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Memory, attention and creativity as cognitive processes in musical performance: A case study of students and professionals among non-musicians and musicians 音乐表演中的记忆、注意力和创造力认知过程:非音乐家和音乐家中学生和专业人士的案例研究。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02944-0
Jingtao Zhao

This research discusses that cognitive processes such as memory, attention and creativity differ in students and professionals, among musicians and non-musicians, dealing with musical performance. The purpose of the study was to evaluate and compare the role of memory, attention and creativity as cognitive processes in musical performance, focusing on the differences between non-musicians and musicians. The sample involved 400 individuals, students and professionals, specialising in music and economics. The research instruments used by the scholars were the Wechsler Memory Scale, the Conners Performance Test, and the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. Musical students possessed better-developed auditory and short-term memory, while professional musicians had better auditory, visual working and short-term memory. Analysis of attention reveals that music students score better than non-musicians on all four aspects: inattention, impulsivity, sustained attention, and vigilance. For professionals, the key aspects are impulsivity and sustained attention with better results revealed in musicians. Creative thinking was the only factor where the differences were statistically significant in all five scales and the findings proved that creativity was better developed among musicians. This study provides an in-depth analysis and adds new knowledge to existing literature and empirical data on the cognitive processes associated with musical performance, focusing on memory, attention and creativity. By examining the differences between non-musicians and musicians, as well as students and professionals, the study provides insight into how musical performance can be used as a way to develop these cognitive processes.

本研究讨论了学生和专业人员、音乐家和非音乐家在音乐表演方面的认知过程,如记忆力、注意力和创造力。研究的目的是评估和比较记忆、注意力和创造力作为认知过程在音乐表演中的作用,重点关注非音乐家和音乐家之间的差异。样本涉及 400 名音乐和经济专业的学生和专业人士。学者们使用的研究工具包括韦氏记忆量表、康纳斯成绩测验和托伦斯创造性思维测验。音乐专业的学生拥有更好的听觉记忆和短期记忆,而专业音乐家则拥有更好的听觉记忆、视觉工作记忆和短期记忆。对注意力的分析表明,音乐专业学生在注意力不集中、冲动、持续注意力和警觉性四个方面的得分都高于非音乐专业学生。对于专业人员来说,关键的方面是冲动性和持续注意力,音乐家的成绩更好。创造性思维是唯一一个在所有五个量表中差异都有统计学意义的因素,研究结果证明,音乐家的创造性发展得更好。本研究对与音乐表现相关的认知过程进行了深入分析,为现有文献和实证数据增添了新的知识,重点关注记忆力、注意力和创造力。通过研究非音乐家与音乐家、学生与专业人士之间的差异,本研究深入探讨了如何利用音乐表演来发展这些认知过程。
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引用次数: 0
Working memory load does not interfere with distractor suppression in the additional singleton task 在额外的单人任务中,工作记忆负荷不会干扰分心物抑制。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-20 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02940-4
Francisco Vicente-Conesa, Ignacio Castillejo, Miguel A. Vadillo

Over the last decade, the additional singleton task has been widely used to study visual statistical learning. In this paradigm, participants are instructed to find a target while ignoring a series of distractors. In some trials, a salient singleton distractor is added to the search display, making the task more difficult. However, if the singleton appears more frequently in one particular location of the display, participants eventually learn to suppress attention towards this location. It has been suggested that this type of learning is probably implicit and independent of working memory (WM) resources. To our knowledge, only one study has explored the impact of WM in suppression effect (Gao & Theeuwes, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 27, 96–104, 2020). However, there are reasons to suspect that the amount and type of WM load used in that study may have been suboptimal to detect any effects on distractor suppression. The aim of the present study was to explore the impact of WM load on distractor suppression addressing these issues. Contrary to our expectations, our results confirm that this type of learning is indeed highly resilient even to strong manipulations of WM load.

在过去十年中,附加单子任务被广泛用于研究视觉统计学习。在这一范例中,参与者被要求在忽略一系列干扰物的同时找到一个目标。在某些试验中,搜索显示屏上会增加一个突出的单体分心物,从而增加了任务的难度。但是,如果单个干扰物更频繁地出现在显示屏的某一特定位置,参与者最终就会学会抑制对这一位置的注意。有人认为,这种学习可能是内隐的,与工作记忆(WM)资源无关。据我们所知,只有一项研究探讨了工作记忆对抑制效果的影响(Gao 和 Theeuwes,《心理学通报与评论》,27, 96-104, 2020 年)。然而,我们有理由怀疑,该研究中使用的 WM 负荷的数量和类型可能并不理想,无法检测出对分心抑制的影响。本研究的目的就是针对这些问题,探讨 WM 负荷对分心抑制的影响。与我们的预期相反,我们的研究结果证实,这种类型的学习确实具有很强的恢复能力,即使是对 WM 负荷的强烈操纵也是如此。
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引用次数: 0
In simple but challenging search tasks, most errors are stochastic 在简单但具有挑战性的搜索任务中,大多数错误都是随机的。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02938-y
Jeremy M. Wolfe, Johan Hulleman, Ava Mitra, Wentao Si

