Pub Date : 1977-09-01DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.41.3.711-753.1977
F. Priest
As the decade progresses this prediction is rapidly being realized, and microbial enzymes are becoming increasingly important in such diverse fields as medicine, brewing, and timber preservation. The genus Bacillus has played a major role in this development as evidenced by the distribution of the papers read at the Fifth International Fermentation Symposium, 1976 (64). Of 23 papers in the session devoted to "Microbial Enzymes of Industrial Interest" no less than ten were concerned with enzymes from bacilli. Reasons for the predominance of these bacteria in this area of study are several. First, they comprise a group of chemoorganotrophs that can be easily maintained and cultivated and yet are markedly heterogeneous in character. Psychrophiles, mesophiles, and thermophiles, in addition to alkalophilic, neutrophilic, and acidophilic species are well represented. Furthermore, virtually all 48 species of the genus listed in Bergey's Manual ofDeterminative Bacteriology (92) secrete a variety of soluble extracellular enzymes, which reflects the diversity of the parental habitats. Amylases that can liquefy starch under pressure at 11000 (194) and proteases that are stable and active at pH 12.0 (6) are extreme examples of enzyme adaption. This article will attempt to review the recent literature concerned with the characterization and properties of the exoenzymes synthesized by the bacilli and the control and mechanisms of their synthesis. It is restricted to this genus because the commercial importance of extracellular enzymes and academic interest in the process of sporulation have prompted a considerable amount of research into this general area. Nevertheless, in the final section I have attempted to equate our present knowledge of exoenzyme synthesis in procaryotes other than
随着十年的进展，这一预测正在迅速实现，微生物酶在医药、酿造和木材保存等不同领域变得越来越重要。芽孢杆菌属在这一发展中发挥了重要作用，这一点在1976年第五届国际发酵研讨会上发表的论文中得到了证明。会议上有23篇论文专门讨论了“具有工业意义的微生物酶”，其中不下10篇是关于杆菌酶的。这些细菌在这一研究领域占据优势的原因有几个。首先，它们由一组易于维持和培养的化学有机营养物组成，但在性质上具有明显的异质性。除了嗜碱、嗜中性和嗜酸的物种外，还有嗜冷、嗜中、嗜热的物种。此外，Bergey's Manual of determinative Bacteriology(92)中列出的几乎所有48种属都分泌多种可溶性细胞外酶，这反映了亲本栖息地的多样性。淀粉酶可以在11000(194)的压力下液化淀粉，蛋白酶在pH值12.0(6)下保持稳定和活性，这是酶适应的极端例子。本文将对近年来有关杆菌合成的外泌酶的性质及调控机制的研究进展进行综述。它被限制在这个属，因为胞外酶的商业重要性和学术界对孢子形成过程的兴趣促使了对这个一般领域的大量研究。尽管如此，在最后一节中，我试图将我们目前对原核生物中外酶合成的了解等同于
{"title":"Extracellular enzyme synthesis in the genus Bacillus.","authors":"F. Priest","doi":"10.1128/MMBR.41.3.711-753.1977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.41.3.711-753.1977","url":null,"abstract":"As the decade progresses this prediction is rapidly being realized, and microbial enzymes are becoming increasingly important in such diverse fields as medicine, brewing, and timber preservation. The genus Bacillus has played a major role in this development as evidenced by the distribution of the papers read at the Fifth International Fermentation Symposium, 1976 (64). Of 23 papers in the session devoted to \"Microbial Enzymes of Industrial Interest\" no less than ten were concerned with enzymes from bacilli. Reasons for the predominance of these bacteria in this area of study are several. First, they comprise a group of chemoorganotrophs that can be easily maintained and cultivated and yet are markedly heterogeneous in character. Psychrophiles, mesophiles, and thermophiles, in addition to alkalophilic, neutrophilic, and acidophilic species are well represented. Furthermore, virtually all 48 species of the genus listed in Bergey's Manual ofDeterminative Bacteriology (92) secrete a variety of soluble extracellular enzymes, which reflects the diversity of the parental habitats. Amylases that can liquefy starch under pressure at 11000 (194) and proteases that are stable and active at pH 12.0 (6) are extreme examples of enzyme adaption. This article will attempt to review the recent literature concerned with the characterization and properties of the exoenzymes synthesized by the bacilli and the control and mechanisms of their synthesis. It is restricted to this genus because the commercial importance of extracellular enzymes and academic interest in the process of sporulation have prompted a considerable amount of research into this general area. Nevertheless, in the final section I have attempted to equate our present knowledge of exoenzyme synthesis in procaryotes other than","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63729272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1977-09-01DOI: 10.1128/br.41.3.636-666.1977
E M Morgan, F Rapp
