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Exploring perceptual grouping by proximity principle in multistable dot lattices: Dissociation between vision-for-perception and vision-for-action 通过多稳点阵中的邻近原则探索感知分组:为感知而视觉与为行动而视觉之间的分离。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02928-0
Hamze Moazzen, Shahriar Gharibzadeh, Fatemeh Bakouie

Perceptual grouping, a fundamental mechanism in our visual system, significantly influences our interpretation of and interaction with the surrounding world. This study explores the impact of the proximity principle from the perspective of the Two Visual Systems (TVS) model. The TVS model argues that the visual system comprises two distinct streams: the ventral stream, which forms the neural basis for “vision-for-perception,” and the dorsal stream, which underlies “vision-for-action.” We designed a perceptual grouping task using dot lattices as well as a line-orientation discrimination task. Data were collected using vocal and mouse methods for the vision-for-perception mode, and joystick and pen-paper methods for the vision-for-action mode. Each method, except for vocal, included separate blocks for right and left hands. The proximity data were fitted using exponential and power models. Linear mixed-effects models were used for the statistical analyses. The results revealed similar line-orientation discrimination accuracy across all conditions. The exponential model emerged as the best fit, demonstrating adherence to the Pure Distance Law in both perceptual modes. Sensitivity to the proximity principle was higher in the vision-for-action mode compared to the vision-for-perception. In terms of orientation biases, a strong preference for vertical orientation was observed in the vision-for-perception mode, whereas a noticeable preference toward either of the oblique orientations was detected in the vision-for-action mode. Analysis of free-drawn lines demonstrated an affordance bias in the vision-for-action mode. This suggests a remarkable tendency to perceive organizations within specific orientations that offer more affordances due to the interaction between the body postures and tools.

感知分组是我们视觉系统中的一种基本机制,它极大地影响着我们对周围世界的解读以及与周围世界的互动。本研究从两个视觉系统(TVS)模型的角度探讨了邻近原则的影响。双视觉系统模型认为,视觉系统包括两个不同的视觉流:构成 "感知视觉 "神经基础的腹侧视觉流和作为 "行动视觉 "基础的背侧视觉流。我们设计了一项使用点阵的感知分组任务和一项线方向辨别任务。在 "视觉-感知 "模式下,我们使用发声和鼠标方法收集数据;在 "视觉-行动 "模式下,我们使用操纵杆和纸笔方法收集数据。除发声方法外,每种方法都包括独立的左右手区块。接近度数据采用指数模型和幂模型进行拟合。线性混合效应模型用于统计分析。结果显示,所有条件下的线方向辨别准确率相似。指数模型的拟合效果最好,表明在两种感知模式下都符合纯距离定律。与 "视觉-感知 "模式相比,"视觉-行动 "模式对接近原则的敏感度更高。在方位偏差方面,"视觉换感知 "模式中对垂直方位有强烈偏好,而 "视觉换动作 "模式中对斜向方位有明显偏好。对自由画线的分析表明,在 "为行动而视觉 "模式下,人们会产生一种 "负担能力 "偏差。这表明,由于身体姿势和工具之间的相互作用,在特定方向上感知组织的趋势非常明显,这些方向提供了更多的可负担性。
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引用次数: 0
Timbral brightness perception investigated through multimodal interference 通过多模态干扰研究音调亮度感知
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02934-2
Charalampos Saitis, Zachary Wallmark

Brightness is among the most studied aspects of timbre perception. Psychoacoustically, sounds described as “bright” versus “dark” typically exhibit a high versus low frequency emphasis in the spectrum. However, relatively little is known about the neurocognitive mechanisms that facilitate these metaphors we listen with. Do they originate in universal magnitude representations common to more than one sensory modality? Triangulating three different interaction paradigms, we investigated using speeded classification whether intramodal, crossmodal, and amodal interference occurs when timbral brightness, as modeled by the centroid of the spectral envelope, and pitch height/visual brightness/numerical value processing are semantically congruent and incongruent. In four online experiments varying in priming strategy, onset timing, and response deadline, 189 total participants were presented with a baseline stimulus (a pitch, gray square, or numeral) then asked to quickly identify a target stimulus that is higher/lower, brighter/darker, or greater/less than the baseline after being primed with a bright or dark synthetic harmonic tone. Results suggest that timbral brightness modulates the perception of pitch and possibly visual brightness, but not numerical value. Semantically incongruent pitch height-timbral brightness shifts produced significantly slower reaction time (RT) and higher error compared to congruent pairs. In the visual task, incongruent pairings of gray squares and tones elicited slower RTs than congruent pairings (in two experiments). No interference was observed in the number comparison task. These findings shed light on the embodied and multimodal nature of experiencing timbre.