In visual search tasks in the lab and in the real world, people routinely miss targets that are clearly visible: so-called look but fail to see (LBFTS) errors. If search displays are shown to the same observer twice, we can ask about the probability of joint errors, where the target is missed both times. If errors are “deterministic,” then the probability of a second error on the same display–given that the target was missed the first time–should be high. If errors are “stochastic,” the probability of joint errors should be the product of the error rate for first and second appearances. Here, we report on two versions of a T among Ls search with somewhat degraded letters to make search more difficult. In Experiment 1, Ts could either appear amidst crowded “clumps” of Ls or more in isolation. Observers made more errors when the T was in a clump, but these errors were mainly stochastic. In Experiment 2, the task was made harder by making Ts and Ls more similar. Again, errors were predominantly stochastic. If other, socially important errors are also stochastic, this would suggest that “double reading,” where two observers (human or otherwise) look at each stimulus, could reduce overall error rates.

在实验室和现实世界的视觉搜索任务中,人们经常会错过清晰可见的目标:即所谓的看而不见(LBFTS)错误。如果搜索显示向同一观察者显示两次,我们就可以询问共同错误的概率,即两次都错过目标。如果错误是 "确定性 "的,那么在同一显示屏上出现第二次错误的概率就会很高--因为目标在第一次显示时已经错过了。如果错误是 "随机的",那么共同出错的概率应该是第一次和第二次出错率的乘积。在这里,我们报告了两个版本的 T among Ls 搜索,其中字母的质量有所降低,从而增加了搜索的难度。在实验 1 中,Ts 可以出现在拥挤的 Ls "团块 "中,也可以单独出现。当 T 出现在字母群中时,观察者会出现更多错误,但这些错误主要是随机的。在实验 2 中,Ts 和 Ls 的相似性增加了任务的难度。同样,错误主要是随机的。如果其他重要的社会性错误也是随机的,那么这将表明 "双读",即两个观察者(人类或其他观察者)观察每个刺激物,可以降低总体错误率。
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引用次数: 0
Retraction Note: Mask-related costs in measuring preview benefit: Evidence from a distributional analysis based on target word reading times 撤稿说明:衡量预览效益的面具相关成本:基于目标词阅读时间的分布分析证据。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02943-1
Nikki G. Fackler, Peter C. Gordon
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引用次数: 0
Openness to experience predicts eye movement behavior during scene viewing 体验开放性可预测观看场景时的眼动行为。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02937-z
Nicholas J. Wyche, Mark Edwards, Stephanie C. Goodhew

Individuals’ abilities to perform goal-directed spatial deployments of attention are distinguishable from their broader preferences for how they use spatial attention when circumstances do not compel a specific deployment strategy. Although these preferences are likely to play a major role in how we interact with the visual world during daily life, they remain relatively understudied. This exploratory study investigated two key questions about these preferences: firstly, are individuals consistent in their preferences for how they deploy their spatial attention when making shifts of attention versus adopting an attentional breadth? Secondly, which other factors are associated with these preferences? Across two experiments, we measured how participants preferred to deploy both attentional breadth (using an adapted Navon task) and eye movements (using a free-viewing task). We also measured participants’ working memory capacities (Experiment 1), and their personalities and world beliefs (Experiment 2). In both experiments, there were consistent individual differences in preference for attentional breadth and eye movement characteristics, but these two kinds of preference were unrelated to each other. Working memory capacity was not linked to these preferences. Conversely, the personality trait of Openness to Experience robustly predicted two aspects of eye movement behavior preference, such that higher levels of Openness predicted smaller saccades and shorter scan paths. This suggests that personality dimensions may predict preferences for more absorbed engagement with visual information. However, it appears that individuals’ preferences for shifts of attention during scene viewing do not necessarily relate to the breadth of attention they choose to adopt.

