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The effect of object perception on event integration and segregation 物体感知对事件整合与分离的影响
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02922-6
Gülşen Balta, Elkan G. Akyürek

The perceptual system must integrate information from various points in time and space to interpret continuous sensory input into meaningful units, such as visual objects or events. To explore the relationship between the perception of spatial objects and temporal events, we modified the missing element task, a typical temporal integration task, by inserting a simple spatial object. The aim was to determine whether the perceptual processing of the object would have an impact on the frequency of temporal integration and segregation. Temporal integration was most successful when the missing element was located within the object, less successful when there was no object, and least successful when the missing element appeared outside the object. The advantage of the location of the missing element within the object was observed at display durations from 30 ms to 150 ms. Interestingly, the object provided the same benefit for integration and segregation despite their opposing perceptual demands. This study demonstrates the relationship that exists between the processing of temporal events and spatial objects, and shows how such spatial information can facilitate temporal integration.

知觉系统必须整合来自不同时空点的信息,才能将连续的感觉输入解读为有意义的单元,如视觉物体或事件。为了探索空间物体的感知与时间事件之间的关系,我们对典型的时间整合任务 "缺失元素任务 "进行了修改,加入了一个简单的空间物体。目的是确定对物体的感知处理是否会对时间整合和分离的频率产生影响。当缺失元素位于物体内部时,时间整合的成功率最高;当没有物体时,时间整合的成功率较低;而当缺失元素出现在物体外部时,时间整合的成功率最低。在显示持续时间为 30 毫秒到 150 毫秒的情况下,缺失元素位于对象内部的优势被观察到。有趣的是,尽管整合和分离对知觉的要求截然相反,但物体对整合和分离的益处是相同的。这项研究证明了时间事件处理与空间对象之间存在的关系,并展示了这些空间信息如何促进时间整合。
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引用次数: 0
Guess what? Only correct choices forge immediate stimulus–response bindings in guessing scenarios 猜什么?只有正确的选择才能在猜测情景中建立直接的刺激-反应联系
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02950-2
Anna Foerster, Viola Mocke, Birte Moeller, Roland Pfister

A central mechanism of human action control is the prompt binding between actions and the stimuli provoking them. Perceiving the same stimuli again retrieves any bound responses, facilitating their execution. An open question is whether such binding and retrieval only emerges when stimulus–response rules are known upon taking action or also when agents are forced to guess and receive feedback about whether they were successful or not afterward. In two experiments, we tested the hypothesis that knowing rules before responding would boost binding between stimuli and responses during action-taking relative to guessing situations. Second, we assessed whether the content of the feedback matters for binding in that agents might use feedback to build correct stimulus–response bindings even for wrong guesses. We used a sequential prime-probe design to induce stimulus–response binding for prime responses that were either rule-based or guesses, and to measure retrieval of these bindings in response times and errors in the probe. Results indicate that binding and retrieval emerge for successful but not for wrong guesses. Binding effects for correct guesses were consistently small in effect size, suggesting that pre-established stimulus–response bindings from instructed rules might indeed boost binding when taking action.

人类行动控制的一个核心机制是行动与刺激之间的迅速结合。再次感知相同的刺激会检索到任何绑定的反应,从而促进它们的执行。一个悬而未决的问题是,这种绑定和检索是否只有在采取行动时知道刺激-反应规则时才会出现,还是也会在行为主体被迫猜测并在事后收到关于他们是否成功的反馈时出现。在两个实验中,我们检验了这样一个假设,即相对于猜测情况,在做出反应之前知道规则会增强行动过程中刺激和反应之间的结合。其次,我们评估了反馈的内容是否会影响约束力,因为即使是错误的猜测,行为主体也可能会利用反馈来建立正确的刺激-反应约束力。我们使用了一个连续的素材-探究设计来诱导基于规则或猜测的素材反应的刺激-反应绑定,并在探究的反应时间和错误中测量这些绑定的检索。结果表明,成功的猜测会出现绑定和检索,而错误的猜测则不会。正确猜测的绑定效应在效应大小上一直较小,这表明在采取行动时,根据指导规则预先建立的刺激-反应绑定确实可能会增强绑定效应。
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引用次数: 0
The rise and fall of durable color-induced attentional bias 持久色彩诱导注意偏差的兴衰。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02946-y
Chun-Yu Kuo, Yei-Yu Yeh, Huan-Fu Chao

