Pub Date : 1977-06-01DOI: 10.1128/br.41.2.501-513.1977
D M Donaldson, J G Tew
(3-Lysin is the name that Pettersson proposed to distinguish this thermostabile bactericidal component of serum from Buchner's alexin or a-lysin (51). He defined (8-lysin as the bactericidal substance found in normal serum that resisted inactivation when heated to 56°C for 30 min. According to this definition, there are at least three different ,3-lysins found in normal serum; these consist of lysozyme, ,B-lysin from platelets, and (8-lysin of nonplatelet origin. The first of these, lysozyme, is a single entity which is well defined in regard to its chemical and biological properties. The other two types of (3lysins are not readily distinguished from each other, and each could be composed of several distinct molecules. The ,B-lysin of platelet origin may be similar or identical to plakin (23). The (8-lysin of nonplatelet origin may include the bactericidal cationic proteins isolated from leukocyte lysosomes (64-66). In this review, attention will be focused on the (3-lysin of platelet origin, which will be referred to as "platelet (3lysin."
{"title":"beta-Lysin of platelet origin.","authors":"D M Donaldson, J G Tew","doi":"10.1128/br.41.2.501-513.1977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/br.41.2.501-513.1977","url":null,"abstract":"(3-Lysin is the name that Pettersson proposed to distinguish this thermostabile bactericidal component of serum from Buchner's alexin or a-lysin (51). He defined (8-lysin as the bactericidal substance found in normal serum that resisted inactivation when heated to 56°C for 30 min. According to this definition, there are at least three different ,3-lysins found in normal serum; these consist of lysozyme, ,B-lysin from platelets, and (8-lysin of nonplatelet origin. The first of these, lysozyme, is a single entity which is well defined in regard to its chemical and biological properties. The other two types of (3lysins are not readily distinguished from each other, and each could be composed of several distinct molecules. The ,B-lysin of platelet origin may be similar or identical to plakin (23). The (8-lysin of nonplatelet origin may include the bactericidal cationic proteins isolated from leukocyte lysosomes (64-66). In this review, attention will be focused on the (3-lysin of platelet origin, which will be referred to as \"platelet (3lysin.\"","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":"41 2","pages":"501-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC414010/pdf/bactrev00056-0143.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11614820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The peptide antibiotics of Bacillus: chemistry, biogenesis, and possible functions.","authors":"E. Katz, A. Demain","doi":"10.1128/MMBR.41.2.449-474.1977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.41.2.449-474.1977","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION............ 449 PROPERTIES OF PEPTIDE ANTIBIOTICS 449 FORMATION OF ANTIBIOTICS IN RELATION TO GROWTH ...... ............ 450 CELL-FREE SYNTHESIS OF PEPTIDE ANTIBIOTICS ...... .................. 451 ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF GRAMICIDIN S ........ ......................... 451 ENZYMATIC FORMATION OF TYROCIDINE ........ ......................... 453 LINEAR GRAMICIDINS ...................... ................................. 456 BACITRACINS ................................................................ 457 EDEINE...................................................................... 458 MYCOBACILLIN ................. ............................................ 459 POLYMYXIN AND COLISTIN ............... .................................. 460 SPECIFICITY OF INCORPORATION ........... ............................... 461 RACEMIZATION AND THE SYNTHESIS OF D-AMINO ACIDS.................. 463 MUTANT STUDIES .......................................................... 464 POSSIBLE FUNCTIONS OF PEPTIDE ANTIBIOTICS IN THE PRODUCING ORGANISM .............................................................. 465 CONCLUDING REMARKS ................... .................................. 468 ADDENDUM IN PROOF .................... .................................. 469 LITERATURE CITED......................................................... 469","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":"41 2 1","pages":"449-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63729017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1977-03-01DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.41.1.205-216.1977
P. Holt, D. Keast
Attention is drawn to the long-term effects of atmospheric contaminants in general (and cigarette smoke in particular) on immunological control mechanisms that are accepted as playing a vital role in the maintenance of health. The review argues that a hostile environment within the respiratory tract created by inhalation of air contaminants compromises local immunological function in the short term, and ultimately depresses systemic immunological function. Whether such a decline in immunological homeostasis is due directly to toxicity, or indirectly to accelerated aging of susceptible elements of the immune system, is speculative. The changes observed in both man and experimental animals exposed for long periods to air contaminants in many respects parallel those associated with normal aging and may represent an acceleration of the process of senescence. Specific biological effects of smoking, air pollution and immune functions in man and animal models are reviewed. The precise mechanism(s) by which air contaminants affect immunological function remains speculative, but the relative resistance of specified-pathogen-free animals to these agents infers a central role for the hosts' normal bacterial flora in the process.
