Understanding physicians as actors who implemented the early modern ideal of collective empiricism into their practices within the local contexts of everyday life, the paper explores two cases from imperial cities in southern Germany in the 1720s and 1780s in which anatomical studies were contested. By analyzing the strategies and arguments that the two physicians used to justify and continue their anatomical dissections, it focuses on their references to different kinds of (local) community and relates these references to another type of collective: membership in a scientific academy. To examine references to community, it is proposed, offers an opportunity to better understand the spread and practice of the ideal of the study of nature as a collective project and how it was intertwined with concepts and structures of order and society in the Holy Roman Empire.
{"title":"Science in Community: Anatomy, Academy, and Argument in the Eighteenth-Century Holy Roman Empire**","authors":"Julia Carina Böttcher","doi":"10.1002/bewi.202300026","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bewi.202300026","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding physicians as actors who implemented the early modern ideal of collective empiricism into their practices within the local contexts of everyday life, the paper explores two cases from imperial cities in southern Germany in the 1720s and 1780s in which anatomical studies were contested. By analyzing the strategies and arguments that the two physicians used to justify and continue their anatomical dissections, it focuses on their references to different kinds of (local) community and relates these references to another type of collective: membership in a scientific academy. To examine references to community, it is proposed, offers an opportunity to better understand the spread and practice of the ideal of the study of nature as a collective project and how it was intertwined with concepts and structures of order and society in the Holy Roman Empire.</p>","PeriodicalId":55388,"journal":{"name":"Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte","volume":"47 3","pages":"242-261"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bewi.202300026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141794127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p>Im Jahr 1967 feierte die Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) ihr 20-jähriges Bestehen. Die zu diesem Zeitpunkt größte und älteste US-amerikanische Computer-Gesellschaft lud ausgewählte Pioniere des Faches nach Washington D. C. ein, um auf die eigene Geschichte zurückzublicken. Mit Hilfe eines Audiorecorders zeichnete man die Sitzung auf und überlieferte so die Anekdoten und Erinnerungen der anwesenden Pioniere für die Nachwelt.<sup>1</sup> Eine solche Selbsthistorisierung wissenschaftlicher Gesellschaften war und ist nichts Ungewöhnliches. Jubiläen und Jahrestage bieten häufig Anlass, sich mit der eigenen Vergangenheit auseinanderzusetzen, und sie tragen so zur „Ausbildung eines fachkulturellen Gedächtnisses“ bei.<sup>2</sup></p><p>Ab Mitte der 1970er Jahre startete ein weiteres Projekt, bei dem die Informatik auf ihre Vergangenheit zurückblickte.<sup>3</sup> Gut zehn Jahre nach der Jubiläumsfeier der ACM, im Mai 1978, fand in Los Angeles die erste History of Programming Languages Conference (im Folgenden HOPL-Konferenz) statt. Organisiert wurde die Tagung von einer Gruppe InformatikerInnen, und das Programm umfasste die Vorträge ausgewählter Pioniere, die von der Entwicklung besonders bedeutsamer Programmiersprachen berichten sollten. Obwohl die Veranstaltung auf den ersten Blick Parallelen zu dem Jubiläum von 1967 aufweist (die Pioniere des Faches erzählen „ihre“ Geschichte), war ein solcher Zugang genau das, was die OrganisatorInnen mit ihrer Konferenz <i>nicht</i> im Sinn hatten. Dies betonten sie, noch bevor das Vorhaben einen Namen trug: „This [planned history conference] is <span>not</span> supposed to be a group of people just coming together to provide a set of reminiscences.“<sup>4</sup></p><p>Tatsächlich unterschied sich die HOPL-Konferenz wesentlich von anderen Selbsthistorisierungsprojekten – wie etwa der Jubiläumsfeier 1967. Im Folgenden soll gezeigt werden, dass es der Anspruch der OrganisatorInnen war, aus einer möglichst objektiven Perspektive auf die eigene Vergangenheit zu blicken, sie zu erforschen und eine detailreiche, umfassende sowie korrekte Darstellung der Geschichte zu präsentieren; es ging also gerade nicht darum, das eigene Mitwirken an den vergangenen Entwicklungen zu erinnern, wie im Fall der erzählenden Pioniere. Bemerkenswert ist dieses Vorhaben nicht nur durch seine Abgrenzung zu anderen Selbsthistorisierungsprojekten. Der Anspruch der HOPL-OrganisatorInnen, einen Beitrag zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte zu leisten, verortet die Konferenz in den Kontext der sich wandelnden Wissenschaftsgeschichte jener Zeit. Der folgende Text soll daher auch eine neue Perspektive auf die Geschichte der akademischen Wissenschaftsgeschichte eröffnen.</p><p>Bei der Vorbereitung der HOPL-Konferenz kam es bald zu Diskussionen, in denen Herausforderungen einer (wissenschafts−)geschichtlichen Arbeit zur Sprache kamen. Die umfassend überlieferte Dokumentation der Veranstaltung<sup>5</sup> bietet nicht nur Einblicke in die Auseinander