亮度是研究最多的音色感知方面之一。在心理声学上,被描述为 "明亮 "与 "黑暗 "的声音通常会在频谱中表现出高频与低频的侧重点。然而,人们对促进我们聆听这些隐喻的神经认知机制却知之甚少。它们是否源于一种以上感官模式所共有的通用幅度表征?通过三种不同的交互范式,我们使用加速分类法研究了当以频谱包络中心点为模型的音色亮度和音高/视觉亮度/数值处理在语义上一致和不一致时,是否会发生模内、跨模和模态干扰。在四项在线实验中,共有 189 名参与者接受了基线刺激(音高、灰色方块或数字),然后被要求在接受亮或暗的合成谐音刺激后,快速识别比基线更高/更低、更亮/更暗或更大/更小的目标刺激。结果表明,音色亮度会调节对音高的感知,也可能会调节对视觉亮度的感知,但不会调节对数值的感知。与一致的音调对相比,语义上不一致的音高-音调亮度转换产生的反应时间(RT)明显更慢,误差也更大。在视觉任务中,灰色方块和色调的不一致配对比一致配对(在两个实验中)引起的反应时间更慢。在数字比较任务中没有观察到干扰。这些发现揭示了体验音色的体现性和多模态性。
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引用次数: 0
Phonetic categorization in phonological lexical neighborhoods: Facilitatory and inhibitory effects 语音词汇邻域中的语音分类:促进和抑制作用。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02931-5
Yubin Zhang

Phonetic processing, whereby the bottom-up speech signal is translated into higher-level phonological representations such as phonemes, has been demonstrated to be influenced by phonological lexical neighborhoods. Previous studies show facilitatory effects of lexicality and phonological neighborhood density on phonetic categorization. However, given the evidence for lexical competition in spoken word recognition, we hypothesize that there are concurrent facilitatory and inhibitory effects of phonological lexical neighborhoods on phonetic processing. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants categorized the onset phoneme in word-nonword and nonword-word acoustic continua. The results show that the target word of the continuum exhibits facilitatory lexical influences whereas rhyme neighbors inhibit phonetic categorization. The results support the hypothesis that sublexical phonetic processing is affected by multiple facilitatory and inhibitory lexical forces in the processing stream.

语音处理是将自下而上的语音信号转化为音素等高层次语音表征的过程,已被证明会受到语音词性邻域的影响。以往的研究表明,词性和语音邻域密度对语音分类有促进作用。然而,鉴于有证据表明在口语单词识别中存在词性竞争,我们假设语音词性邻域对语音处理同时存在促进和抑制作用。在实验 1 和 2 中,受试者将起始音素分为单词-非单词和非单词-单词两个声学连续体。结果表明,连续体中的目标词对词汇有促进作用,而韵律邻域则对语音分类有抑制作用。这些结果支持了一个假设,即亚词汇语音加工过程受到加工流中多种促进性和抑制性词汇力量的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Automatic imitation is modulated by stimulus clarity but not by animacy 自动模仿受刺激物清晰度的调节,但不受灵性的调节。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-31 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02935-1
Hannah Wilt, Yuchunzi Wu, Antony Trotter, Patti Adank

Observing actions evokes an automatic imitative response that activates mechanisms required to execute these actions. Automatic imitation is measured using the Stimulus Response Compatibility (SRC) task, which presents participants with compatible and incompatible prompt-distractor pairs. Automatic imitation, or the compatibility effect, is the difference in response times (RTs) between incompatible and compatible trials. Past results suggest that an action’s animacy affects automatic imitation: human-produced actions evoke larger effects than computer-generated actions. However, it appears that animacy effects occur mostly when non-human stimuli are less complex or less clear. Theoretical accounts make conflicting predictions regarding both stimulus manipulations. We conducted two SRC experiments that presented participants with an animacy manipulation (human and computer-generated stimuli, Experiment 1) and a clarity manipulation (stimuli with varying visual clarity using Gaussian blurring, Experiments 1 and 2) to tease apart effect of these manipulations. Participants in Experiment 1 responded slower for incompatible than for compatible trials, showing a compatibility effect. Experiment 1 found a null effect of animacy, but stimuli with lower visual clarity evoked smaller compatibility effects. Experiment 2 modulated clarity in five steps and reports decreasing compatibility effects for stimuli with lower clarity. Clarity, but not animacy, therefore affected automatic imitation, and theoretical implications and future directions are considered.