{"title":"Measles virus and its associated diseases.","authors":"E M Morgan, F Rapp","doi":"10.1128/br.41.3.636-666.1977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/br.41.3.636-666.1977","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC414019/pdf/bactrev00057-0102.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11546699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1977-06-01DOI: 10.1128/br.41.2.449-474.1977
E Katz, A L Demain
INTRODUCTION............ 449 PROPERTIES OF PEPTIDE ANTIBIOTICS 449 FORMATION OF ANTIBIOTICS IN RELATION TO GROWTH ...... ............ 450 CELL-FREE SYNTHESIS OF PEPTIDE ANTIBIOTICS ...... .................. 451 ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF GRAMICIDIN S ........ ......................... 451 ENZYMATIC FORMATION OF TYROCIDINE ........ ......................... 453 LINEAR GRAMICIDINS ...................... ................................. 456 BACITRACINS ................................................................ 457 EDEINE...................................................................... 458 MYCOBACILLIN ................. ............................................ 459 POLYMYXIN AND COLISTIN ............... .................................. 460 SPECIFICITY OF INCORPORATION ........... ............................... 461 RACEMIZATION AND THE SYNTHESIS OF D-AMINO ACIDS.................. 463 MUTANT STUDIES .......................................................... 464 POSSIBLE FUNCTIONS OF PEPTIDE ANTIBIOTICS IN THE PRODUCING ORGANISM .............................................................. 465 CONCLUDING REMARKS ................... .................................. 468 ADDENDUM IN PROOF .................... .................................. 469 LITERATURE CITED......................................................... 469
{"title":"The peptide antibiotics of Bacillus: chemistry, biogenesis, and possible functions.","authors":"E Katz, A L Demain","doi":"10.1128/br.41.2.449-474.1977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/br.41.2.449-474.1977","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION............ 449 PROPERTIES OF PEPTIDE ANTIBIOTICS 449 FORMATION OF ANTIBIOTICS IN RELATION TO GROWTH ...... ............ 450 CELL-FREE SYNTHESIS OF PEPTIDE ANTIBIOTICS ...... .................. 451 ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF GRAMICIDIN S ........ ......................... 451 ENZYMATIC FORMATION OF TYROCIDINE ........ ......................... 453 LINEAR GRAMICIDINS ...................... ................................. 456 BACITRACINS ................................................................ 457 EDEINE...................................................................... 458 MYCOBACILLIN ................. ............................................ 459 POLYMYXIN AND COLISTIN ............... .................................. 460 SPECIFICITY OF INCORPORATION ........... ............................... 461 RACEMIZATION AND THE SYNTHESIS OF D-AMINO ACIDS.................. 463 MUTANT STUDIES .......................................................... 464 POSSIBLE FUNCTIONS OF PEPTIDE ANTIBIOTICS IN THE PRODUCING ORGANISM .............................................................. 465 CONCLUDING REMARKS ................... .................................. 468 ADDENDUM IN PROOF .................... .................................. 469 LITERATURE CITED......................................................... 469","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC414008/pdf/bactrev00056-0091.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11291584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1977-06-01DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.41.2.501-513.1977
D. M. Donaldson, J. Tew
(3-Lysin is the name that Pettersson proposed to distinguish this thermostabile bactericidal component of serum from Buchner's alexin or a-lysin (51). He defined (8-lysin as the bactericidal substance found in normal serum that resisted inactivation when heated to 56°C for 30 min. According to this definition, there are at least three different ,3-lysins found in normal serum; these consist of lysozyme, ,B-lysin from platelets, and (8-lysin of nonplatelet origin. The first of these, lysozyme, is a single entity which is well defined in regard to its chemical and biological properties. The other two types of (3lysins are not readily distinguished from each other, and each could be composed of several distinct molecules. The ,B-lysin of platelet origin may be similar or identical to plakin (23). The (8-lysin of nonplatelet origin may include the bactericidal cationic proteins isolated from leukocyte lysosomes (64-66). In this review, attention will be focused on the (3-lysin of platelet origin, which will be referred to as "platelet (3lysin."
