂（蜜蜂科：蜜蜂，Bombus spp.）和腐肉甲虫（鞘翅目：Staphylinidae）的丰度和多样性。利用2024年6月至9月收集的360个捕集器样本，分析了副渔获物随季节、日本甲虫丰度、景观组成和天气条件的变化。研究发现，在作物集约化程度高或土地覆盖多的农场，传粉媒介副渔获量在季节早期较高，且受高温低湿的积极影响。相反，尸噬细胞副渔获量在8月下旬达到高峰，在较凉爽、多雨的条件下和中等农业集约化水平下是丰富的。日本甲虫的丰度增强了这两个功能群的季节性影响，可能是由于尸体挥发性化合物的释放。结果表明，日本甲虫诱捕器对有益昆虫的生物多样性构成了有限但不可忽视的威胁。我们的综合副渔获物评估用于建议缓解方法，以尽量减少意外捕捞和促进保护工作。

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引用次数: 0

Trait-dependent declines of threatened endemic trees following plant invasion on a tropical oceanic island 热带海洋岛屿上受威胁的特有树木在植物入侵后的性状依赖性衰退

IF 4.4 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111665

Robin Pouteau , Élise Adrien , Claudine Ah-Peng , Sébastien Albert , Olivier Flores , Bastian Laforgue , Christophe Lavergne , Jean-Yves Meyer , Anaëlle Regen , Margaux Rojat , Sarah Roussel

Biological invasions are a leading cause of the ongoing biodiversity crisis, and particularly so on islands. However, the role of invasive alien plants (IAPs) as a driver of native plant declines and extinctions remains unclear. The inherently slow and gradual nature of plant extinctions, especially that of long-lived woody species, could be a reason. Here, we examined temporal trends in subpopulations of 28 threatened endemic tree (TET) taxa. We questioned the frequency with which they decline in association with IAPs on Reunion Island (South-West Indian Ocean), and asked whether the most susceptible TET taxa exhibit characteristics that could reveal the underlying ecological mechanisms. We resurveyed 182 historically described subpopulations and tested whether observed trends of juvenile and adult TETs correlate with the abundance in IAPs using path analyses, while distinguishing TET taxa with respect to their leaf–height–seed characteristics and extinction risk. The trend of adult TETs was not affected by IAPs but that of juvenile TETs was negatively correlated with the abundance of IAPs in the understory layer. This was particularly the case for TET taxa with conservative resource-use strategies (low specific leaf area or low maximum height), whose juveniles might be particularly susceptible to competition with IAPs, but not for TET taxa with large seeds, whose metabolic reserves make seedlings more likely to attain a critical size. These findings suggest that IAPs can significantly contribute to the extinction dynamics of trees, primarily by limiting regeneration through competitive exclusion, and that their impacts vary depending on the traits of the affected taxa.

生物入侵是目前生物多样性危机的主要原因，尤其是在岛屿上。然而，外来入侵植物（IAPs）作为本地植物减少和灭绝的驱动因素的作用尚不清楚。植物灭绝固有的缓慢和渐进的性质，特别是那些长寿的木本物种，可能是一个原因。在这里，我们研究了28个濒危特有树（TET）分类群亚群的时间趋势。我们质疑留尼汪岛（西南印度洋）上它们与iap相关的下降频率，并询问最敏感的TET分类群是否表现出可以揭示潜在生态机制的特征。我们重新调查了182个历史上描述的亚种群，并使用通径分析测试了观察到的幼年和成年TET趋势是否与IAPs丰度相关，同时区分了TET分类群的叶高-种子特征和灭绝风险。成虫TETs的变化趋势不受IAPs的影响，但幼虫TETs的变化趋势与林下层IAPs丰度呈负相关。具有保守资源利用策略（低比叶面积或低最大高度）的TET类群尤其如此，其幼体可能特别容易受到iap的竞争，但具有大种子的TET类群则不然，其代谢储备使幼苗更有可能达到临界尺寸。这些发现表明，iap可以显著促进树木的灭绝动态，主要是通过竞争排斥来限制再生，并且它们的影响取决于受影响分类群的特征。

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引用次数: 0

When coping means breaking the rules: Understanding conservation crime through strain 当应对意味着打破规则：通过紧张理解保护犯罪

IF 4.4 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111687

Judith J. Rakowski , Michelle Anagnostou , Trong Dat Cao Tien , Trung Cao Tien , Laure Joanny , Ha Trang Nguyen , James L. Slade , Luan Van Nguyen , Elle Jingjing Xu , Meredith L. Gore

Conservation crime, including outlawed hunting, logging, and natural resource use, poses a direct threat to biodiversity worldwide. Reducing this harmful behavior and understanding the motivations of offenders is crucial, yet drivers remain underexamined. This study applies General Strain Theory to explore how social and environmental strains shape coping strategies, including conservation crime, among communities in and around Pù Mát National Park, Vietnam, a hotspot for conservation crime. We conducted three phases of qualitative fieldwork in 2023 and 2024 across 16 communities, using semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and member-checking workshops with 218 participants. We identified nine distinct strains, ranging from unmet basic needs and economic hardship to land accessibility, environmental stressors, and insufficient medical care. Four of them are novel, ecologically embedded forms, such as road and remoteness strain or environmental stressors. Participants described four main coping strategies: conservation crime, outmigration, reliance on aid, and lifestyle adaptation. While participants did not always explicitly connect specific strains to illegal behavior, basic needs, economic, land, and road and remoteness strains emerged as particularly salient and were most frequently discussed in relation to conservation crime. These findings suggest that broader structural inequalities—such as poverty, limited access to services, and spatial marginalization—may influence vulnerability to illegal resource use and merit attention as potentially criminogenic stressors. By applying General Strain Theory to conservation and extending it with ecologically grounded and spatially situated drivers of strain, this study offers a new lens for identifying, anticipating, and potentially addressing risks of conservation crime in protected areas.

