Biological Conservation最新文献_第2页

A multi-perspective understanding of population change in migratory species: A case study with pied avocets (Recurvirostra avosetta) in East Asia

IF 4.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2025-02-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111048

Yang Wu , Weipan Lei , Entao Wu , Han Pan , Yifei Jia , Cai Lu , Yongxiang Han , Junjie Wang , Rong Fan , Zhijun Ma , Zhengwang Zhang , Richard A. Fuller

Understanding the population dynamics of migratory species is crucial for their conservation. However, researchers often encounter challenges due to insufficient data, especially when monitoring migratory species throughout their annual cycle. One solution to this issue is to combine multiple types of data. Here we develop and test such an approach, using the Pied Avocet, a migratory waterbird species in East Asia, as a case study. We integrate count data, presence-only records, satellite tracking data, and species distribution models.

Our findings reveal an 85 % increase in the annual population of Pied Avocets in East Asia over the past 13 years, despite inconsistent trends across their four major wintering sites. Tracking data indicated that the species experiences low migratory mortality and a moderate to high overall survival rates, with survival not differing significantly between first-year birds and adults. We estimated a 109 % increase in suitable wintering habitat extent and a 42 % increase in breeding habitat extent for Pied Avocets over the past 20 years. These changes are primarily attributed to the proliferation of artificial wetlands, with climate change also contributing to the expansion of wintering habitats.

We conclude that multi-dimensional sources of evidence can be combined to assess and explain population changes even though data of any particular type are relatively limited. We emphasize the effectiveness and importance of using diverse methods to obtain comprehensive information on the population dynamics of migratory species, while concurrently establishing and improving long-term monitoring networks.

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引用次数: 0

Evaluating the impacts of extinction thresholds of species in a marine food web in the Yellow Sea (China)

IF 4.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2025-02-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111050

Pengcheng Li , Jie Yin , Yupeng Ji , Chongliang Zhang , Binduo Xu , Yiping Ren , Ying Xue

The Earth's biosphere is undergoing a drastic reorganization. Multiple approaches focus on extinction cascades in food webs through species interactions, but the extinction thresholds (ET) of interactions is often overlooked in this process. Furthermore, the accumulation of species extinction could dramatically alter the structure and function of food webs. Therefore, considering ET on the basis of species interactions is critical for predicting the potential impact of cumulative species extinctions. Based on the bottom trawl survey data in Haizhou Bay located in the central Yellow Sea of China, a food web model was constructed to compare the response variance of food web to species extinction from different trophic level categories. In addition, we simulated the cumulative extinction sequences and combined all ETs (0.05 intervals from 0.00 to 1.00) to explore their effect on the food web through indicators such as species richness (S), connectance (C), link density (LD), pred-release (Pr), and Structural robustness (R₅₀ and R₁₀₀). Eventually, by comparing the response of cumulative extinction of species with and without ET, we predicted the potential effects of multiple species extinctions on food webs. t-test showed that there was no significant difference in the response of food web to trophic species (at the species taxonomic level) extinction with different trophic level categories (P > 0.05), and no secondary extinction occurred. The regression analysis of ET and the number of primary extinctions until network fully unconnected was performed as explanatory and response variable, respectively, and showed that there was a significant linear negative correlation between them (P < 0.01). We found that ignoring ET of interactions during the extinction cascade underestimates the impact of species extinctions on food web, especially cumulative extinctions of multiple species. These findings will help to comprehensively understand the impact of species extinction on food webs and provide a good direction for future management.

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引用次数: 0

Quantifying market prevalence, abundance, and suitable habitats of bulbuls in Java, Indonesia

IF 4.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2025-02-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111035

Muhammad Ali Imron , Muhammad Tafrichan , Vincent Nijman , K. Anne-Isola Nekaris , Marco Campera , Febrian Edi Nugroho , Swiss Winasis , Riri Retnaningtyas , George A. Gale , Wanlop Chutipong

