Pub Date : 1976-09-01DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.40.3.527-551.1976
I. Pastan, ArD Sankar Adhya
INTRODUCTION ................ ROLE OF CYCLIC AMP IN REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION .......... A Positive Element in Gene Expression ...................................... CRP .......................... :........................................... Direct stimulation of gene expression ...................................... Possible Role As a Negative Element ......................................... Does Cyclic AMP Rave Other Actions in E. co .............................. OPERON ACTIVATION BY CYCLIC AMP .................................... Genetic analysis of the lac promoter ....................................... CONTROL OF CYCLIC AMP LEVELS ........................................ Adenylate Cyclase ........................................................... Cyclic AMP Phosphodiesterase ...................................... Cyclic AMP Release ......................................................... Rate of Cyclic AMP Synthesis ............................................... CYCLIC AMP RECEPTOR PROTEIN ........................................ Physical properties of CRP ................................................ Cyclic AMP binding .... Promoter-specific DNAbinding. Effects of cyclic AMP on CRP structure .................................... CYCLIC AMP AND BACTERIOPHAGE A ...................................... CYCLIC GMP ................................................................ CONCLUSION ................................................................ LITERATURE CITED ........................................................
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Pub Date : 1976-09-01DOI: 10.1128/br.40.3.722-756.1976
J R Tagg, A S Dajani, L W Wannamaker
In recent years, a group of antibacterial proteins produced by gram-positive bacteria have attracted great interest in their potential use as food preservatives and as antibacterial agents to combat certain infections due to gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. They are ribosomally synthesized peptides of 30 to less than 60 amino acids, with a narrow to wide antibacterial spectrum against gram-positive bacteria; the antibacterial property is heat stable, and a producer strain displays a degree of specific self-protection against its own antibacterial peptide. In many respects, these proteins are quite different from the colicins and other bacteriocins produced by gram-negative bacteria, yet customarily they also are grouped as bacteriocins. Although a large number of these bacteriocins (or bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances) have been reported, only a few have been studied in detail for their mode of action, amino acid sequence, genetic characteristics, and biosynthesis mechanisms. Nevertheless, in general, they appear to be translated as inactive prepeptides containing an N-terminal leader sequence and a C-terminal propeptide component. During posttranslational modifications, the leader peptide is removed. In addition, depending on the particular type, some amino acids in the propeptide components may undergo either dehydration and thioether ring formation to produce lanthionine and beta-methyl lanthionine (as in lantibiotics) or thio ester ring formation to form cystine (as in thiolbiotics). Some of these steps, as well as the translocation of the molecules through the cytoplasmic membrane and producer self-protection against the homologous bacteriocin, are mediated through specific proteins (enzymes). Limited genetic studies have shown that the structural gene for such a bacteriocin and the genes encoding proteins associated with immunity, translocation, and processing are present in a cluster in either a plasmid, the chromosome, or a transposon. Following posttranslational modification and depending on the pH, the molecules may either be released into the environment or remain bound to the cell wall. The antibacterial action against a sensitive cell of a gram-positive strain is produced principally by destabilization of membrane functions. Under certain conditions, gram-negative bacterial cells can also be sensitive to some of these molecules. By application of site-specific mutagenesis, bacteriocin variants which may differ in their antimicrobial spectrum and physicochemical characteristics can be produced. Research activity in this field has grown remarkably but sometimes with an undisciplined regard for conformity in the definition, naming, and categorization of these molecules and their genetic effectors. Some suggestions for improved standardization of nomenclature are offered.