{"title":"Environmentally induced changes in immunological function: acute and chronic effects of inhalation of tobacco smoke and other atmospheric contaminants in man and experimental animals.","authors":"P. Holt, D. Keast","doi":"10.1128/MMBR.41.1.205-216.1977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.41.1.205-216.1977","url":null,"abstract":"Attention is drawn to the long-term effects of atmospheric contaminants in general (and cigarette smoke in particular) on immunological control mechanisms that are accepted as playing a vital role in the maintenance of health. The review argues that a hostile environment within the respiratory tract created by inhalation of air contaminants compromises local immunological function in the short term, and ultimately depresses systemic immunological function. Whether such a decline in immunological homeostasis is due directly to toxicity, or indirectly to accelerated aging of susceptible elements of the immune system, is speculative. The changes observed in both man and experimental animals exposed for long periods to air contaminants in many respects parallel those associated with normal aging and may represent an acceleration of the process of senescence. Specific biological effects of smoking, air pollution and immune functions in man and animal models are reviewed. The precise mechanism(s) by which air contaminants affect immunological function remains speculative, but the relative resistance of specified-pathogen-free animals to these agents infers a central role for the hosts' normal bacterial flora in the process.","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":"41 1 1","pages":"205-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63729230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1977-03-01DOI: 10.1128/br.41.1.1-46.1977
J Swings, J De Ley
INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 2 OCCURRENCE OF ZYMOMONAS AND HISTORY OF ISOLATIONS ..... ....... 2 Ciders and Perries ..................................................... 2 Fermenting Agave Sap ...................., 5 Beer.................... 5 Fermenting Palm Sap.................... 6 Fermenting Sugarcane Sap ......................... 8 Ripening Honey ............................ 9 Some Technological Applications ......................... 9 Therapeutic Use ............................ 10 History of Individual Strains ......................... 10 DETECTION, ISOLATION, AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE GENUS ZYMOMONAS ........................ 10 Detection ........................ 10 Isolation.................................................................... 10 Identification................................................................ 11 Some Commonly Used Media and Growth Conditions ....... ................... 11 TAXONOMY OF ZYMOMONAS................................................. 13 Numerical Analysis of the Phenotype .......... ............................... 13 DNA Base Composition and DNA Genome Size ........ ........................ 15 Genome-DNA Relatedness ................ .................................... 15 Similarity of Protein Electropherograms ......... ............................. 16 Infrared Spectra of Intact Cells............................................... 16 Serology ................................................................ 16 Classification and Nomenclature ............ ................................. 18 Relationship Between Zgmomonas and Other Genera ....... ................... 20 PHENOTYPICAL DESCRIPTION: MORPHOLOGY, GROWTH, PHYSIOLOGY, AND BIOCHEMISTRY ............... ................................. 22 The Cell ................................................................ 22 Cell morphology ........................................................... 22 Macromorphology ......................................................... 22 Cellular composition ....................................................... 22 Resting cells and starvation ............... ................................. 23 Growth Response to Different Conditions ......... ............................ 23 Growth in some ordinary media ........... ................................. 23 Growth in the liquid synthttic medium of Kluyver and Hoppenbrouwers ...... 23 Growth at different pH values ............. ................................. 23 Growth at different temperatures ........... ................................ 24 Thermal death point ....................................................... 24 Growth in the presence of ethanol ........... ............................... 24 Growth in high glucose concentrations ...................................... 24 Growth in the presence of KCN ............................................. 24 Growth in the presence of NaCl ........... ................................. 2
{"title":"The biology of Zymomonas.","authors":"J Swings, J De Ley","doi":"10.1128/br.41.1.1-46.1977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/br.41.1.1-46.1977","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 2 OCCURRENCE OF ZYMOMONAS AND HISTORY OF ISOLATIONS ..... ....... 2 Ciders and Perries ..................................................... 2 Fermenting Agave Sap ...................., 5 Beer.................... 5 Fermenting Palm Sap.................... 6 Fermenting Sugarcane Sap ......................... 8 Ripening Honey ............................ 9 Some Technological Applications ......................... 9 Therapeutic Use ............................ 10 History of Individual Strains ......................... 10 DETECTION, ISOLATION, AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE GENUS ZYMOMONAS ........................ 10 Detection ........................ 10 Isolation.................................................................... 10 Identification................................................................ 11 Some Commonly Used Media and Growth Conditions ....... ................... 11 TAXONOMY OF ZYMOMONAS................................................. 13 Numerical Analysis of the Phenotype .......... ............................... 13 DNA Base Composition and DNA Genome Size ........ ........................ 15 Genome-DNA Relatedness ................ .................................... 15 Similarity of Protein Electropherograms ......... ............................. 16 Infrared Spectra of Intact Cells............................................... 16 Serology ................................................................ 16 Classification and Nomenclature ............ ................................. 18 Relationship Between Zgmomonas and Other Genera ....... ................... 20 PHENOTYPICAL DESCRIPTION: MORPHOLOGY, GROWTH, PHYSIOLOGY, AND BIOCHEMISTRY ............... ................................. 22 The Cell ................................................................ 22 Cell morphology ........................................................... 22 Macromorphology ......................................................... 22 Cellular composition ....................................................... 22 Resting cells and starvation ............... ................................. 23 Growth Response to Different Conditions ......... ............................ 23 Growth in some ordinary media ........... ................................. 23 Growth in the liquid synthttic medium of Kluyver and Hoppenbrouwers ...... 23 Growth at different pH values ............. ................................. 23 Growth at different temperatures ........... ................................ 24 Thermal death point ....................................................... 24 Growth in the presence of ethanol ........... ............................... 24 Growth in high glucose concentrations ...................................... 24 Growth in the presence of KCN ............................................. 24 Growth in the presence of NaCl ........... ................................. 2","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":"41 1","pages":"1-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC413995/pdf/bactrev00055-0015.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11240490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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