观察动作会引起自动模仿反应,从而激活执行这些动作所需的机制。自动模仿是通过 "刺激反应兼容性(SRC)"任务来测量的。自动模仿或兼容性效应是指不兼容和兼容试验之间反应时间(RTs)的差异。过去的研究结果表明,动作的生动性会影响自动模仿:人类制作的动作比计算机生成的动作能唤起更大的效应。然而,动画效应似乎主要发生在非人类刺激不太复杂或不太清晰的情况下。理论界对这两种刺激操作的预测相互矛盾。我们进行了两个 SRC 实验,分别向参与者展示了灵动性操作(人类和计算机生成的刺激,实验 1)和清晰度操作(使用高斯模糊的不同视觉清晰度的刺激,实验 1 和 2),以区分这些操作的效果。在实验 1 中,参与者对不相容试验的反应比对相容试验的反应慢,这表明存在相容效应。实验 1 发现动画效果为零,但视觉清晰度较低的刺激引起的相容效果较小。实验 2 分五个步骤对清晰度进行了调节,结果表明,清晰度较低的刺激物所产生的相容效应逐渐减弱。因此,清晰度(而非生动性)对自动模仿有影响,本实验的理论意义和未来发展方向值得探讨。
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引用次数: 0
Size adaptation: Do you know it when you see it? 尺寸适应:当你看到它时,你知道它是什么吗?
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02925-3
Sami R. Yousif, Sam Clarke

The visual system adapts to a wide range of visual features, from lower-level features like color and motion to higher-level features like causality and, perhaps, number. According to some, adaptation is a strictly perceptual phenomenon, such that the presence of adaptation licenses the claim that a feature is truly perceptual in nature. Given the theoretical importance of claims about adaptation, then, it is important to understand exactly when the visual system does and does not exhibit adaptation. Here, we take as a case study one specific kind of adaptation: visual adaptation to size. Supported by evidence from four experiments, we argue that, despite robust effects of size adaptation in the lab, (1) size adaptation effects are phenomenologically underwhelming (in some cases, hardly appreciable at all), (2) some effects of size adaptation appear contradictory, and difficult to explain given current theories of size adaptation, and (3) prior studies on size adaptation may have failed to isolate size as the adapted dimension. Ultimately, we argue that while there is evidence to license the claim that size adaptation is genuine, size adaptation is a puzzling and poorly understood phenomenon.

视觉系统可以适应各种视觉特征,从颜色和运动等低级特征到因果关系等高级特征,或许还有数字特征。有些人认为,适应是一种严格意义上的知觉现象,因此,适应的存在就证明了某一特征在本质上确实是知觉的。因此,鉴于适应性说法在理论上的重要性,准确理解视觉系统何时表现出适应性、何时没有表现出适应性就显得尤为重要。在此,我们以一种特定的适应为例进行研究:视觉对大小的适应。在四个实验证据的支持下,我们认为,尽管在实验室中尺寸适应的效果很强,但(1)尺寸适应的效果在现象上并不明显(在某些情况下,几乎没有明显的效果);(2)尺寸适应的某些效果似乎是矛盾的,难以用当前的尺寸适应理论来解释;(3)先前关于尺寸适应的研究可能没有将尺寸分离为适应的维度。最后,我们认为,虽然有证据证明体型适应是真实的,但体型适应是一个令人费解和理解不深的现象。
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引用次数: 0
Investigating an effort avoidance account of attentional strategy choice 研究注意力策略选择的 "努力回避 "理论
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02927-1
Tianyu Zhang, Andrew B. Leber