The prevalence of bulbuls in the Indonesian cage bird trade raises concerns about its impact on their distributions and, consequently, the ecological balance. This study delves into the trade dynamics of bulbuls, examining their market prevalence and its correlation with their abundance in the wild and their suitable habitats. We conducted bird market surveys across Java, supplemented by online trade surveys to ascertain market prevalence. Concurrently, we collected bulbul's presence data from three databases and field surveys from 2018 to 2023. We used a Random Forest algorithm to predict the suitable habitats for bulbuls. The findings revealed that 20 bulbul species, comprising 11 native and 9 non-native to Java, were encountered in 20 bird markets, totalling 35,715 individuals. Sooty-headed (Pycnonotus aurigaster) and yellow-vented (P. goiavier) bulbuls, both Least Concern, dominated the field-RAI (Relative Abundance Index) and trade-RAI. Notably, rare species such as the straw-headed bulbul (P. zeylanicus, Critically Endangered) and extirpated from Java, were present in markets. We found no relationship between the field-RAI and the trade-RAI, suggesting that all species were sought after regardless of their abundance. However, we found that threatened species face over-harvesting based on the ratio between trade-RAI and field-RAI. A significant portion of predicted suitable habitats for resident species fell outside bird-friendly areas. Urgent intervention measures, targeting small-scale agroforestry landowners and key sites for population protection, are imperative to mitigate the potential ecological consequences of the bulbul trade and ensure their continued contribution to tropical ecosystem health.

{"title":"Quantifying market prevalence, abundance, and suitable habitats of bulbuls in Java, Indonesia","authors":"Muhammad Ali Imron , Muhammad Tafrichan , Vincent Nijman , K. Anne-Isola Nekaris , Marco Campera , Febrian Edi Nugroho , Swiss Winasis , Riri Retnaningtyas , George A. Gale , Wanlop Chutipong","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111035","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111035","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The prevalence of bulbuls in the Indonesian cage bird trade raises concerns about its impact on their distributions and, consequently, the ecological balance. This study delves into the trade dynamics of bulbuls, examining their market prevalence and its correlation with their abundance in the wild and their suitable habitats. We conducted bird market surveys across Java, supplemented by online trade surveys to ascertain market prevalence. Concurrently, we collected bulbul's presence data from three databases and field surveys from 2018 to 2023. We used a Random Forest algorithm to predict the suitable habitats for bulbuls. The findings revealed that 20 bulbul species, comprising 11 native and 9 non-native to Java, were encountered in 20 bird markets, totalling 35,715 individuals. Sooty-headed (<em>Pycnonotus aurigaster</em>) and yellow-vented (<em>P. goiavier</em>) bulbuls, both Least Concern, dominated the field-RAI (Relative Abundance Index) and trade-RAI. Notably, rare species such as the straw-headed bulbul (<em>P. zeylanicus</em>, Critically Endangered) and extirpated from Java, were present in markets. We found no relationship between the field-RAI and the trade-RAI, suggesting that all species were sought after regardless of their abundance. However, we found that threatened species face over-harvesting based on the ratio between trade-RAI and field-RAI. A significant portion of predicted suitable habitats for resident species fell outside bird-friendly areas. Urgent intervention measures, targeting small-scale agroforestry landowners and key sites for population protection, are imperative to mitigate the potential ecological consequences of the bulbul trade and ensure their continued contribution to tropical ecosystem health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55375,"journal":{"name":"Biological Conservation","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 111035"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143511310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A low-density yet stable population of Indochinese tigers (Panthera tigris corbetti) may be the key to recovery in a half-empty landscape in eastern Thailand

IF 4.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2025-02-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111043

Somporn Pakpien , Supagit Vinitpornsawan , Imran Samad , Sushma Sharma , Read Barbee , Abishek Harihar , Piyasart Kumhom

Indochinese tigers (Panthera tigris corbetti), formerly distributed across mainland Southeast Asia, have experienced significant range contraction, with populations in Thailand serving as the last remaining strongholds. One such landscape is the Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai (DPKY) forest complex in eastern Thailand. Despite the landscape's strategic importance for regional tiger recovery, there is a need for policy-aligned evidence to support recovery planning. In this study, we assessed space-use patterns of prey and tigers and factors influencing them, utilising occupancy modelling based on landscape-wide photo-capture data from 2021. Additionally, we evaluated the population dynamics of tigers between 2018 and 2021 by estimating annual population density and vital parameters. Despite the availability of suitable habitat across the 6155 km² landscape, tigers were restricted to the eastern section, utilising only 55 % of the complex, primarily constrained by sambar space-use and landscape connectivity. Nevertheless, the population maintained stability (λ ≈ 1) with high survival (φ > 0.9) and documented reproduction, albeit at low densities (∼1 tiger/100 km²). Anthropogenic factors significantly influenced prey, with larger species such as sambar and gaur exhibiting limited occurrence (ψ <0.4). While the current population appears well protected, evidenced by high survival and reproduction, recovery is constrained by low prey availability and landscape fragmentation, particularly across Highway 304. While considerable recovery potential exists, given the available habitat in the landscape, such recovery necessitates sustained long-term interventions focusing on prey, enhanced protection, and restoration of connectivity. The DPKY represents a critical opportunity for tiger recovery in Southeast Asia, where most landscapes lack tigers.