Target and distractor templates play a pivotal role in guiding attentional control during visual search, with the former template facilitating target search and the latter template leading distractor suppression. We first investigated whether task-irrelevant colors could earn their value through color-target contingency in the training phase and bias attention when they became a distractor in search for a singleton shape during the test phase. Colors provided useful information for target selection, with high- and low-informational values, respectively, in Experiments 1 and 2. Experience-based attentional biases were observed in the first half of the former experiment, and null results were observed in the latter. Experiment 3 verified whether the null results were elicited because the response-relevant feature inside of the singleton shape was also a singleton. Colors were task defined in the training phase, and the test display was the same as that used in Experiment 2. Experience-based attentional biases were observed in the first half of the test phase. In Experiment 4, we tested whether decreasing the consistency of distractor processing can lengthen the duration of experience-based attentional biases by increasing the number of possible response-relevant features inside of the colored distractor. The results showed experience-based attentional biases throughout the test phase. The results highlight the ideas that the informational value provided by a feature dimension for facilitating target selection can modify a target template and that the consistency of rejecting a distractor feature can play a role in the formation of a distractor template.

在视觉搜索过程中,目标模板和分心模板在引导注意控制方面起着关键作用,前者促进目标搜索,后者引导分心抑制。我们首先研究了与任务无关的颜色是否能在训练阶段通过颜色-目标或然性获得其价值,并在测试阶段成为搜索单个形状的分心物时产生注意偏差。在实验 1 和 2 中,颜色为目标选择提供了有用的信息,分别具有高信息价值和低信息价值。在前一项实验的前半部分,观察到了基于经验的注意偏差,而在后一项实验中则观察到了无效结果。实验 3 验证了空结果的出现是否因为单子形状内部的反应相关特征也是单子。颜色是在训练阶段由任务定义的,测试显示与实验 2 相同。在测试阶段的前半部分,我们观察到了基于经验的注意偏差。在实验 4 中,我们测试了通过增加彩色分心物内部可能存在的反应相关特征的数量,降低分心物处理的一致性是否能延长基于经验的注意偏差的持续时间。结果显示,基于经验的注意偏差贯穿了整个测试阶段。这些结果突出表明,特征维度为促进目标选择而提供的信息价值可以改变目标模板,而拒绝分心特征的一致性可以在分心模板的形成过程中发挥作用。
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引用次数: 0
Persistent resampling of external information despite 25 repetitions of the same visual search templates 尽管相同的视觉搜索模板重复出现了 25 次,但外部信息的重采样仍在持续。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02953-z
Alex J. Hoogerbrugge, Christoph Strauch, Tanja C. W. Nijboer, Stefan Van der Stigchel

We commonly load visual working memory minimally when to-be-remembered information remains available in the external world. In visual search, this is characterised by participants frequently resampling previously encoded templates, which helps minimize cognitive effort and improves task performance. If all search templates have been rehearsed many times, they should become strongly represented in memory, possibly eliminating the benefit of reinspections. To test whether repetition indeed leads to less resampling, participants searched for sets of 1, 2, and 4 continuously available search templates. Critically, each unique set of templates was repeated 25 trials consecutively. Although the number of inspections and inspection durations initially decreased strongly when a template set was repeated, behaviour largely stabilised between the tenth and last repetition: Participants kept resampling templates frequently. In Experiment 2, participants performed the same task, but templates became unavailable after 15 repetitions. Strikingly, accuracy remained high even when templates could not be inspected, suggesting that resampling was not strictly necessary in later repetitions. We further show that seemingly ’excessive’ resampling behaviour had no direct within-trial benefit to speed nor accuracy, and did not improve performance on long-term memory tests. Rather, we argue that resampling was partially used to boost metacognitive confidence regarding memory representations. As such, eliminating the benefit of minimizing working memory load does not eliminate the persistence with which we sample information from the external world – although the underlying reason for resampling behaviour may be different.