{"title":"beta-Lysin of platelet origin.","authors":"D. M. Donaldson, J. Tew","doi":"10.1128/MMBR.41.2.501-513.1977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.41.2.501-513.1977","url":null,"abstract":"(3-Lysin is the name that Pettersson proposed to distinguish this thermostabile bactericidal component of serum from Buchner's alexin or a-lysin (51). He defined (8-lysin as the bactericidal substance found in normal serum that resisted inactivation when heated to 56°C for 30 min. According to this definition, there are at least three different ,3-lysins found in normal serum; these consist of lysozyme, ,B-lysin from platelets, and (8-lysin of nonplatelet origin. The first of these, lysozyme, is a single entity which is well defined in regard to its chemical and biological properties. The other two types of (3lysins are not readily distinguished from each other, and each could be composed of several distinct molecules. The ,B-lysin of platelet origin may be similar or identical to plakin (23). The (8-lysin of nonplatelet origin may include the bactericidal cationic proteins isolated from leukocyte lysosomes (64-66). In this review, attention will be focused on the (3-lysin of platelet origin, which will be referred to as \"platelet (3lysin.\"","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63729124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1977-06-01DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.41.2.475-500.1977
H. Smith
INTRODUCTION.............................4.......................... .. . 476 FACETS OF PATHOGENICITY THAT CAN BE INFLUENCED BY MICROBIAL SURFACES ............................................................. 476 INFLUENCE ON MICROBIAL SURFACES OF GROWTH CONDITIONS IN VIVO 477 SURFACE COMPONENTS OF MICROORGANISMS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO ENTRY TO THE HOST: MUCOUS MEMBRANE INTERACTIONS ............ 479 Bacteria .................................................................... 479 Adherence .................................................................. 479 Competition with commensals .... . ........................................... 480 Resistance to host defense mechanisms in mucus ....... ..................... 481 Penetration............................................................... 481 Viruses ..................................................................... 481 Adherence ................................................................. 481 Competition with commensals .... . ........................................... 482 Resistance to host defense mechanisms in mucus ....... ..................... 482 Penetration............................................................... 482 Fungi....................................................................... 482 Protozoa.................................................................... 482 SURFACE COMPONENTS OF MICROORGANISMS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO MULTIPLICATION IN VIVO ........... ................................. 482 Bacteria .................................................................... 482 Viruses ..................................................................... 483 Fungi....................................................................... 484 Protozoa.................................................................... 484 SURFACE COMPONENTS OF MICROORGANISMS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO INTERFERENCE WITH HOST DEFENSES ....... ......................... 484 Bacteria .................................................................... 484 Interference with humoral defenses ......... ................................ 484 Interference with mobilization of phagocytes ....... ......................... 485 Prevention of contact with phagocytes ......... ............................. 485 Interference with ingestion by phagocytes ................................... 485 Prevention of intracellular digestion by phagocytes ...... .................... 486 Interference with the immune response ........ ............................. 487 Viruses ..................................................................... 487 Interference with humoral defenses .......... ............................... 487 Interference with cellular defenses.......................................... 487 Interference with the immune response ........ ............................. 488 Fungi....................................................................... 488 Protozoa.......................................................