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引用次数: 0

To preserve, monitor or eradicate: Covert rewilding as an emerging conservation trilemma for wildlife managers

IF 4.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2025-02-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111039

José Manuel Zamora-Marín , José A. Sánchez-Zapata , Adrián Guerrero-Gómez , Antonio Zamora-López , Mar Torralva , Francisco J. Oliva-Paterna , David Sánchez-Fernández

Global biodiversity is currently facing an unprecedented extinction rate because of increased anthropogenic pressures, which often cause local or regional extirpations of wildlife populations. Once extinct from a given region, wildlife populations might be officially reintroduced upon the cessation of the threats that caused past declines. However, official translocations often undergo a lengthy assessment process and can be refused by environmental authorities due to various uncertainties related to expected benefits, potential impacts or long-term viability, as well as the risk-averse attitude exhibited by some decision makers. In response to these obstacles and the growing social consideration of official translocations, illegal actors are conducting unauthorized releases of threatened wildlife, which is referred to as covert rewilding. Covert rewilding is an emerging conservation issue that often involves several management challenges and complexities. Here, we provide a decision-making framework to guide management actions once covertly translocated populations are discovered. For this, we used three illegally translocated populations of threatened aquatic vertebrates in southeastern Iberia as case studies, aiming to illustrate the three available management options: to preserve, monitor, or eradicate. Moreover, we provide practical recommendations to tackle covert rewilding at its source and prevent further unauthorized translocations. Our study provides an overview of covert rewilding to increase the visibility of this conservation issue, as well as to advocate for the implementation of preventive actions as the most cost-effective management approach.

{"title":"To preserve, monitor or eradicate: Covert rewilding as an emerging conservation trilemma for wildlife managers","authors":"José Manuel Zamora-Marín , José A. Sánchez-Zapata , Adrián Guerrero-Gómez , Antonio Zamora-López , Mar Torralva , Francisco J. Oliva-Paterna , David Sánchez-Fernández","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111039","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111039","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global biodiversity is currently facing an unprecedented extinction rate because of increased anthropogenic pressures, which often cause local or regional extirpations of wildlife populations. Once extinct from a given region, wildlife populations might be officially reintroduced upon the cessation of the threats that caused past declines. However, official translocations often undergo a lengthy assessment process and can be refused by environmental authorities due to various uncertainties related to expected benefits, potential impacts or long-term viability, as well as the risk-averse attitude exhibited by some decision makers. In response to these obstacles and the growing social consideration of official translocations, illegal actors are conducting unauthorized releases of threatened wildlife, which is referred to as covert rewilding. Covert rewilding is an emerging conservation issue that often involves several management challenges and complexities. Here, we provide a decision-making framework to guide management actions once covertly translocated populations are discovered. For this, we used three illegally translocated populations of threatened aquatic vertebrates in southeastern Iberia as case studies, aiming to illustrate the three available management options: to preserve, monitor, or eradicate. Moreover, we provide practical recommendations to tackle covert rewilding at its source and prevent further unauthorized translocations. Our study provides an overview of covert rewilding to increase the visibility of this conservation issue, as well as to advocate for the implementation of preventive actions as the most cost-effective management approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55375,"journal":{"name":"Biological Conservation","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 111039"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143479968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Unraveling the non-linear associations between the international legal wildlife trade and biodiversity

IF 4.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2025-02-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111028