{"title":"Bacteriocins of gram-positive bacteria.","authors":"J R Tagg, A S Dajani, L W Wannamaker","doi":"10.1128/br.40.3.722-756.1976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/br.40.3.722-756.1976","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, a group of antibacterial proteins produced by gram-positive bacteria have attracted great interest in their potential use as food preservatives and as antibacterial agents to combat certain infections due to gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. They are ribosomally synthesized peptides of 30 to less than 60 amino acids, with a narrow to wide antibacterial spectrum against gram-positive bacteria; the antibacterial property is heat stable, and a producer strain displays a degree of specific self-protection against its own antibacterial peptide. In many respects, these proteins are quite different from the colicins and other bacteriocins produced by gram-negative bacteria, yet customarily they also are grouped as bacteriocins. Although a large number of these bacteriocins (or bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances) have been reported, only a few have been studied in detail for their mode of action, amino acid sequence, genetic characteristics, and biosynthesis mechanisms. Nevertheless, in general, they appear to be translated as inactive prepeptides containing an N-terminal leader sequence and a C-terminal propeptide component. During posttranslational modifications, the leader peptide is removed. In addition, depending on the particular type, some amino acids in the propeptide components may undergo either dehydration and thioether ring formation to produce lanthionine and beta-methyl lanthionine (as in lantibiotics) or thio ester ring formation to form cystine (as in thiolbiotics). Some of these steps, as well as the translocation of the molecules through the cytoplasmic membrane and producer self-protection against the homologous bacteriocin, are mediated through specific proteins (enzymes). Limited genetic studies have shown that the structural gene for such a bacteriocin and the genes encoding proteins associated with immunity, translocation, and processing are present in a cluster in either a plasmid, the chromosome, or a transposon. Following posttranslational modification and depending on the pH, the molecules may either be released into the environment or remain bound to the cell wall. The antibacterial action against a sensitive cell of a gram-positive strain is produced principally by destabilization of membrane functions. Under certain conditions, gram-negative bacterial cells can also be sensitive to some of these molecules. By application of site-specific mutagenesis, bacteriocin variants which may differ in their antimicrobial spectrum and physicochemical characteristics can be produced. Research activity in this field has grown remarkably but sometimes with an undisciplined regard for conformity in the definition, naming, and categorization of these molecules and their genetic effectors. Some suggestions for improved standardization of nomenclature are offered.","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC413978/pdf/bactrev00053-0204.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11981131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1976-09-01DOI: 10.1128/br.40.3.527-551.1976
I Pastan, S Adhya
INTRODUCTION ................ ROLE OF CYCLIC AMP IN REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION .......... A Positive Element in Gene Expression ...................................... CRP .......................... :........................................... Direct stimulation of gene expression ...................................... Possible Role As a Negative Element ......................................... Does Cyclic AMP Rave Other Actions in E. co .............................. OPERON ACTIVATION BY CYCLIC AMP .................................... Genetic analysis of the lac promoter ....................................... CONTROL OF CYCLIC AMP LEVELS ........................................ Adenylate Cyclase ........................................................... Cyclic AMP Phosphodiesterase ...................................... Cyclic AMP Release ......................................................... Rate of Cyclic AMP Synthesis ............................................... CYCLIC AMP RECEPTOR PROTEIN ........................................ Physical properties of CRP ................................................ Cyclic AMP binding .... Promoter-specific DNAbinding. Effects of cyclic AMP on CRP structure .................................... CYCLIC AMP AND BACTERIOPHAGE A ...................................... CYCLIC GMP ................................................................ CONCLUSION ................................................................ LITERATURE CITED ........................................................