个体进行目标导向的空间注意力调配的能力,与他们在环境并不强迫特定调配策略时如何使用空间注意力的广泛偏好是有区别的。虽然这些偏好可能在我们日常生活中如何与视觉世界互动方面发挥着重要作用,但对它们的研究却相对较少。这项探索性研究调查了有关这些偏好的两个关键问题:首先,在进行注意力转移与采用注意力广度时,个人对如何部署空间注意力的偏好是否一致?其次,这些偏好与哪些其他因素有关?在两次实验中,我们测量了参与者对注意力广度(使用改编的纳冯任务)和眼球运动(使用自由观察任务)的偏好。我们还测量了参与者的工作记忆能力(实验 1)以及他们的个性和世界观(实验 2)。在这两项实验中,对注意力广度和眼球运动特征的偏好存在一致的个体差异,但这两种偏好互不相关。工作记忆能力与这些偏好无关。相反,"对经验的开放性 "这一人格特质却能有力地预测眼动行为偏好的两个方面,例如,开放性水平越高,预测的眼动越小,扫描路径越短。这表明,人格维度可能会预测对视觉信息更投入的偏好。然而,个体在观看场景时对注意力转移的偏好似乎并不一定与他们所选择的注意力广度有关。
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引用次数: 0
Mixing and mingling in visual working memory: Inter-item competition is feature-specific during encoding and feature-general during maintenance 视觉工作记忆中的混合与混杂:项目间的竞争在编码时是特定特征的,而在保持时则是一般特征的。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02933-3
Janna W. Wennberg, John T. Serences

Visual working memory (WM) is a central cognitive ability but is capacity-limited due to competition between remembered items. Understanding whether inter-item competition depends on the similarity of the features being remembered has important implications for determining if competition occurs in sensory or post-sensory stages of processing. Experiment 1 compared the precision of WM across homogeneous displays, where items belonged to the same feature type (e.g., colorful circles), and heterogeneous displays (e.g., colorful circles and oriented bars). Performance was better for heterogeneous displays, suggesting a feature-specific component of interference. However, Experiment 2 used a retro-cueing task to isolate encoding from online maintenance and revealed that inter-item competition during storage was not feature-specific. The data support recent models of WM in which inter-item interference – and hence capacity limits in WM – occurs in higher-order structures that receive convergent input from a diverse array of feature-specific representations.

视觉工作记忆(WM)是一种核心认知能力,但由于记忆项之间的竞争,其容量受到限制。了解项目间的竞争是否取决于被记忆特征的相似性,对于确定竞争是发生在感官加工阶段还是感官后加工阶段具有重要意义。实验 1 比较了同质显示(项目属于同一特征类型,如彩色圆圈)和异质显示(如彩色圆圈和定向条)下的 WM 精确度。异质显示的表现更好,这表明干扰中存在特征特异性成分。然而,实验 2 使用了一个回溯提示任务,将编码与在线维护分离开来,结果发现在存储过程中项目间的竞争并不具有特征特异性。这些数据支持了最近的 WM 模型,即项间干扰--因此也是 WM 容量的限制--发生在高阶结构中,这些结构从一系列不同的特定特征表征中接收融合输入。
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引用次数: 0
Absolute pitch in involuntary musical imagery 无意识音乐意象中的绝对音高。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02936-0
Matthew G. Evans, Pablo Gaeta, Nicolas Davidenko

Memory for isolated absolute pitches is extremely rare in Western, English-speaking populations. However, past research has found that people can voluntarily reproduce well-known songs in the original key much more often than chance. It is unknown whether this requires deliberate effort or if it manifests in involuntary musical imagery (INMI, or earworms). Participants (N = 30, convenience sample) were surveyed at random times over a week and asked to produce a sung recording of any music they were experiencing in their heads. We measured the “pitch error” of each recording to the nearest semitone by comparing participants’ recordings to the original song. We found that 44.7% of recordings had a pitch error of 0 semitones, and 68.9% of recordings were within ± 1 semitone of the original song. Our results provide novel evidence that a large proportion of the population has access to absolute pitch, as revealed in their INMI.

对孤立的绝对音高的记忆在西方英语国家的人群中极为罕见。然而,过去的研究发现,人们能够自愿地以原始调式重现著名歌曲的频率要比偶然的高得多。目前尚不清楚这是否需要刻意努力,还是表现为不自主的音乐想象(INMI,或耳虫)。我们在一周内随机对参与者(30 人,方便抽样)进行了调查,并要求他们将脑海中正在经历的任何音乐录制成歌唱录音。我们通过比较参与者的录音和原唱,测量了每段录音的 "音高误差"(精确到最接近的半音)。我们发现,44.7% 的录音音高误差为 0 个半音,68.9% 的录音与原唱的音高误差在 ± 1 个半音以内。我们的研究结果提供了新的证据,证明很大一部分人可以通过 INMI 获得绝对音高。
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引用次数: 0
Rhythmic variance influences the speed but not the accuracy of complex averaging decisions 节奏差异会影响复杂平均决策的速度,但不会影响其准确性。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02930-6
David Greatrex, Sarah Hawkins