{"title":"„History is touchy“ Die History-of-Programming-Languages-Konferenz, 1978","authors":"Amelie Mittlmeier","doi":"10.1002/bewi.202300032","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bewi.202300032","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Im Jahr 1967 feierte die Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) ihr 20-jähriges Bestehen. Die zu diesem Zeitpunkt größte und älteste US-amerikanische Computer-Gesellschaft lud ausgewählte Pioniere des Faches nach Washington D. C. ein, um auf die eigene Geschichte zurückzublicken. Mit Hilfe eines Audiorecorders zeichnete man die Sitzung auf und überlieferte so die Anekdoten und Erinnerungen der anwesenden Pioniere für die Nachwelt.<sup>1</sup> Eine solche Selbsthistorisierung wissenschaftlicher Gesellschaften war und ist nichts Ungewöhnliches. Jubiläen und Jahrestage bieten häufig Anlass, sich mit der eigenen Vergangenheit auseinanderzusetzen, und sie tragen so zur „Ausbildung eines fachkulturellen Gedächtnisses“ bei.<sup>2</sup></p><p>Ab Mitte der 1970er Jahre startete ein weiteres Projekt, bei dem die Informatik auf ihre Vergangenheit zurückblickte.<sup>3</sup> Gut zehn Jahre nach der Jubiläumsfeier der ACM, im Mai 1978, fand in Los Angeles die erste History of Programming Languages Conference (im Folgenden HOPL-Konferenz) statt. Organisiert wurde die Tagung von einer Gruppe InformatikerInnen, und das Programm umfasste die Vorträge ausgewählter Pioniere, die von der Entwicklung besonders bedeutsamer Programmiersprachen berichten sollten. Obwohl die Veranstaltung auf den ersten Blick Parallelen zu dem Jubiläum von 1967 aufweist (die Pioniere des Faches erzählen „ihre“ Geschichte), war ein solcher Zugang genau das, was die OrganisatorInnen mit ihrer Konferenz <i>nicht</i> im Sinn hatten. Dies betonten sie, noch bevor das Vorhaben einen Namen trug: „This [planned history conference] is <span>not</span> supposed to be a group of people just coming together to provide a set of reminiscences.“<sup>4</sup></p><p>Tatsächlich unterschied sich die HOPL-Konferenz wesentlich von anderen Selbsthistorisierungsprojekten – wie etwa der Jubiläumsfeier 1967. Im Folgenden soll gezeigt werden, dass es der Anspruch der OrganisatorInnen war, aus einer möglichst objektiven Perspektive auf die eigene Vergangenheit zu blicken, sie zu erforschen und eine detailreiche, umfassende sowie korrekte Darstellung der Geschichte zu präsentieren; es ging also gerade nicht darum, das eigene Mitwirken an den vergangenen Entwicklungen zu erinnern, wie im Fall der erzählenden Pioniere. Bemerkenswert ist dieses Vorhaben nicht nur durch seine Abgrenzung zu anderen Selbsthistorisierungsprojekten. Der Anspruch der HOPL-OrganisatorInnen, einen Beitrag zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte zu leisten, verortet die Konferenz in den Kontext der sich wandelnden Wissenschaftsgeschichte jener Zeit. Der folgende Text soll daher auch eine neue Perspektive auf die Geschichte der akademischen Wissenschaftsgeschichte eröffnen.</p><p>Bei der Vorbereitung der HOPL-Konferenz kam es bald zu Diskussionen, in denen Herausforderungen einer (wissenschafts−)geschichtlichen Arbeit zur Sprache kamen. Die umfassend überlieferte Dokumentation der Veranstaltung<sup>5</sup> bietet nicht nur Einblicke in die Auseinander","PeriodicalId":55388,"journal":{"name":"Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte","volume":"47 3","pages":"262-286"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bewi.202300032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141762848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper offers a reconstruction of the interpretations of Descartes's ideas of place and motion by Dutch Cartesians (Henricus Regius, Johannes de Raey, Johannes Clauberg, and Christoph Wittich). It does so by focusing on the reading of Descartes's Principia philosophiae (1644) offered, in particular, by the dictated commentaries on it. It is shown how such commentaries bring to the light new potential Aristotelian-Scholastic sources of Descartes, and the different ways Dutch Cartesians brought to the fore, also with the help of such sources, the rationale of the Cartesian text: in doing so, they constituted a philosophical school.