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Pub Date : 1976-09-01DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.40.3.552-590.1976
D. Reanney
INTRODUCTION............................................................. 552 MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTION ....... ........................ 553 INSUFFICIENCY OF THE CLASSICAL MECHANISM(S) ...... ................ 553 Two Types of Molecular Evolution ............................................ 553 Role of Mutation ............................................................ 554 MUTATION: A REEXAMINATION ........... ................................. 555 STREPTOMYCIN RESISTANCE: A COMPARISON OF TWO ADAPTIVE MODES 556 TERMINOLOGY OF ECEs ................ .................................... 557 ECOLOGY OF ECEs......................................................... 558 HOST RANGES OF ECEs IN NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS ...... ................. 560 GENES CARRIED BY ECEs .............. .................................... 561 GENETIC "COMPLEXITY" OF A PROKARYOTIC SPECIES ...... ............ 563 GENETIC PROCESSES MEDIATED BY ECEs ....... ......................... 567 Dissemination of Existing Genes ........... .................................. 567 cell-to-ECE-to-cell gene transfer ............................................ 567 phage conversion........................................................... 567 ECE-to-cell-to-ECE gene transfer .......... ................................ 568 Genome Sizing ............................................................... 568 Controlled Randomization of Genomes ........................................ 568 IS elements and phage Mu ............. .................................... 568 permuted phage genomes ................................................... 569 Natural Genetic Engineering ............. .................................... 569 processes of polynucleotide exchange involving resident homology ..... ....... 569 polynucleotide exchange involving nonresident homology ...... .............. 571 evolution of R factors in bacteria .......... .............. ..................... 572 significance of sequence duplication in natural genetic engineering ..... ...... 572 universality and frequency of natural genetic engineering ...... .............. 574 Miscellaneous......................................... ..................... 575 OTHER EVIDENCE FOR POSSIBLE PROCESSES OF ECE-MEDIATED POLYNUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE ........... ................................. 575 Dispersed State of Specific (Plant) Proteins ........ ........................... 575 "Simultaneous" Appearance of Similar Genes in Unrelated Organisms ..... ..... 575 PROCESSES OF POLYNUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE AMONG EUKARYOTES ... 576 POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF ECEs (RNA TUMOR VIRUSES) IN EMBRYOGENESIS ............................................................... 576 RNA TUMOR VIRUSES IN INTERSPECIFIC GENE TRANSFER ..... ......... 577 RNA TUMOR VIRUSES AND REGULATORY PROCESSES IN HIGHER ORGANISMS ................................................................. 578 EPIGENETIC ELEMENTS IN ANIMALS AND IN PLANTS ...... .............. 578 POSSIBLE CANDIDATES FOR EPIGEN
{"title":"Extrachromosomal elements as possible agents of adaptation and development.","authors":"D. Reanney","doi":"10.1128/MMBR.40.3.552-590.1976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.40.3.552-590.1976","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION............................................................. 552 MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTION ....... ........................ 553 INSUFFICIENCY OF THE CLASSICAL MECHANISM(S) ...... ................ 553 Two Types of Molecular Evolution ............................................ 553 Role of Mutation ............................................................ 554 MUTATION: A REEXAMINATION ........... ................................. 555 STREPTOMYCIN RESISTANCE: A COMPARISON OF TWO ADAPTIVE MODES 556 TERMINOLOGY OF ECEs ................ .................................... 557 ECOLOGY OF ECEs......................................................... 558 HOST RANGES OF ECEs IN NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS ...... ................. 560 GENES CARRIED BY ECEs .............. .................................... 561 GENETIC \"COMPLEXITY\" OF A PROKARYOTIC SPECIES ...... ............ 563 GENETIC PROCESSES MEDIATED BY ECEs ....... ......................... 567 Dissemination of Existing Genes ........... .................................. 567 cell-to-ECE-to-cell gene transfer ............................................ 567 phage conversion........................................................... 567 ECE-to-cell-to-ECE gene transfer .......... ................................ 568 Genome Sizing ............................................................... 568 Controlled Randomization of Genomes ........................................ 568 IS elements and phage Mu ............. .................................... 568 permuted phage genomes ................................................... 569 Natural Genetic Engineering ............. .................................... 569 processes of polynucleotide exchange involving resident homology ..... ....... 569 polynucleotide exchange involving nonresident homology ...... .............. 