Pub Date : 1976-12-01DOI: 10.1128/br.40.4.908-962.1976
P J Piggot, J G Coote
Sporulation Loci in B. subtilis 168 ............................................ 914 Frequency of Mutation in Different Loci of B. subtUi 168 .... ................. 919 Fine Structure Mapping of wpe Loci .......................................... 919 Sporulation Loci in Other Species of Endospore Formers ..... ................. 919 INITIATION OF SPORE FORMATION .......... .............................. 919 Possible Effectors ......... ........................................... 920 Metabolites that repress sporulation ....................................... 920 Compounds that appear at the initiation of sporulation ..... ................. 921 Glutamine synthetase ..................................................... 922 Relationship to DNA Replication and the Cell Division Cycle .... ............... 922
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Pub Date : 1976-12-01DOI: 10.1128/br.40.4.963-963.1976
[This corrects the article on p. 403 in vol. 40.].
[这是对第40卷第403页的文章的更正]。
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Pub Date : 1976-12-01DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.40.4.908-962.1976
P. Piggot, J. Coote
Sporulation Loci in B. subtilis 168 ............................................ 914 Frequency of Mutation in Different Loci of B. subtUi 168 .... ................. 919 Fine Structure Mapping of wpe Loci .......................................... 919 Sporulation Loci in Other Species of Endospore Formers ..... ................. 919 INITIATION OF SPORE FORMATION .......... .............................. 919 Possible Effectors ......... ........................................... 920 Metabolites that repress sporulation ....................................... 920 Compounds that appear at the initiation of sporulation ..... ................. 921 Glutamine synthetase ..................................................... 922 Relationship to DNA Replication and the Cell Division Cycle .... ............... 922
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Pub Date : 1976-12-01DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.40.4.803-846.1976
Research Online, A. D. Brown
A fellow of my acquaintance, on seeing a colleague drink undiluted water (55.5 molal), has been known to comment in disapproval that water at such a concentration should not be used for that purpose and that its main function is for putting around the outside of boats. He conceded that dilution with a little salt is acceptable for boats but for no other purpose. The proponent of this philosophy is not a biologist and it is unlikely that many biologists would accept his generalization without some qualification. Nevertheless, it is a point of view. Another point of view with which all biologists might not agree, at least initially, is one which I wish to advance in this review. It is that, notwithstanding the indispensability of water in living systems and the unique properties of solvent water, quantitative variations in the amount of water available are of less direct microbiological significance than is generally conceded.
{"title":"Microbial water stress.","authors":"Research Online, A. D. Brown","doi":"10.1128/MMBR.40.4.803-846.1976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.40.4.803-846.1976","url":null,"abstract":"A fellow of my acquaintance, on seeing a colleague drink undiluted water (55.5 molal), has been known to comment in disapproval that water at such a concentration should not be used for that purpose and that its main function is for putting around the outside of boats. He conceded that dilution with a little salt is acceptable for boats but for no other purpose. The proponent of this philosophy is not a biologist and it is unlikely that many biologists would accept his generalization without some qualification. Nevertheless, it is a point of view. Another point of view with which all biologists might not agree, at least initially, is one which I wish to advance in this review. It is that, notwithstanding the indispensability of water in living systems and the unique properties of solvent water, quantitative variations in the amount of water available are of less direct microbiological significance than is generally conceded.","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":"4 1","pages":"803-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63728614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1976-12-01DOI: 10.1128/br.40.4.847-868.1976
W B Wood, H R Revel
Over the past three decades, bacteriophage T4 has been genetically, biochemically, and structurally characterized to the point where it is now one of the best understood biological systems. T4 is a complex deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) virus with a genome large enough to accommodate between 160 and 170 "averagesize" genes of 1,000 nucleotide pairs. About 140 T4 genes now have been identified genetically and, to some extent, characterized functionally. The resulting information provides a fairly complete picture of how such a genome is organized and how it programs the process of viral multiplication in a host bacterial cell. This article provides an overview of the organization and function of the T4 genome, as well as a current reference source of information on the individual genes of T4. The number of essential genes defined by amber (am) and temperature-sensitive (ts) mutations has not changed appreciably from the 65 identified in the early studies of Epstein, Edgar, and their collaborators (67), although the functions of these genes continue to become more completely understood (34, 58, 214). However, a considerable number ofnew so-called nonessential genes has been identified and characterized in the past few years. A review prepared in 1973 (214) included 30 of these genes, and the total now has increased to over 70. We have summarized current knowledge on the locations, sizes, and functions ofT4 genes in the form of a detailed linkage map, tables of gene functions, and a chart showing classes of gene functions. To keep the bibliography to a reasonable length, we have not attempted to reference all of the papers from which information has been taken. Instead, wherever possible, we have cited recent research publications or review articles that in our judgment provide the most convenient access to earlier literature. Additional references to original work may be found in several other recent compilations of information on the T4 genome (34, 58, 62, 140, 155a, 214). GENE CLASSES AND GENE NAMES