当外部世界中仍然存在待记忆信息时,我们通常会将视觉工作记忆的负荷降至最低。在视觉搜索中,这种情况的特点是参与者经常重新采样先前编码的模板,这有助于最大限度地减少认知努力并提高任务绩效。如果所有的搜索模板都被演练过很多次,那么它们在记忆中就会有很强的代表性,从而可能消除重新检查的益处。为了测试重复是否真的会减少重新取样的次数,参与者搜索了 1、2 和 4 组连续可用的搜索模板。重要的是,每套独特的模板都要连续重复 25 次试验。虽然在重复模板组时,检查次数和检查持续时间最初会大幅减少,但在第十次和最后一次重复之间,参与者的行为基本趋于稳定:参与者不断频繁地重新采样模板。在实验 2 中,参与者执行了相同的任务,但模板在重复 15 次后就不可用了。令人吃惊的是,即使在无法检查模板的情况下,准确率仍然很高,这表明在后面的重复中重新取样并非绝对必要。我们还进一步证明,看似 "过度 "的重采样行为并没有在试验中直接提高速度或准确性,也没有提高长期记忆测试的成绩。相反,我们认为,重取样的部分作用是增强对记忆表征的元认知信心。因此,消除工作记忆负荷最小化的益处并不能消除我们从外部世界采样信息的持久性--尽管重采样行为的根本原因可能不同。
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引用次数: 0
Visual search of illusory contours: The role of illusory contour clarity 虚幻轮廓的视觉搜索:虚幻轮廓清晰度的作用
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02949-9
Zorana Zupan, Vasilije Gvozdenović

Illusory contours demonstrate an important function of the visual system—object inference from incomplete boundaries, which can arise from factors such as low luminance, camouflage, or occlusion. Illusory contours can be perceived with varying degrees of clarity depending on the features of their inducers. The present study aimed to evaluate whether illusory contour clarity influences visual search efficiency. Experiment 1 compared visual search performance for Kanizsa illusory stimuli and nonillusory inducer stimuli when manipulating inducer size as a clarity factor. Experiment 2 examined the effects of illusory contour clarity on visual search by manipulating the number of rings with missing arcs (i.e., line ends) comprising the inducers, for both illusory and nonillusory stimuli. To investigate whether surface alterations had an impact on visual search in Experiment 1, Experiment 3 examined search performance for Kanizsa-like stimuli formed from “smoothed” inducers compared with standard Kanizsa figures. The results of Experiments 1 and 2 indicated that while Kanizsa produced inefficient search, this was not contingent on the clarity of the illusory contours. Experiment 3 suggested that surface alterations of Kanizsa figures did impact visual search performance. Together, the results indicated that illusory contour clarity did not have much bearing on search performance. In certain conditions, Kanizsa figures even facilitated search compared with nonillusory stimuli, suggesting that rather than contour inference, surface features might have greater relevance in guiding visual attention.

虚幻轮廓展示了视觉系统的一项重要功能--从不完整的边界推断物体,而不完整的边界可能是由低亮度、伪装或遮挡等因素造成的。幻觉轮廓的清晰度因诱导物的特征而异。本研究旨在评估虚幻轮廓的清晰度是否会影响视觉搜索效率。实验 1 比较了以诱导物大小作为清晰度因素时,Kanizsa 虚幻刺激和非虚幻诱导物刺激的视觉搜索表现。实验 2 通过操纵诱导物中缺失弧线(即线端)的圆环数量,考察了虚幻轮廓清晰度对视觉搜索的影响。为了研究表面变化是否对实验 1 中的视觉搜索产生影响,实验 3 考察了由 "平滑 "诱导物形成的类似卡尼萨的刺激与标准卡尼萨图形的搜索表现。实验 1 和 2 的结果表明,虽然卡尼萨会导致搜索效率低下,但这并不取决于虚幻轮廓的清晰度。实验 3 表明,卡尼萨图形表面的改变确实会影响视觉搜索的表现。总之,实验结果表明,虚幻轮廓的清晰度对搜索表现没有太大影响。在某些条件下,与非虚幻刺激相比,卡尼萨图形甚至会促进搜索,这表明在引导视觉注意力方面,表面特征可能比轮廓推理更有意义。
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引用次数: 0
Individual differences in working memory capacity and temporal preparation: A secondary reanalysis 工作记忆能力和时间准备的个体差异:二次再分析
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02951-1
Matthew S. Welhaf