Tianyi Wu , Shuangrui Jia , Gengjie Fan , Zihan Xu , Yanxu Liu , Tao Hu

Biodiversity loss is one of the most critical challenges facing the world. International wildlife trade has led to large-scale wildlife migration, which directly impacts biodiversity. However, existing studies primarily focused on qualitative descriptions or linear quantitative characterizations of these impacts, lacking an understanding of non-linear associations. This study concentrated on international legal wildlife trade, calculating the quantity of legal wildlife trade among countries and elucidating the spatial patterns of global mammal, amphibian, bird, and fish biodiversity. Non-linear associations between legal wildlife trade and biodiversity and key countries were revealed using random forest regression models (RFR), generalized additive models (GAM), and network analysis. The results indicated that (1) Asia and North America had the most active legal wildlife trades; (2) Countries with high terrestrial biodiversity included those with large land areas such as the United States, Brazil, and China, while high fish biodiversity was found in coastal nations; (3) For mammals and amphibians, the sensitivity of biodiversity to total imported type was the highest, at 0.29 and 0.34, respectively, whereas for fish and birds, the sensitivity of biodiversity to total imported quantity was the highest, at 0.36 and 0.23, respectively; (4) Biodiversity increased with the quantity/type of trade imports, showing a clear non-linear association, and countries like United States, China and Germany played a significant role in the associations between wildlife trade network and biodiversity. This study provided crucial support for future global wildlife conservation and trade policy decisions.

{"title":"Unraveling the non-linear associations between the international legal wildlife trade and biodiversity","authors":"Tianyi Wu , Shuangrui Jia , Gengjie Fan , Zihan Xu , Yanxu Liu , Tao Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biodiversity loss is one of the most critical challenges facing the world. International wildlife trade has led to large-scale wildlife migration, which directly impacts biodiversity. However, existing studies primarily focused on qualitative descriptions or linear quantitative characterizations of these impacts, lacking an understanding of non-linear associations. This study concentrated on international legal wildlife trade, calculating the quantity of legal wildlife trade among countries and elucidating the spatial patterns of global mammal, amphibian, bird, and fish biodiversity. Non-linear associations between legal wildlife trade and biodiversity and key countries were revealed using random forest regression models (RFR), generalized additive models (GAM), and network analysis. The results indicated that (1) Asia and North America had the most active legal wildlife trades; (2) Countries with high terrestrial biodiversity included those with large land areas such as the United States, Brazil, and China, while high fish biodiversity was found in coastal nations; (3) For mammals and amphibians, the sensitivity of biodiversity to total imported type was the highest, at 0.29 and 0.34, respectively, whereas for fish and birds, the sensitivity of biodiversity to total imported quantity was the highest, at 0.36 and 0.23, respectively; (4) Biodiversity increased with the quantity/type of trade imports, showing a clear non-linear association, and countries like United States, China and Germany played a significant role in the associations between wildlife trade network and biodiversity. This study provided crucial support for future global wildlife conservation and trade policy decisions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55375,"journal":{"name":"Biological Conservation","volume":"304 ","pages":"Article 111028"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143463523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Relaxation of management intensity promotes butterfly communities in mountain grasslands

IF 4.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2025-02-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111027

Isabelle Arnold, Gaëtan Marchand, Aline Hayoz-Andrey, Alberto Serres-Hänni, Raphaël Arlettaz, Jean-Yves Humbert

Semi-natural mountain grasslands are currently threatened by either land abandonment or management intensification, which calls for evidence-based recommendations for sustainable and biodiversity-friendly farming of these valuable biodiversity hotspots in the long run. We investigated the effects of the relaxation of the management intensity on their plant and butterfly communities, via an experimental reduction of fertiliser inputs. In 2019, 13 study sites were selected in the SW Swiss Alps, each including three meadows that had been intensively managed for at least the previous 20 years. Adopting a randomised block design, two out of three meadows per study site were restored by shifting their mode of exploitation towards low-intensity (1/3 of the fertiliser dose applied beforehand) or extensive management (cessation of fertilisation), respectively, while the third continued to be managed intensively, serving as control. After four years (2023), plant species richness had increased by 9.3 % in extensively managed meadows compared to baseline. Yet, butterfly abundance was more than twice greater (112 %) and species richness 81 % higher in extensively managed meadows compared to controls. A higher butterfly abundance and species richness following management relaxation was mostly driven by a decrease in vegetation density and an increase in forb cover. Extensively managed meadows also exhibited higher conservation values, harbouring comparatively more threatened butterfly species, whilst no change was observed in low-intensity meadows. Altogether these results indicate that the butterfly communities of mountain hay meadow respond rapidly and massively to a relaxation of management intensity.

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引用次数: 0

How much deforestation in sub-Saharan Africa has been caused by mining?