People often choose suboptimal attentional control strategies during visual search. This has been at least partially attributed to the avoidance of the cognitive effort associated with the optimal strategy, but aspects of the task triggering such avoidance remain unclear. Here, we attempted to measure effort avoidance of an isolated task component to assess whether this component might drive suboptimal behavior. We adopted a modified version of the Adaptive Choice Visual Search (ACVS), a task designed to measure people’s visual search strategies. To perform optimally, participants must make a numerosity judgment—estimating and comparing two color sets—before they can advantageously search through the less numerous of the two. If participants skip the numerosity judgment step, they can still perform accurately, albeit substantially more slowly. To study whether effort associated with performing the optional numerosity judgment could be an obstacle to optimal performance, we created a variant of the demand selection task to quantify the avoidance of numerosity judgment effort. Results revealed a robust avoidance of the numerosity judgment, offering a potential explanation for why individuals choose suboptimal strategies in the ACVS task. Nevertheless, we did not find a significant relationship between individual numerosity judgment avoidance and ACVS optimality, and we discussed potential reasons for this lack of an observed relationship. Altogether, our results showed that the effort avoidance for specific subcomponents of a visual search task can be probed and linked to overall strategy choices.

在视觉搜索过程中,人们经常会选择次优的注意力控制策略。这至少部分归因于避免与最优策略相关的认知努力,但引发这种避免的任务方面仍不清楚。在此,我们尝试测量一个孤立任务部分的努力回避,以评估该部分是否可能驱动次优行为。我们采用了自适应选择视觉搜索(ACVS)的改进版,这是一项旨在测量人们视觉搜索策略的任务。为了达到最佳效果,参与者必须先进行数量判断--估计并比较两组颜色--然后才能在数量较少的两组颜色中进行有利的搜索。如果参与者跳过数量判断这一步骤,他们仍然可以准确地完成搜索,只是速度要慢得多。为了研究与进行可选数字判断相关的努力是否会成为最佳表现的障碍,我们创建了一个需求选择任务的变体,以量化避免数字判断的努力。结果表明,在 ACVS 任务中,个体对数字判断的回避程度很高,这为个体选择次优策略提供了可能的解释。尽管如此,我们并没有发现个体数字判断回避与 ACVS 优化之间存在显著的关系,我们也讨论了这种关系缺失的潜在原因。总之,我们的研究结果表明,可以对视觉搜索任务中特定子部分的努力回避进行探究,并将其与整体策略选择联系起来。
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引用次数: 0
The speed and phase of locomotion dictate saccade probability and simultaneous low-frequency power spectra. 运动的速度和阶段决定了囊状移动的概率和同步低频功率谱。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02932-4
Lydia Barnes, Matthew J Davidson, David Alais

Every day we make thousands of saccades and take thousands of steps as we explore our environment. Despite their common co-occurrence in a typical active state, we know little about the coordination between eye movements, walking behaviour and related changes in cortical activity. Technical limitations have been a major impediment, which we overcome here by leveraging the advantages of an immersive wireless virtual reality (VR) environment with three-dimensional (3D) position tracking, together with simultaneous recording of eye movements and mobile electroencephalography (EEG). Using this approach with participants engaged in unencumbered walking along a clear, level path, we find that the likelihood of eye movements at both slow and natural walking speeds entrains to the rhythm of footfall, peaking after the heel-strike of each step. Compared to previous research, this entrainment was captured in a task that did not require visually guided stepping - suggesting a persistent interaction between locomotor and visuomotor functions. Simultaneous EEG recordings reveal a concomitant modulation entrained to heel-strike, with increases and decreases in oscillatory power for a broad range of frequencies. The peak of these effects occurred in the theta and alpha range for slow and natural walking speeds, respectively. Together, our data show that the phase of the step-cycle influences other behaviours such as eye movements, and produces related modulations of simultaneous EEG following the same rhythmic pattern. These results reveal gait as an important factor to be considered when interpreting saccadic and time-frequency EEG data in active observers, and demonstrate that saccadic entrainment to gait may persist throughout everyday activities.