The ability to prepare and maintain an optimal level of preparedness for action, across some unknown duration, is critical for human behavior. Temporal preparation has historically been analyzed in the context of reaction time (RT) experiments where the interval varies between the start of the trial, or foreperiod (FP), and the required response. Two main findings have come out of such paradigms: the variable FP effect (longer RTs to shorter vs. longer FPs) and the sequential FP effect (longer RTs when shorter FPs follow longer FPs). Several theoretical views of these FP effects have been proposed with some suggesting a dissociation while others argue for an implicit process driven by memory traces. One possible method to test these views of FP effects is to examine how individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC) moderate such effects. To this end, I reanalyzed data from three studies in which participants completed measures of WMC and a simple RT task with a variable FP. Results suggest that individual differences in WMC were related to the magnitude of the variable FP and the sequential FP effect in two of three individual studies. A “mega-analysis” provided supportive evidence for a relationship between WMC and both forms of FP effects. The present combined experimental-individual differences study provides a novel approach to better understand how and why individuals vary in temporal preparation ability. Through leveraging several large-scale databases unseen in FP research, I provide a new way of understanding FP effects and response timing more generally.

在未知的持续时间内为行动做好准备并保持最佳准备水平的能力对人类行为至关重要。时间准备历来都是在反应时间(RT)实验中进行分析的,在这些实验中,试验开始或前周期(FP)与所需反应之间的时间间隔是不同的。此类范式有两个主要发现:可变 FP 效应(较短 FP 与较长 FP 之间的反应时间较长)和连续 FP 效应(较短 FP 与较长 FP 之间的反应时间较长)。关于这些 FP 效应,已经提出了几种理论观点,其中一些观点认为这是一种分离现象,而另一些观点则认为这是一种由记忆痕迹驱动的内隐过程。检验这些 FP 效应观点的一种可行方法是研究工作记忆能力(WMC)的个体差异如何缓和这种效应。为此,我重新分析了三项研究的数据,在这三项研究中,被试完成了工作记忆容量的测量和一个简单的具有可变FP的RT任务。结果表明,在三项研究中的两项研究中,工作记忆能力的个体差异与可变 FP 和连续 FP 效应的大小有关。一项 "巨型分析 "为 WMC 与这两种形式的 FP 效应之间的关系提供了支持性证据。本实验-个体差异综合研究提供了一种新方法,可以更好地了解个体在时间准备能力方面的差异及其原因。通过利用 FP 研究中从未见过的几个大型数据库,我提供了一种理解 FP 效应和一般反应计时的新方法。
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引用次数: 0
Reduced contextual uncertainty facilitates learning what to attend to and what to ignore 减少背景的不确定性有助于学习关注什么、忽略什么
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02945-z
Chris Jungerius, Sophie Perizonius, Heleen A. Slagter

Variability in the search environment has been shown to affect the capture of attention by salient distractors, as attentional capture is reduced when context variability is low. However, it remains unclear whether this reduction in capture is caused by contextual learning or other mechanisms, grounded in generic context-structure learning. We set out to test this by training participants (n = 200) over two sessions in a visual search task, conducted online, where they gained experience with a small subset of search displays, which significantly reduced capture of attention by colour singletons. In a third session, we then tested participants on a mix of familiar and novel search displays and examined whether this reduction in capture was specific to familiar displays, indicative of contextual cueing effects, or would generalise to novel displays. We found no capture by the singleton in either the familiar or novel condition. Instead, our findings suggested that reduced statistical volatility reduced capture by allowing the development of generic predictions about task-relevant locations and features of the display. These findings add to the current debate about the determinants of capture by salient distractors by showing that capture is also affected by generic task regularities and by the volatility of the learning environment.

研究表明,搜索环境的多变性会影响突出分心物对注意力的捕捉,因为当情境多变性较低时,注意力捕捉就会减少。然而,这种捕捉能力的下降是由情境学习引起的,还是由基于一般情境-结构学习的其他机制引起的,目前仍不清楚。为了测试这一点,我们对参与者(n = 200)进行了两次在线视觉搜索任务训练,让他们获得了一小部分搜索显示的经验,从而显著降低了单色显示对注意力的捕获。在第三个环节中,我们用熟悉的和新奇的搜索显示对参与者进行了测试,并研究了这种捕获的减少是否只针对熟悉的显示,即上下文线索效应,或者是否会推广到新奇的显示。我们发现,在熟悉或新颖的条件下,都没有发现单子捕捉。相反,我们的研究结果表明,统计不稳定性的降低会减少捕捉,因为它允许对任务相关的显示位置和特征进行一般性预测。这些研究结果表明,捕获也会受到一般任务规律性和学习环境波动性的影响,从而为当前关于显著分心物捕获决定因素的讨论增添了新的内容。
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引用次数: 0
Target–distractor similarity predicts visual search efficiency but only for highly similar features 目标-分隔符相似性可预测视觉搜索效率,但仅限于高度相似的特征
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02954-y
Angus F. Chapman, Viola S. Störmer