IF 4.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2025-02-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2025.111040

Abdulkareem I. Ahmed , Mike R. Massam , Robert G. Bryant , David P. Edwards

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has emerged as a prominent destination for mining activities due to its abundant mineral reserves. A key question is understanding the extent to which the establishment and expansion of mines contribute to off-site forest disruptions. We conducted a comparative analysis by examining deforestation within a 1 km to 12 km buffer from the boundary of mines (treatments; i.e., 1–3 km, 3–6 km, 6–9 km, 9–12 km), and similar locations without mines (controls) but with comparable environmental characteristics. The rates of annual change were evaluated between treatments and controls, and before and after the establishment of mines from 2001 to 2020. The sampled treatment grids had a total of 6,633,876 ha of tree cover in year 2000, and lost 17.7 % within 2 decades, this was 47.5 % higher than the matched controls. Deforestation rates increased by 11,200 ha annually for mines established between 2009 and 2011 (the median years), relative to pre-creation of mines. Before mines were created, the average annual deforestation rate was 1665 ha, increasing 2.6-fold (4314 ha per year) following the creation of the mines. Our findings emphasize the urgent need for the mining sector to consider their broader offsite environmental costs in their impact assessments, carbon accounting, and associated investments in conservation protection.

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引用次数: 0

Conservation translocation immediately reverses decline in imperiled sage-grouse populations

IF 4.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2025-02-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2025.110986

Mary B. Meyerpeter , Peter S. Coates , Megan C. Milligan , Brian G. Prochazka , Kade D. Lazenby , Steve Abele , John Tull , Katherine Miller , Jesse Kolar , Steven R. Mathews , David K. Dahlgren , David J. Delehanty

Conservation translocation (hereafter translocation), the intentional movement of organisms from one location to another as a management tool, can be an extremely useful conservation action to increase the abundance of isolated populations following successful habitat restoration. However, managers seek to weigh the benefits against costs to the source population from which individuals are removed. Using two small and imperiled greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus; hereafter sage-grouse) populations, we demonstrated the usefulness of translocation as a conservation management tool and the value of evaluating the potential consequences of translocation action. Using integrated population models and a before-after-control-impact (BACI) design, we quantified the extent to which translocation influenced the finite rate of change (

λ

) of apparent abundance (

N

) in both reinforced and source populations. We also assessed changes in underlying demographic rates in one population, allowing for identification of the specific mechanisms causing differences in population trends following translocation. In both reinforced populations,

\hat{λ}

substantially increased following translocation. In the population for which we had sufficient demographic data, the increase in

\hat{λ}

resulted from a 179 % increase in egg hatchability following reinforcement. In one translocation, we did not observe adverse effects on the source populations. The source population for the second translocation exhibited reduced population growth rates after translocation, although BACI ratios indicated causes for population declines independent of translocation effects, highlighting the need to investigate processes together with observed patterns. Overall, we demonstrated the ability to rescue isolated sage-grouse populations via translocation, preserving population viability and metapopulation persistence.

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引用次数: 0

Prevalence of endangered shark trophies in automated detection of the online wildlife trade

IF 4.9 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biological Conservation

Pub Date : 2025-02-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2025.110992

Sunandan Chakraborty , Spencer N. Roberts , Gohar A. Petrossian , Monique Sosnowski , Juliana Freire , Jennifer Jacquet

Direct exploitation, which includes the trade of wild animals for their parts, is a major driver of extinction. Digital communication tools, particularly the internet, have facilitated the trade in endangered species. Here, we automatically collected data to analyze online sales of threatened animals across 148 English-text online marketplaces. We created a tool that searched for online sales of 13,267 animal species at risk of global extinction, as classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), as well as 706 animal species on Appendix I of the Convention for International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), for which international commercial trade is prohibited. Examining a period of 15 weeks in 2018, we identified 10,699 unique listings selling body parts or eggs of threatened species, of which 4131 contained a full species name (common or scientific). These 4131 results were then filtered by keywords and, finally, manually vetted, which yielded 546 sale listings for 83 species. Of these 546 listings, 61 % advertised shark trophies (mainly jaws), 73 % of which were taken from species listed as endangered or critically endangered. Just four websites hosted >95 % of listings. We identified 18 species for sale that are included on CITES Appendix I. We also identified 13 species for which the IUCN had not identified intentional use as a threat. This work expands current understanding about the dealing of endangered and potentially illegal species online, specifies taxa threatened by online trade, and highlights emerging opportunities and persistent challenges to preventing the trafficking of threatened species.

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引用次数: 0