571 evolution of R factors in bacteria .......... .............. ..................... 572 significance of sequence duplication in natural genetic engineering ..... ...... 572 universality and frequency of natural genetic engineering ...... .............. 574 Miscellaneous......................................... ..................... 575 OTHER EVIDENCE FOR POSSIBLE PROCESSES OF ECE-MEDIATED POLYNUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE ........... ................................. 575 Dispersed State of Specific (Plant) Proteins ........ ........................... 575 \"Simultaneous\" Appearance of Similar Genes in Unrelated Organisms ..... ..... 575 PROCESSES OF POLYNUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE AMONG EUKARYOTES ... 576 POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT OF ECEs (RNA TUMOR VIRUSES) IN EMBRYOGENESIS ............................................................... 576 RNA TUMOR VIRUSES IN INTERSPECIFIC GENE TRANSFER ..... ......... 577 RNA TUMOR VIRUSES AND REGULATORY PROCESSES IN HIGHER ORGANISMS ................................................................. 578 EPIGENETIC ELEMENTS IN ANIMALS AND IN PLANTS ...... .............. 578 POSSIBLE CANDIDATES FOR EPIGEN","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63728712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1976-09-01DOI: 10.1128/br.40.3.633-651.1976
D J Bibel, T H Chen
INTRODUCTION .......................................... 633 THE INVESTIGATORS ............. ............................ 634 Shibasaburo Kitasato ............ ............................. 634 Alexandre Yersin ........... ............................... 634 THE DISCOVERY OF THE PLAGUE BACILLUS .............. ................ 635 The Arrival of Yersin and Kitasato at Hong-Kong ............. ................ 635 Yersin's Report .......................................... 636 Kitasato's Reports ........... .............................. 636 A Comparison of Papers ............... .......................... 638 OPPOSITION .......................................... 638 CONFIRMATION ........... ................................ 639 THE PROBLEM .......................................... 640 AN ANALYSIS OF THE BACTERIOLOGICAL DATA .......... ................ 642 The Question of Streptococcus pneumoniae ................................... 642 Bacteriology of Plague .............. ........................... 643 CONTAMINATION ........... ............................... 646 KITASATO'S REEVALUATION ......................................... 647 CLINICAL APPLICATIONS .................. ....................... 648 CONCLUSIONS .......................................... 648 LITERATURE CITED ............ ............................. 648
{"title":"Diagnosis of plaque: an analysis of the Yersin-Kitasato controversy.","authors":"D J Bibel, T H Chen","doi":"10.1128/br.40.3.633-651.1976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/br.40.3.633-651.1976","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION .......................................... 633 THE INVESTIGATORS ............. ............................ 634 Shibasaburo Kitasato ............ ............................. 634 Alexandre Yersin ........... ............................... 634 THE DISCOVERY OF THE PLAGUE BACILLUS .............. ................ 635 The Arrival of Yersin and Kitasato at Hong-Kong ............. ................ 635 Yersin's Report .......................................... 636 Kitasato's Reports ........... .............................. 636 A Comparison of Papers ............... .......................... 638 OPPOSITION .......................................... 638 CONFIRMATION ........... ................................ 639 THE PROBLEM .......................................... 640 AN ANALYSIS OF THE BACTERIOLOGICAL DATA .......... ................ 642 The Question of Streptococcus pneumoniae ................................... 642 Bacteriology of Plague .............. ........................... 643 CONTAMINATION ........... ............................... 646 KITASATO'S REEVALUATION ......................................... 647 CLINICAL APPLICATIONS .................. ....................... 648 CONCLUSIONS .......................................... 648 LITERATURE CITED ............ ............................. 648","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC413974/pdf/bactrev00053-0115.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11234351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1976-09-01DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.40.3.652-680.1976
C. Knowles
The susceptibility of cytochrome oxidases to cyanide means that cyanide is toxic to living cells and cyanide pollution causes great damage to microbial and other ecosystems. Cyanide pollution comes from both industrial wastes and a number of plants, many of agricultural importance, which are cyanogenic and release cyanide into the soil. Despite some understanding of the pathway of cyanide assimilation by aerobic microorganisms, there is little known about cyanide assimilation by anaerobic microorganisms. The author discusses cyanide production, utilization, degradation, and resistance by microorganisms. He concludes that among the most primitive organisms were some that could metabolize cyanide, perhaps in conjunction with other carbon and nitrogen sources. 199 references, 4 figures, 2 tables.