{"title":"Microbial surfaces in relation to pathogenicity.","authors":"H. Smith","doi":"10.1128/MMBR.41.2.475-500.1977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.41.2.475-500.1977","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION.............................4.......................... .. . 476 FACETS OF PATHOGENICITY THAT CAN BE INFLUENCED BY MICROBIAL SURFACES ............................................................. 476 INFLUENCE ON MICROBIAL SURFACES OF GROWTH CONDITIONS IN VIVO 477 SURFACE COMPONENTS OF MICROORGANISMS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO ENTRY TO THE HOST: MUCOUS MEMBRANE INTERACTIONS ............ 479 Bacteria .................................................................... 479 Adherence .................................................................. 479 Competition with commensals .... . ........................................... 480 Resistance to host defense mechanisms in mucus ....... ..................... 481 Penetration............................................................... 481 Viruses ..................................................................... 481 Adherence ................................................................. 481 Competition with commensals .... . ........................................... 482 Resistance to host defense mechanisms in mucus ....... ..................... 482 Penetration............................................................... 482 Fungi....................................................................... 482 Protozoa.................................................................... 482 SURFACE COMPONENTS OF MICROORGANISMS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO MULTIPLICATION IN VIVO ........... ................................. 482 Bacteria .................................................................... 482 Viruses ..................................................................... 483 Fungi....................................................................... 484 Protozoa.................................................................... 484 SURFACE COMPONENTS OF MICROORGANISMS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO INTERFERENCE WITH HOST DEFENSES ....... ......................... 484 Bacteria .................................................................... 484 Interference with humoral defenses ......... ................................ 484 Interference with mobilization of phagocytes ....... ......................... 485 Prevention of contact with phagocytes ......... ............................. 485 Interference with ingestion by phagocytes ................................... 485 Prevention of intracellular digestion by phagocytes ...... .................... 486 Interference with the immune response ........ ............................. 487 Viruses ..................................................................... 487 Interference with humoral defenses .......... ............................... 487 Interference with cellular defenses.......................................... 487 Interference with the immune response ........ ............................. 488 Fungi....................................................................... 488 Protozoa.......................................................","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63729071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1977-06-01DOI: 10.1128/br.41.2.475-500.1977
H Smith
INTRODUCTION.............................4.......................... .. . 476 FACETS OF PATHOGENICITY THAT CAN BE INFLUENCED BY MICROBIAL SURFACES ............................................................. 476 INFLUENCE ON MICROBIAL SURFACES OF GROWTH CONDITIONS IN VIVO 477 SURFACE COMPONENTS OF MICROORGANISMS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO ENTRY TO THE HOST: MUCOUS MEMBRANE INTERACTIONS ............ 479 Bacteria .................................................................... 479 Adherence .................................................................. 479 Competition with commensals .... . ........................................... 480 Resistance to host defense mechanisms in mucus ....... ..................... 481 Penetration............................................................... 481 Viruses ..................................................................... 481 Adherence ................................................................. 481 Competition with commensals .... . ........................................... 482 Resistance to host defense mechanisms in mucus ....... ..................... 482 Penetration............................................................... 482 Fungi....................................................................... 482 Protozoa.................................................................... 482 SURFACE COMPONENTS OF MICROORGANISMS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO MULTIPLICATION IN VIVO ........... ................................. 482 Bacteria .................................................................... 482 Viruses ..................................................................... 483 Fungi....................................................................... 484 Protozoa.................................................................... 484 SURFACE COMPONENTS OF MICROORGANISMS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO INTERFERENCE WITH HOST DEFENSES ....... ......................... 484 Bacteria .................................................................... 484 Interference with humoral defenses ......... ................................ 484 Interference with mobilization of phagocytes ....... ......................... 485 Prevention of contact with phagocytes ......... ............................. 485 Interference with ingestion by phagocytes ................................... 485 Prevention of intracellular digestion by phagocytes ...... .................... 486 Interference with the immune response ........ ............................. 487 Viruses ..................................................................... 487 Interference with humoral defenses .......... ............................... 487 Interference with cellular defenses.......................................... 487 Interference with the immune response ........ ............................. 488 Fungi....................................................................... 488 Protozoa.......................................................