本文重构了荷兰笛卡尔派(Henricus Regius、Johannes de Raey、Johannes Clauberg 和 Christoph Wittich)对笛卡尔位置与运动思想的解释。研究的重点是笛卡尔对《哲学原理》(1644 年)的解读,尤其是对该书的口述评注。书中展示了这些注释如何为笛卡尔带来新的亚里士多德-经院哲学的潜在渊源,以及荷兰笛卡尔主义者如何借助这些渊源,以不同的方式将笛卡尔文本的基本原理凸显出来:通过这样做,他们形成了一个哲学流派。
{"title":"Descartes on Place and Motion: A Reading through Cartesian Commentaries**","authors":"Andrea Strazzoni","doi":"10.1002/bewi.202300011","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bewi.202300011","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper offers a reconstruction of the interpretations of Descartes's ideas of place and motion by Dutch Cartesians (Henricus Regius, Johannes de Raey, Johannes Clauberg, and Christoph Wittich). It does so by focusing on the reading of Descartes's <i>Principia philosophiae</i> (1644) offered, in particular, by the dictated commentaries on it. It is shown how such commentaries bring to the light new potential Aristotelian-Scholastic sources of Descartes, and the different ways Dutch Cartesians brought to the fore, also with the help of such sources, the rationale of the Cartesian text: in doing so, they constituted a philosophical school.</p>","PeriodicalId":55388,"journal":{"name":"Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte","volume":"47 3","pages":"179-214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bewi.202300011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141762849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
By unravelling the complexities and dynamics of a collaboration between scientists in India and West Germany to establish a cryogenic network, this paper intends to contribute to our understanding of the transnational movement of research technologies during the Cold War. In 1971, a cryogenic laboratory including a helium and a nitrogen liquefier was set up at the physics department of the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras as part of the Indo-German partnership at IIT Madras between 1959 and 1974. As a generic research technology with many applications, cryogenics became crucial for a solid state research agenda for semiconductor development. After initial difficulties, Ramaswami Srinivasan at IIT Madras and Gustav Klipping of the Fritz Haber Institute in Berlin built a successful collaboration based on mutual trust and on Indian and German scientists travelling and working in each other's laboratories. If the initial motivation of the Indo-German partnership was informed by the logic of Cold War development policy, Klipping and Srinivasan developed their collaboration into a vibrant cryogenic research network around different actors, instruments, and skills moving between India and the Federal Republic of Germany.
{"title":"Cold Moves: Cryogenics in Indo-German Research Networks**","authors":"Roland Wittje","doi":"10.1002/bewi.202300028","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bewi.202300028","url":null,"abstract":"<p>By unravelling the complexities and dynamics of a collaboration between scientists in India and West Germany to establish a cryogenic network, this paper intends to contribute to our understanding of the transnational movement of research technologies during the Cold War. In 1971, a cryogenic laboratory including a helium and a nitrogen liquefier was set up at the physics department of the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras as part of the Indo-German partnership at IIT Madras between 1959 and 1974. As a generic research technology with many applications, cryogenics became crucial for a solid state research agenda for semiconductor development. After initial difficulties, Ramaswami Srinivasan at IIT Madras and Gustav Klipping of the Fritz Haber Institute in Berlin built a successful collaboration based on mutual trust and on Indian and German scientists travelling and working in each other's laboratories. If the initial motivation of the Indo-German partnership was informed by the logic of Cold War development policy, Klipping and Srinivasan developed their collaboration into a vibrant cryogenic research network around different actors, instruments, and skills moving between India and the Federal Republic of Germany.</p>","PeriodicalId":55388,"journal":{"name":"Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte","volume":"47 4","pages":"466-482"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bewi.202300028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141735733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Monasteries were famous for their extensive libraries and richly decorated churches. Less well known are their observatories and their mathematical-physical collections with telescopes, air pumps, and friction machines. But how did the way of life in the monastery and scientific practices influence each other? This paper examines the interaction of scientific practices and religious way of life using the example of southern German monasteries in the second half of the eighteenth century. It shows how the monks pragmatically linked monastic life and research practice, thereby forming their own specific scientific culture. This closes an important gap in the understanding of scholarship in the eighteenth century by foregrounding the monasteries as places of knowledge production, which have so far received little attention alongside universities and academies.
{"title":"Nature in Seclusion. The Monastic Republic of Letters in Southern Germany**","authors":"Julia Bloemer","doi":"10.1002/bewi.202300010","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bewi.202300010","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Monasteries were famous for their extensive libraries and richly decorated churches. Less well known are their observatories and their mathematical-physical collections with telescopes, air pumps, and friction machines. But how did the way of life in the monastery and scientific practices influence each other? This paper examines the interaction of scientific practices and religious way of life using the example of southern German monasteries in the second half of the eighteenth century. It shows how the monks pragmatically linked monastic life and research practice, thereby forming their own specific scientific culture. This closes an important gap in the understanding of scholarship in the eighteenth century by foregrounding the monasteries as places of knowledge production, which have so far received little attention alongside universities and academies.</p>","PeriodicalId":55388,"journal":{"name":"Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte","volume":"47 3","pages":"215-241"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bewi.202300010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141735734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}