{"title":"Microorganisms and cyanide.","authors":"C. Knowles","doi":"10.1128/MMBR.40.3.652-680.1976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.40.3.652-680.1976","url":null,"abstract":"The susceptibility of cytochrome oxidases to cyanide means that cyanide is toxic to living cells and cyanide pollution causes great damage to microbial and other ecosystems. Cyanide pollution comes from both industrial wastes and a number of plants, many of agricultural importance, which are cyanogenic and release cyanide into the soil. Despite some understanding of the pathway of cyanide assimilation by aerobic microorganisms, there is little known about cyanide assimilation by anaerobic microorganisms. The author discusses cyanide production, utilization, degradation, and resistance by microorganisms. He concludes that among the most primitive organisms were some that could metabolize cyanide, perhaps in conjunction with other carbon and nitrogen sources. 199 references, 4 figures, 2 tables.","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63728655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1976-09-01DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.40.3.681-697.1976
S. Ōmura
One ofthe most versatile uses of antibiotics is as potent drugs for clinical application. In recent years, attention has also been paid to agricultural uses of antibiotics, such as for feed additives for protecting plants and livestock against infectious diseases and for accelerating their growth. They are also used as food additives to retain freshness for an extended period. The usefulness of antibiotics is not limited only to our daily needs, but also encompasses our research interests: they offer us remarkable experimental devices for biochemistry novel biochemical tools, which have made a significant contribution to progress in this field (18). Cerulenin, an antibiotic discovered by Hata et al. in 1960, was originally found as an antifungal antibiotic (30). Studies of its mode of action have revealed that it specifically inhibits the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols involving yeasts (55, 56). It should be particularly noted that such specificity of cerulenin has been used by investigators in various fields of biochemistry. In this connection, the present review deals with studies, which have hitherto been reported, on the production, isolation, structure, and mode of action of cerulenin and its application as a biochemical tool. Unfortunately, the instability of the antibiotic in the animal body prevents its use in therapy as an antimicrobial agent or as an antilipogenic agent.
{"title":"The antibiotic cerulenin, a novel tool for biochemistry as an inhibitor of fatty acid synthesis.","authors":"S. Ōmura","doi":"10.1128/MMBR.40.3.681-697.1976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.40.3.681-697.1976","url":null,"abstract":"One ofthe most versatile uses of antibiotics is as potent drugs for clinical application. In recent years, attention has also been paid to agricultural uses of antibiotics, such as for feed additives for protecting plants and livestock against infectious diseases and for accelerating their growth. They are also used as food additives to retain freshness for an extended period. The usefulness of antibiotics is not limited only to our daily needs, but also encompasses our research interests: they offer us remarkable experimental devices for biochemistry novel biochemical tools, which have made a significant contribution to progress in this field (18). Cerulenin, an antibiotic discovered by Hata et al. in 1960, was originally found as an antifungal antibiotic (30). Studies of its mode of action have revealed that it specifically inhibits the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols involving yeasts (55, 56). It should be particularly noted that such specificity of cerulenin has been used by investigators in various fields of biochemistry. In this connection, the present review deals with studies, which have hitherto been reported, on the production, isolation, structure, and mode of action of cerulenin and its application as a biochemical tool. Unfortunately, the instability of the antibiotic in the animal body prevents its use in therapy as an antimicrobial agent or as an antilipogenic agent.","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63728862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1976-09-01DOI: 10.1128/br.40.3.591-632.1976
P H Mäkelä, H Mayer
INTRODUCTION .............. ................................ 591 DISCOVERY AND DEFINITIONS ............................................. 591 SEROLOGICAL METHODS ............................................. 592 Hemagglutination (HA), Hemolysis, and Hemagglutination Inhibition (HAI) ... 592 Other Serological Methods ............................................. 593 CHEMISTRY .............................................. 594 Studies on Immunogenic Strains ............................................. 594 Studies on Nonimmunogenic Strains ......................................... 595 Chemical Identity of ECA ............................................. 600 GENETIC DETERMINATION OF ECA ......................................... 602 The rMe Genes .............................................. 602 Role of the rib Region ..................... ........................ 604 Mutants of a New, "rif," Type ............................................. 605 Genetics of ECA in Immunogenic Strains .................. .................. 606 Conclusions .............................................. 606 IMMUNOGENICITY ................. ............................. 607 Immunogenic Strains ............................................ 607 Interference by LPS ............... ............................. 610 Importance of the Form of Aggregation ...................................... 611 Immunological Tolerance? ............................................ 