{"title":"Microbial surfaces in relation to pathogenicity.","authors":"H Smith","doi":"10.1128/br.41.2.475-500.1977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/br.41.2.475-500.1977","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION.............................4.......................... .. . 476 FACETS OF PATHOGENICITY THAT CAN BE INFLUENCED BY MICROBIAL SURFACES ............................................................. 476 INFLUENCE ON MICROBIAL SURFACES OF GROWTH CONDITIONS IN VIVO 477 SURFACE COMPONENTS OF MICROORGANISMS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO ENTRY TO THE HOST: MUCOUS MEMBRANE INTERACTIONS ............ 479 Bacteria .................................................................... 479 Adherence .................................................................. 479 Competition with commensals .... . ........................................... 480 Resistance to host defense mechanisms in mucus ....... ..................... 481 Penetration............................................................... 481 Viruses ..................................................................... 481 Adherence ................................................................. 481 Competition with commensals .... . ........................................... 482 Resistance to host defense mechanisms in mucus ....... ..................... 482 Penetration............................................................... 482 Fungi....................................................................... 482 Protozoa.................................................................... 482 SURFACE COMPONENTS OF MICROORGANISMS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO MULTIPLICATION IN VIVO ........... ................................. 482 Bacteria .................................................................... 482 Viruses ..................................................................... 483 Fungi....................................................................... 484 Protozoa.................................................................... 484 SURFACE COMPONENTS OF MICROORGANISMS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO INTERFERENCE WITH HOST DEFENSES ....... ......................... 484 Bacteria .................................................................... 484 Interference with humoral defenses ......... ................................ 484 Interference with mobilization of phagocytes ....... ......................... 485 Prevention of contact with phagocytes ......... ............................. 485 Interference with ingestion by phagocytes ................................... 485 Prevention of intracellular digestion by phagocytes ...... .................... 486 Interference with the immune response ........ ............................. 487 Viruses ..................................................................... 487 Interference with humoral defenses .......... ............................... 487 Interference with cellular defenses.......................................... 487 Interference with the immune response ........ ............................. 488 Fungi....................................................................... 488 Protozoa.......................................................","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC414009/pdf/bactrev00056-0117.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11614821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1977-06-01DOI: 10.1128/br.41.2.419-448.1977
A J Smith, D S Hoare
INTRODUCTION.............................................................. 419 Semantic Problems ............................................. 419 Occurrence of Versatile and Specialist Phototrophs, Lithotrophs, and Methylotrophs ...................................................... 421 CHARACTERISTIC ENERGY AND CARBON METABOLISM ....... ............ 423 Energy Metabolism ...................................................... 423 Carbon Metabolism ...................................................... 423 METABOLISM OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS BY SPECIALIST PHOTOTROPHS, LITHOTROPHS, AND METHYLOTROPHS ................................. 424 Influence of Organic Compounds on Growth ........... ....................... 424 Assimilation of Organic Compounds ................. ......................... 425 Requirements for the Assimilation of Organic Compounds ....... .............. 427 Fate of Organic Carbon Assimilated by Specialist Strains ....... ............... 427 Substrate Transport and the Specialist Condition............................... 432 OTHER POSSIBLE CAUSES OF SPECIALIST CHARACTERISTICS ...... ...... 433 Regulation of Enzyme Synthesis and Activity .......... ....................... 433 Energy Conservation in Specialist Strains ............. ........................ 434 Specialized Nutritional Requirements ................ ......................... 437 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................... 437 LITERATURE CITED ......................................................... 440
{"title":"Specialist phototrophs, lithotrophs, and methylotrophs: a unity among a diversity of procaryotes?","authors":"A J Smith, D S Hoare","doi":"10.1128/br.41.2.419-448.1977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1128/br.41.2.419-448.1977","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION.............................................................. 419 Semantic Problems ............................................. 419 Occurrence of Versatile and Specialist Phototrophs, Lithotrophs, and Methylotrophs ...................................................... 421 CHARACTERISTIC ENERGY AND CARBON METABOLISM ....... ............ 423 Energy Metabolism ...................................................... 423 Carbon Metabolism ...................................................... 423 METABOLISM OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS BY SPECIALIST PHOTOTROPHS, LITHOTROPHS, AND METHYLOTROPHS ................................. 424 Influence of Organic Compounds on Growth ........... ....................... 424 Assimilation of Organic Compounds ................. ......................... 425 Requirements for the Assimilation of Organic Compounds ....... .............. 427 Fate of Organic Carbon Assimilated by Specialist Strains ....... ............... 427 Substrate Transport and the Specialist Condition............................... 432 OTHER POSSIBLE CAUSES OF SPECIALIST CHARACTERISTICS ...... ...... 433 Regulation of Enzyme Synthesis and Activity .......... ....................... 433 Energy Conservation in Specialist Strains ............. ........................ 434 Specialized Nutritional Requirements ................ ......................... 437 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................... 437 LITERATURE CITED ......................................................... 440","PeriodicalId":55406,"journal":{"name":"Bacteriological Reviews","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC414007/pdf/bactrev00056-0061.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11541696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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