{"title":"The genome of bacteriophage T4.","authors":"W B Wood, H R Revel","doi":"10.1128/br.40.4.847-868.1976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/br.40.4.847-868.1976","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past three decades, bacteriophage T4 has been genetically, biochemically, and structurally characterized to the point where it is now one of the best understood biological systems. T4 is a complex deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) virus with a genome large enough to accommodate between 160 and 170 \"averagesize\" genes of 1,000 nucleotide pairs. About 140 T4 genes now have been identified genetically and, to some extent, characterized functionally. The resulting information provides a fairly complete picture of how such a genome is organized and how it programs the process of viral multiplication in a host bacterial cell. This article provides an overview of the organization and function of the T4 genome, as well as a current reference source of information on the individual genes of T4. The number of essential genes defined by amber (am) and temperature-sensitive (ts) mutations has not changed appreciably from the 65 identified in the early studies of Epstein, Edgar, and their collaborators (67), although the functions of these genes continue to become more completely understood (34, 58, 214). However, a considerable number ofnew so-called nonessential genes has been identified and characterized in the past few years. A review prepared in 1973 (214) included 30 of these genes, and the total now has increased to over 70. We have summarized current knowledge on the locations, sizes, and functions ofT4 genes in the form of a detailed linkage map, tables of gene functions, and a chart showing classes of gene functions. To keep the bibliography to a reasonable length, we have not attempted to reference all of the papers from which information has been taken. Instead, wherever possible, we have cited recent research publications or review articles that in our judgment provide the most convenient access to earlier literature. Additional references to original work may be found in several other recent compilations of information on the T4 genome (34, 58, 62, 140, 155a, 214). GENE CLASSES AND GENE NAMES","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":"40 4","pages":"847-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC413987/pdf/bactrev00054-0061.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11984547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1976-09-01DOI: 10.1128/br.40.3.681-697.1976
S Omura
One ofthe most versatile uses of antibiotics is as potent drugs for clinical application. In recent years, attention has also been paid to agricultural uses of antibiotics, such as for feed additives for protecting plants and livestock against infectious diseases and for accelerating their growth. They are also used as food additives to retain freshness for an extended period. The usefulness of antibiotics is not limited only to our daily needs, but also encompasses our research interests: they offer us remarkable experimental devices for biochemistry novel biochemical tools, which have made a significant contribution to progress in this field (18). Cerulenin, an antibiotic discovered by Hata et al. in 1960, was originally found as an antifungal antibiotic (30). Studies of its mode of action have revealed that it specifically inhibits the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols involving yeasts (55, 56). It should be particularly noted that such specificity of cerulenin has been used by investigators in various fields of biochemistry. In this connection, the present review deals with studies, which have hitherto been reported, on the production, isolation, structure, and mode of action of cerulenin and its application as a biochemical tool. Unfortunately, the instability of the antibiotic in the animal body prevents its use in therapy as an antimicrobial agent or as an antilipogenic agent.
{"title":"The antibiotic cerulenin, a novel tool for biochemistry as an inhibitor of fatty acid synthesis.","authors":"S Omura","doi":"10.1128/br.40.3.681-697.1976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/br.40.3.681-697.1976","url":null,"abstract":"One ofthe most versatile uses of antibiotics is as potent drugs for clinical application. In recent years, attention has also been paid to agricultural uses of antibiotics, such as for feed additives for protecting plants and livestock against infectious diseases and for accelerating their growth. They are also used as food additives to retain freshness for an extended period. The usefulness of antibiotics is not limited only to our daily needs, but also encompasses our research interests: they offer us remarkable experimental devices for biochemistry novel biochemical tools, which have made a significant contribution to progress in this field (18). Cerulenin, an antibiotic discovered by Hata et al. in 1960, was originally found as an antifungal antibiotic (30). Studies of its mode of action have revealed that it specifically inhibits the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols involving yeasts (55, 56). It should be particularly noted that such specificity of cerulenin has been used by investigators in various fields of biochemistry. In this connection, the present review deals with studies, which have hitherto been reported, on the production, isolation, structure, and mode of action of cerulenin and its application as a biochemical tool. Unfortunately, the instability of the antibiotic in the animal body prevents its use in therapy as an antimicrobial agent or as an antilipogenic agent.","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":"40 3","pages":"681-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC413976/pdf/bactrev00053-0163.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11981128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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