A major constraining factor for attentional selection is the similarity between targets and distractors. When similarity is low, target items can be identified quickly and efficiently, whereas high similarity can incur large costs on processing speed. Models of visual search contrast a fast, efficient parallel stage with a slow serial processing stage where search times are strongly modulated by the number of distractors in the display. In particular, recent work has argued that the magnitude of search slopes should be inversely proportional to target–distractor similarity. Here, we assessed the relationship between target–distractor similarity and search slopes. In our visual search tasks, participants detected an oddball color target among distractors (Experiments 1 & 2) or discriminated the direction of a triangle in the oddball color (Experiment 3). We systematically varied the similarity between target and distractor colors (along a circular CIELAB color wheel) and the number of distractors in the search array, finding logarithmic search slopes that were inversely proportional to the number of items in the array. Surprisingly, we also found that searches were highly efficient (i.e., near-zero slopes) for targets and distractors that were extremely similar (≤20° in color space). These findings indicate that visual search is systematically influenced by target–distractor similarity across different processing stages. Importantly, we found that search can be highly efficient and entirely unaffected by the number of distractors despite high perceptual similarity, in contrast to the general assumption that high similarity must lead to slow and serial search behavior.

注意力选择的一个主要制约因素是目标物和干扰物之间的相似性。当相似度较低时,可以快速有效地识别目标项,而相似度较高时,处理速度会付出很大代价。视觉搜索模型将快速、高效的并行处理阶段与缓慢的串行处理阶段进行对比,在串行处理阶段,搜索时间受到显示屏中干扰物数量的强烈调节。最近的研究尤其认为,搜索斜率的大小应与目标-分散物相似度成反比。在这里,我们评估了目标--分散物相似度与搜索斜率之间的关系。在我们的视觉搜索任务中,被试在分散注意力的物体中检测出一个奇异颜色的目标(实验 1 & 2)或辨别奇异颜色三角形的方向(实验 3)。我们系统地改变了目标物和干扰物颜色之间的相似度(沿着一个圆形的 CIELAB 色轮)以及搜索阵列中干扰物的数量,发现对数搜索斜率与阵列中的项目数量成反比。令人惊讶的是,我们还发现,对于极其相似(色彩空间≤20°)的目标物和干扰物,搜索效率很高(即斜率接近零)。这些发现表明,视觉搜索在不同的处理阶段都会受到目标-分散物相似性的系统性影响。重要的是,我们发现,尽管知觉相似度很高,但搜索效率却很高,而且完全不受干扰物数量的影响,这与一般认为高相似度必然导致缓慢和连续搜索行为的假设截然不同。
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引用次数: 0
Contextual control demands determine whether stability and flexibility trade off against each other 情境控制要求决定了稳定性和灵活性是否相互抵消
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02955-x
Raphael Geddert, Tobias Egner

Cognitive stability, the ability to focus on a current task, and cognitive flexibility, the ability to switch between different tasks, are traditionally conceptualized as opposing end-points on a one-dimensional continuum. This assumption obligates a stability-flexibility trade-off – greater stability equates to less flexibility, and vice versa. In contrast, a recent cued task-switching study suggested that stability and flexibility can be regulated independently, evoking a two-dimensional perspective where trade-offs are optional (Geddert & Egner, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 151, 3009–3027, 2022). This raises the question of under what circumstances trade-offs occur. We here tested the hypothesis that trade-offs are guided by cost-of-control considerations whereby stability and flexibility trade off in contexts that selectively promote stability or flexibility, but not when neither or both are promoted. This proposal was probed by analyzing whether a trial-level metric of a stability-flexibility trade-off, an interaction between task-rule congruency and task sequence, varied as a function of a broader block-level context that independently varied demands on stability or flexibility by manipulating the proportion of incongruent and switch trials, respectively. In Experiment 1, we reanalyzed data from Geddert and Egner, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 151, 3009–3027, (2022); Experiment 2 was a conceptual replication with a design tweak that controlled for potential confounds due to local trial history effects. The experiments produced robust evidence for independent stability and flexibility adaptation, and for a context-dependent expression of trial-level stability-flexibility trade-offs that generally conformed to the cost-of-control predictions. The current study thus documents that stability-flexibility trade-offs are not obligatory but arise in contexts where either stability or flexibility are selectively encouraged.