每天,我们在探索环境的过程中都会做出成千上万次眼球运动并迈出成千上万步。尽管在典型的活动状态下,眼球运动、行走行为和大脑皮层活动的相关变化之间的协调性经常出现,但我们却知之甚少。技术上的限制一直是一个主要障碍,我们在此利用具有三维(3D)位置跟踪功能的沉浸式无线虚拟现实(VR)环境的优势,并同时记录眼球运动和移动脑电图(EEG),克服了这一障碍。通过这种方法,我们发现,无论是慢速还是自然步行,眼球运动的可能性都会随着脚步的节奏而变化,并在每一步的脚跟蹬地之后达到峰值。与之前的研究相比,我们在一项不需要视觉引导迈步的任务中捕捉到了这种诱导--这表明运动功能和视觉运动功能之间存在持续的相互作用。同时进行的脑电图记录显示,脚跟蹬地也会产生相应的调制,在广泛的频率范围内,振荡功率时增时减。这些效应的峰值分别出现在慢速和自然步行速度的θ和α范围内。总之,我们的数据表明,步态周期的相位会影响眼球运动等其他行为,并按照相同的节奏模式对同步脑电图产生相关的调节。这些结果表明,在解释活跃观察者的囊回和时频脑电图数据时,步态是一个需要考虑的重要因素,并证明囊回对步态的诱导可能在整个日常活动中持续存在。
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引用次数: 0
Skills and cautiousness predict performance in difficult search 技能和谨慎程度可预测困难搜索中的表现。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-12 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02923-5
Zoe Jing Xu, Simona Buetti, Yan Xia, Alejandro Lleras

People differ in how well they search. What are the factors that might contribute to this variability? We tested the contribution of two cognitive abilities: visual working memory (VWM) capacity and object recognition ability. Participants completed three tasks: a difficult inefficient visual search task, where they searched for a target letter T among skewed L distractors; a VWM task, where they memorized a color array and then identified whether a probed color belonged to the previous array; and the Novel Object Memory Test (NOMT), where they learnt complex novel objects and then identified them amongst objects that closely resembled them. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed that there are two latent factors that explain the shared variance among these three tasks: a factor indicative of the level of caution participants exercised during the challenging visual search task, and a factor representing their visual cognitive abilities. People who score high on the search cautiousness tend to perform a more accurate but slower search. People who score high on the visual cognitive ability factor tend to have a higher VWM capacity, a better object recognition ability, and a faster search speed. The results reflect two points: (1) Visual search tasks share components with visual working memory and object recognition tasks. (2) Search performance is influenced not only by the search display’s properties but also by individual predispositions such as caution and general visual abilities. This study introduces new factors for consideration when interpreting variations in visual search behaviors.

人们的搜索能力各不相同。造成这种差异的因素有哪些?我们测试了两种认知能力的贡献:视觉工作记忆(VWM)能力和物体识别能力。受试者完成了三项任务:一项难度较高的低效视觉搜索任务,受试者在倾斜的L干扰物中寻找目标字母T;一项视觉工作记忆任务,受试者记住一个颜色阵列,然后辨别探测到的颜色是否属于之前的颜色阵列;以及一项新奇物体记忆测试(NOMT),受试者学习复杂的新奇物体,然后在与之非常相似的物体中辨别它们。探索性和确认性因素分析表明,有两个潜在因素可以解释这三个任务之间的共同差异:一个因素表明参与者在具有挑战性的视觉搜索任务中的谨慎程度,另一个因素则代表他们的视觉认知能力。搜索谨慎程度得分高的人往往会进行更准确但更缓慢的搜索。在视觉认知能力因子上得分高的人往往具有更高的 VWM 容量、更好的物体识别能力和更快的搜索速度。这些结果反映了两点:(1)视觉搜索任务与视觉工作记忆和物体识别任务有共同的成分。(2)搜索表现不仅受搜索显示属性的影响,还受个人倾向(如谨慎和一般视觉能力)的影响。本研究为解释视觉搜索行为的变化引入了新的考虑因素。
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引用次数: 0
Neural correlates for word-frequency effect in Chinese natural reading. 中文自然阅读中词频效应的神经相关性。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-12 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02894-7
Xiaolin Mei, Shuyuan Chen, Xinyi Xia, Bo Yang, Yanping Liu