When a rhythm makes an event predictable, that event is perceived faster, and typically more accurately. However, the experiments showing this used simple tasks, and most manipulated temporal expectancy by using periodic or aperiodic precursors unrelated to stimulus and task. Three experiments tested the generality of these observations in a complex task in which rhythm was intrinsic to, rather than a precursor of, the information needed to respond: listeners averaged the laterality of a stream of noise bursts. We varied presentation rate, degree of periodicity, and average lateralisation. Decisions following a probe tone were fastest after periodic stimuli, and slowest after the most aperiodic stimuli. Without a probe tone, listeners responded sooner during periodic sequences, thus hearing less information. Periodicity did not benefit accuracy overall. This gain in speed but not accuracy for less information is not reported for simpler tasks. Neural entrainment supplemented by cognitive factors provide a tentative explanation. When the task is inherently complex and demands high attention over long durations, both expected-periodic and unexpected-aperiodic stimuli can increase response amplitude, enhancing stimulus representation, but periodicity increases confidence to respond early. Drift diffusion modelling supports this proposal: aperiodicity modulated the decision threshold, but not the drift rate or non-decision time. Together, these new data and the literature point towards task-dependent effects of temporal expectation on decision-making, showing interactions between rhythmic variance, task complexity, and sources of expectation about stimuli. We suggest the implications are worth exploring to extend understanding of rhythmicity on decision-making to everyday situations.

当节奏使事件变得可预测时,该事件会被更快地感知,通常也会更准确地感知。然而,显示这种情况的实验都使用了简单的任务,而且大多数实验通过使用与刺激和任务无关的周期性或非周期性前兆来操纵时间预期。有三个实验测试了这些观察结果在复杂任务中的普遍性,在这些任务中,节奏是反应所需信息的内在因素,而不是前兆:听者对噪声脉冲串的横向性进行平均。我们改变了呈现率、周期性程度和平均侧向性。在周期性刺激下,听者在听到探测音后反应最快,而在非周期性刺激下反应最慢。在没有探究音的情况下,听者在周期性序列中反应更快,因此听到的信息更少。总体而言,周期性并没有提高准确性。在较简单的任务中,这种因信息量较少而提高速度但不提高准确度的情况并未见报道。在认知因素的补充下,神经系统的协调性提供了一个初步的解释。当任务本身很复杂并要求长时间高度集中注意力时,预期周期性刺激和意外周期性刺激都能增加反应幅度,从而增强刺激的表征,但周期性刺激会增加早期反应的信心。漂移扩散模型支持这一提议:非周期性会调节决策阈值,但不会调节漂移率或非决策时间。这些新数据和文献共同表明,时间预期对决策的影响取决于任务,显示了节奏变异、任务复杂性和对刺激的预期来源之间的相互作用。我们认为这些影响值得探讨,以便将节奏性对决策的影响扩展到日常生活中。
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引用次数: 0
Independent-channels models of temporal-order judgment revisited: A model comparison 时序判断的独立通道模型再探:模型比较
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02915-5
Paul Kelber, Rolf Ulrich

The perception of temporal order or simultaneity of stimuli is almost always explained in terms of independent-channels models, such as perceptual-moment, triggered-moment, and attention-switching models. Independent-channels models generally posit that stimuli are processed in separate peripheral channels and that their arrival-time difference at a central location is translated into an internal state of order (simultaneity) if it reaches (misses) a certain threshold. Non-monotonic and non-parallel psychometric functions in a ternary-response task provided critical evidence against a wide range of independent-channels models. However, two independent-channels models have been introduced in the last decades that can account for such shapes by considering misreports of internal states (response-error model) or by assuming that simultaneity and order judgments rely on distinct sensory and decisional processes (two-stage model). Based on previous ideas, we also consider a two-threshold model, according to which the same arrival-time difference may need to reach a higher threshold for order detection than for successiveness detection. All three models were fitted to various data sets collected over a period of more than a century. The two-threshold model provided the best balance between goodness of fit and parsimony. This preference for the two-threshold model over the two-stage model and the response-error model aligns well with several lines of evidence from cognitive modeling, psychophysics, mental chronometry, and psychophysiology. We conclude that the seemingly deviant shapes of psychometric functions can be explained within the framework of independent-channels models in a simpler way than previously assumed.