认知稳定性(专注于当前任务的能力)和认知灵活性(在不同任务之间切换的能力)在传统概念上被认为是一维连续体上的对立端点。这种假设要求对稳定性和灵活性进行权衡--稳定性越高,灵活性越低,反之亦然。与此相反,最近的一项提示任务切换研究表明,稳定性和灵活性可以独立调节,这就唤起了一种二维视角,在这种视角下,权衡是可选的(Geddert & Egner, Journal of Experimental Psychology:一般,151,3009-3027,2022)。这就提出了在什么情况下会出现权衡的问题。我们在这里测试了一个假设,即权衡是在控制成本考虑的指导下进行的,在有选择地促进稳定性或灵活性的情况下,稳定性和灵活性会发生权衡,但在两者都不促进或两者都促进的情况下,则不会发生权衡。为了验证这一观点,我们分析了稳定性和灵活性权衡的试验水平指标,即任务规则一致性和任务顺序之间的交互作用,是否会随着更广泛的区块水平情境的变化而变化,该情境通过操纵不一致试验和切换试验的比例,分别独立地改变对稳定性或灵活性的要求。在实验 1 中,我们重新分析了 Geddert 和 Egner 在《实验心理学杂志》(Journal of Experimental Psychology:General, 151, 3009-3027, (2022);实验 2 是概念上的复制,对设计进行了调整,以控制局部试验历史效应可能造成的混淆。实验结果有力地证明了稳定性和灵活性的独立适应性,以及试验水平上稳定性-灵活性权衡的情境依赖性表达,总体上符合控制成本的预测。因此,当前的研究证明,稳定性-灵活性权衡并不是强制性的,而是在选择性鼓励稳定性或灵活性的情况下产生的。
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引用次数: 0
Attending is not enough: Responding to targets is needed for across-trial statistical learning 仅仅参加是不够的:跨试验统计学习需要对目标做出反应。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02952-0
Ai-Su Li, Dirk van Moorselaar, Jan Theeuwes

Recent evidence shows that observers are able to learn across-trial regularities as indicated by faster responses to targets whose location was predicted by the target’s location on the preceding trial. The present study investigated whether responding to both targets of the pair, as was the case in studies thus far, was needed for learning to occur. Participants searched for a shape singleton target and responded to the line inside. There were two across-trial predicting-predicted regularities regarding target locations: if the target appeared at one specific location on a given trial, it would appear at another specific location on the next trial. Unlike previous experiments, for one of these regularity pairs a response was only needed on either the first or the second target in the pair. Experiment 1 showed that across-trial learning only occurred when responding was required to both targets of a pair. If the response to one target of a pair had to be withheld, no learning occurred. Experiment 2 showed that the absence of learning cannot be attributed to carry-over inhibition resulting from not having to respond. After learning across-trial contingencies, learning remained in place even when the response to the first target of the pair had to be withheld. Our findings show that the execution of the (arbitrary) simple key-press response for both trials of the pair was needed for across-trial statistical learning to occur, whereas solely attending target locations did not result in any learning.

最近的证据表明,观察者能够学习跨试验的规律性,表现为对目标的反应速度更快,而目标的位置是由前一试验中目标的位置所预测的。本研究探讨的是,是否需要像迄今为止的研究那样,对一对目标中的两个目标都做出反应才能发生学习。被试寻找一个形状单一的目标,并对里面的线做出反应。关于目标位置有两个跨试验预测规律:如果目标在某次试验中出现在一个特定位置,那么在下一次试验中就会出现在另一个特定位置。与以往实验不同的是,对于其中一对规律性,只需要对这对规律性中的第一个或第二个目标做出反应即可。实验 1 表明,只有当需要对一对目标中的两个目标都做出反应时,才会发生跨试验学习。如果对一对目标中的一个目标不作出反应,则不会发生学习。实验 2 表明,没有学习不能归因于不必做出反应而产生的带入抑制。在学习了跨试验或然条件后,即使必须停止对一对目标中第一个目标的反应,学习仍然存在。我们的研究结果表明,要进行跨试验统计学习,必须在两个试验中都按下(任意的)简单按键,而只注意目标位置则不会产生任何学习效果。
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引用次数: 0
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