保护犯罪，包括非法狩猎、伐木和自然资源利用，对全球生物多样性构成直接威胁。减少这种有害行为和了解违法者的动机是至关重要的，然而司机仍然没有得到充分的研究。本研究运用一般应变理论，探讨社会和环境应变如何影响越南Pù Mát国家公园及其周边社区的应对策略，包括保护犯罪。Pù Mát国家公园是保护犯罪的热点。我们在2023年和2024年对16个社区进行了三个阶段的定性实地调查，使用了半结构化访谈、焦点小组和218名参与者的成员检查研讨会。我们确定了9种不同的压力，从未满足的基本需求和经济困难到土地可及性、环境压力因素和医疗保健不足。其中四种是新颖的、生态嵌入式的形式，如道路和偏远的压力或环境压力。与会者描述了四种主要的应对策略：保护犯罪、外迁、依赖援助和适应生活方式。虽然参与者并不总是明确地将特定的压力与非法行为联系起来，但基本需求、经济、土地、道路和偏远地区的压力显得尤为突出，并且与保护犯罪相关的讨论最为频繁。这些发现表明，更广泛的结构性不平等——如贫困、获得服务的机会有限和空间边缘化——可能会影响对非法资源使用的脆弱性，并作为潜在的犯罪压力因素值得关注。通过将一般应变理论应用于保护，并将其扩展到生态基础和空间定位的应变驱动因素，本研究为识别、预测和潜在解决保护区保护犯罪风险提供了一个新的视角。

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引用次数: 0

Assessing the effectiveness of strictly protected areas in preventing forest loss and degradation across different forest types in the Caucasus 评估严格保护区在防止高加索不同森林类型的森林损失和退化方面的有效性

IF 4.4 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2026-01-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111685

Johanna Buchner , Katarzyna Ewa Lewińska , Van Butsic , Zuzana Buřivalová , Arash Ghoddousi , Natalia Rogova , Afag Rizayeva , Eugenia V. Bragina , Volker C. Radeloff

Protected areas are a cornerstone of conservation, designed to preserve ecosystems such as forests. While their effectiveness to stem forest loss is well understood, preventing forest degradation is less clear, although selective logging can alter forest structure and affect biodiversity. It is also unclear how effectiveness varies among forest types. We assessed whether strictly protected areas established before the collapse of the Soviet Union were effective in preventing forest loss and degradation in coniferous, mixed, and deciduous forests across the Caucasus, a biodiversity hotspot. We used an available land-cover classification dataset from 1987 to 2015 to assess forest loss, and mapped degradation using spectral mixture analysis of Landsat imagery from 1988 to 2019 specifically for this study. To assess effectiveness, we applied propensity score matching and panel regressions. We found that protected areas in Armenia and Azerbaijan were effective in preventing forest loss but largely ineffective in preventing degradation. Protected areas in Georgia and Russia were ineffective in preventing forest loss and degradation. Among forest types, degradation was only lower in mixed forests in protected areas across the Caucasus. Our results suggest that (a) including forest degradation in assessments provides important insights into forest threats, and (b) the level of effectiveness varies among forest types. Rare forest types with economically valuable tree species may be disproportionately affected, and their threats can only be detected when looking beyond forest loss. Information on degraded forests can support both monitoring and future restoration, highlighting the need for various indictors when assessing protection outcomes.

保护区是自然保护的基石，旨在保护森林等生态系统。虽然它们在阻止森林损失方面的有效性得到了充分的了解，但防止森林退化却不太清楚，尽管选择性采伐可以改变森林结构并影响生物多样性。目前还不清楚不同森林类型的有效性如何不同。我们评估了苏联解体前建立的严格保护区是否能有效防止高加索地区针叶林、混交林和落叶林的森林损失和退化。高加索地区是生物多样性的热点地区。我们使用1987年至2015年的可用土地覆盖分类数据集来评估森林损失，并专门为本研究使用1988年至2019年Landsat图像的光谱混合分析来绘制退化图。为了评估有效性，我们应用了倾向评分匹配和面板回归。我们发现，亚美尼亚和阿塞拜疆的保护区在防止森林损失方面有效，但在防止退化方面基本无效。格鲁吉亚和俄罗斯的保护区在防止森林损失和退化方面是无效的。在森林类型中，只有整个高加索保护区的混交林的退化程度较低。我们的研究结果表明：(a)在评估中纳入森林退化提供了对森林威胁的重要见解；(b)不同森林类型的有效性水平不同。拥有具有经济价值树种的稀有森林类型可能受到不成比例的影响，它们的威胁只有在森林损失之外才能发现。关于退化森林的信息可以支持监测和未来的恢复，强调在评估保护成果时需要各种指标。

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引用次数: 0