613 ECA IN THE BACTERIAL CELL ............................................ 614 CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS ............................................ 614 Immediate Biological Effects of ECA ........................................ 614 Is ECA a Virulence Factor? ............................................ 615 Prevalence of Antibodies to ECA ............................................ 615 ECA and anti-ECA Antibodies in Relation to Disease .......... ................ 616 Anti-ECA in Experimental Infection ......................................... 619 Antigenic Similarities Between ECA and Animal Tissues ........ .............. 620 OTHER CROSS-REACTIVITIES AND RELATED ANTIGENS ...... ............ 620 Various "Common" Antigens ................................................ 620 ManNUA-Containing Bacterial Antigens ................ ..................... 622 DISTRIBUTION OF ECA: TAXONOMIC IMPLICATIONS ....... ............... 622 SUMMARY ............ ..................................... 623 LITERATURE CITED ................ a 624
{"title":"Enterobacterial common antigen.","authors":"P H Mäkelä, H Mayer","doi":"10.1128/br.40.3.591-632.1976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/br.40.3.591-632.1976","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION .............. ................................ 591 DISCOVERY AND DEFINITIONS ............................................. 591 SEROLOGICAL METHODS ............................................. 592 Hemagglutination (HA), Hemolysis, and Hemagglutination Inhibition (HAI) ... 592 Other Serological Methods ............................................. 593 CHEMISTRY .............................................. 594 Studies on Immunogenic Strains ............................................. 594 Studies on Nonimmunogenic Strains ......................................... 595 Chemical Identity of ECA ............................................. 600 GENETIC DETERMINATION OF ECA ......................................... 602 The rMe Genes .............................................. 602 Role of the rib Region ..................... ........................ 604 Mutants of a New, \"rif,\" Type ............................................. 605 Genetics of ECA in Immunogenic Strains .................. .................. 606 Conclusions .............................................. 606 IMMUNOGENICITY ................. ............................. 607 Immunogenic Strains ............................................ 607 Interference by LPS ............... ............................. 610 Importance of the Form of Aggregation ...................................... 611 Immunological Tolerance? ............................................ 613 ECA IN THE BACTERIAL CELL ............................................ 614 CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS ............................................ 614 Immediate Biological Effects of ECA ........................................ 614 Is ECA a Virulence Factor? ............................................ 615 Prevalence of Antibodies to ECA ............................................ 615 ECA and anti-ECA Antibodies in Relation to Disease .......... ................ 616 Anti-ECA in Experimental Infection ......................................... 619 Antigenic Similarities Between ECA and Animal Tissues ........ .............. 620 OTHER CROSS-REACTIVITIES AND RELATED ANTIGENS ...... ............ 620 Various \"Common\" Antigens ................................................ 620 ManNUA-Containing Bacterial Antigens ................ ..................... 622 DISTRIBUTION OF ECA: TAXONOMIC IMPLICATIONS ....... ............... 622 SUMMARY ............ ..................................... 623 LITERATURE CITED ................ a 624","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC413973/pdf/bactrev00053-0073.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11284109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1976-09-01DOI: 10.1128/br.40.3.698-721.1976
J W Fitzgerald
INTRODUCTION.............................................................. 698 STATUS OF SULFUR IN AEROBIC SOILS..................................... 698 Inorganic Sulfur ........................................................... 698 Carbon-Bonded Sulfur ....................................................... 699 Ester Sulfate ............................................................... 700 ORIGINS OF SOIL ESTER SULFATE ......... ............................... 702 Mammalian Sources ......................................................... 702 Microbial and Plant Sources .................................................. 702 Generation of Choline Sulfate ..................... ........................... 703 MINERALIZATION OF ESTER SULFATE .......... .......................... 704 PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF MICROBIAL SULFOHYDROLASES ....... 705 Regulation of Sulfohydrolase Synthesis and Activity ........ ................... 705 Localization of Sulfohydrolase Activity ............ ........................... 707 Sulfohydrolase Stability In Vivo and In Vitro ......... ........................ 709 SOURCES OF INORGANIC SULFATE FOR AEROBIC SOILS ...... .......... 709 Elemental and Sulfide Sulfur ................................................. 709 Sulfate Ester Hydrolysis ..................................................... 710 Atmospheric Pollution ....................................................... 710 Sulfonates, Sulfamates, and the Sulfated-Thioglycosides ....... ................ 710 S-Containing Amino Acids................................................... 711 PRACTICAL AND FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS ........ ...................... 711 LITERATURE CITED......................................................... 713
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