Word frequency effect has always been of interest for reading research because of its critical role in exploring mental processing underlying reading behaviors. Access to word frequency information has long been considered an indicator of the beginning of lexical processing and the most sensitive marker for studying when the brain begins to extract semantic information Sereno & Rayner, Brain and Cognition, 42, 78-81, (2000), Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 489-493, (2003). While the word frequency effect has been extensively studied in numerous eye-tracking and traditional EEG research using the RSVP paradigm, there is a lack of corresponding evidence in studies of natural reading. To find the neural correlates of the word frequency effect, we conducted a study of Chinese natural reading using EEG and eye-tracking coregistration to examine the time course of lexical processing. Our results reliably showed that the word frequency effect first appeared in the N200 time window and the bilateral occipitotemporal regions. Additionally, the word frequency effect was reflected in the N400 time window, spreading from the occipital region to the central parietal and frontal regions. Our current study provides the first neural correlates for word-frequency effect in natural Chinese reading so far, shedding new light on understanding lexical processing in natural reading and could serve as an important basis for further reading study when considering neural correlates in a realistic manner.

词频效应一直是阅读研究的兴趣所在,因为它在探索阅读行为背后的心理加工过程中起着至关重要的作用。词频信息的获取一直被认为是词汇加工开始的指标,也是研究大脑何时开始提取语义信息的最敏感标记 Sereno & Rayner, Brain and Cognition, 42, 78-81, (2000), Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 489-493, (2003)。虽然词频效应已在大量眼动跟踪和使用 RSVP 范式的传统脑电图研究中得到广泛研究,但在自然阅读研究中却缺乏相应的证据。为了找到词频效应的神经相关因素,我们利用脑电图和眼动追踪核心定位技术对中文自然阅读进行了研究,以考察词汇加工的时间过程。我们的结果可靠地表明,词频效应首先出现在 N200 时间窗和双侧枕颞区。此外,词频效应还反映在 N400 时间窗中,并从枕叶区扩散到中央顶叶区和额叶区。我们目前的研究首次提供了汉语自然阅读中词频效应的神经相关性,为理解自然阅读中的词汇加工提供了新的启示,并可作为进一步阅读研究中考虑神经相关性的重要依据。
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引用次数: 0
Invariant contexts reduce response time variability in visual search in an age-specific way: A comparison of children, teenagers, and adults 不变情境以特定年龄的方式减少视觉搜索中的反应时间变异:儿童、青少年和成年人的比较。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02926-2
Chengyu Fan, Artyom Zinchenko, Lihan Chen, Jiao Wu, Yeke Qian, Xuelian Zang

Contextual cueing is a phenomenon in which repeatedly encountered arrays of items can enhance the visual search for a target item. This is widely attributed to attentional guidance driven by contextual memory acquired during visual search. Some studies suggest that children may have an immature ability to use contextual cues compared to adults, while others argue that contextual learning capacity is similar across ages. To test the development of context-guided attention, this study compared contextual cueing effects among three age groups: adults (aged 18–33 years, N = 32), teenagers (aged 15–17 years, N = 41), and younger children (aged 8–9 years, N = 43). Moreover, this study introduced a measure of response time variability that tracks fluctuations in response time throughout the experiment, in addition to the conventional analysis of response times. The results showed that all age groups demonstrated significantly faster responses in repeated than non-repeated search contexts. Notably, adults and teenagers exhibited smaller response time variability in repeated contexts than in non-repeated ones, while younger children did not. This implies that children are less efficient at consolidating contextual information into a stable memory representation, which may lead to less stable attentional guidance during visual search.

情境提示是一种现象,在这种现象中,重复出现的物品阵列可以增强对目标物品的视觉搜索。人们普遍认为,这是由于在视觉搜索过程中获得的情境记忆驱动了注意引导。一些研究表明,与成人相比,儿童使用情境线索的能力可能还不成熟,而另一些研究则认为,情境学习能力在不同年龄段是相似的。为了测试情境引导注意力的发展,本研究比较了三个年龄组的情境提示效果:成人(18-33 岁,32 人)、青少年(15-17 岁,41 人)和低龄儿童(8-9 岁,43 人)。此外,除了常规的反应时间分析外,本研究还引入了反应时间变异性测量,以跟踪整个实验过程中反应时间的波动。结果显示,所有年龄组在重复搜索情境中的反应速度都明显快于非重复搜索情境。值得注意的是,成人和青少年在重复情境中的反应时间波动小于非重复情境,而年龄较小的儿童则不然。这意味着,儿童将情境信息巩固为稳定记忆表征的效率较低,这可能会导致他们在视觉搜索过程中的注意力引导不够稳定。
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引用次数: 0
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