对刺激的时间顺序或同时性的感知几乎总是用独立通道模型来解释,如知觉-瞬间模型、触发-瞬间模型和注意转换模型。独立通道模型一般认为,刺激是在独立的外围通道中处理的,如果刺激到达(错过)某个阈值,它们在中心位置的到达时间差就会转化为内部的顺序(同时性)状态。在三元反应任务中,非单调和非平行的心理测量函数为反对各种独立通道模型提供了重要证据。然而,在过去的几十年中,有两种独立通道模型可以通过考虑内部状态的误报(反应误差模型)或假设同时性和顺序判断依赖于不同的感觉和决策过程(两阶段模型)来解释这种形状。基于之前的想法,我们还考虑了一个双阈值模型,根据该模型,相同的到达时间差可能需要达到更高的阈值才能进行顺序检测,而不是成功性检测。我们对一个多世纪以来收集的各种数据集进行了拟合。双阈值模型在拟合度和简约性之间取得了最佳平衡。与两阶段模型和反应误差模型相比,我们更倾向于采用两阈值模型,这与认知建模、心理物理学、心理计时学和心理生理学的一些证据非常吻合。我们的结论是,在独立通道模型的框架内,心理测量函数看似偏差的形状可以用比以前假设的更简单的方法来解释。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring perceptual grouping by proximity principle in multistable dot lattices: Dissociation between vision-for-perception and vision-for-action 通过多稳点阵中的邻近原则探索感知分组:为感知而视觉与为行动而视觉之间的分离。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02928-0
Hamze Moazzen, Shahriar Gharibzadeh, Fatemeh Bakouie

Perceptual grouping, a fundamental mechanism in our visual system, significantly influences our interpretation of and interaction with the surrounding world. This study explores the impact of the proximity principle from the perspective of the Two Visual Systems (TVS) model. The TVS model argues that the visual system comprises two distinct streams: the ventral stream, which forms the neural basis for “vision-for-perception,” and the dorsal stream, which underlies “vision-for-action.” We designed a perceptual grouping task using dot lattices as well as a line-orientation discrimination task. Data were collected using vocal and mouse methods for the vision-for-perception mode, and joystick and pen-paper methods for the vision-for-action mode. Each method, except for vocal, included separate blocks for right and left hands. The proximity data were fitted using exponential and power models. Linear mixed-effects models were used for the statistical analyses. The results revealed similar line-orientation discrimination accuracy across all conditions. The exponential model emerged as the best fit, demonstrating adherence to the Pure Distance Law in both perceptual modes. Sensitivity to the proximity principle was higher in the vision-for-action mode compared to the vision-for-perception. In terms of orientation biases, a strong preference for vertical orientation was observed in the vision-for-perception mode, whereas a noticeable preference toward either of the oblique orientations was detected in the vision-for-action mode. Analysis of free-drawn lines demonstrated an affordance bias in the vision-for-action mode. This suggests a remarkable tendency to perceive organizations within specific orientations that offer more affordances due to the interaction between the body postures and tools.

感知分组是我们视觉系统中的一种基本机制,它极大地影响着我们对周围世界的解读以及与周围世界的互动。本研究从两个视觉系统(TVS)模型的角度探讨了邻近原则的影响。双视觉系统模型认为,视觉系统包括两个不同的视觉流:构成 "感知视觉 "神经基础的腹侧视觉流和作为 "行动视觉 "基础的背侧视觉流。我们设计了一项使用点阵的感知分组任务和一项线方向辨别任务。在 "视觉-感知 "模式下,我们使用发声和鼠标方法收集数据;在 "视觉-行动 "模式下,我们使用操纵杆和纸笔方法收集数据。除发声方法外,每种方法都包括独立的左右手区块。接近度数据采用指数模型和幂模型进行拟合。线性混合效应模型用于统计分析。结果显示,所有条件下的线方向辨别准确率相似。指数模型的拟合效果最好,表明在两种感知模式下都符合纯距离定律。与 "视觉-感知 "模式相比,"视觉-行动 "模式对接近原则的敏感度更高。在方位偏差方面,"视觉换感知 "模式中对垂直方位有强烈偏好,而 "视觉换动作 "模式中对斜向方位有明显偏好。对自由画线的分析表明,在 "为行动而视觉 "模式下,人们会产生一种 "负担能力 "偏差。这表明,由于身体姿势和工具之间的相互作用,在特定方向上感知组织的趋势非常明显,这些方向提供了更多的可负担性。
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引用次数: 0
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Attention Perception & Psychophysics
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