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When remembering less is more: Unfiltered items are associated with reduced memory fidelity in visual short-term memory 当记忆少即是多时未经过滤的项目与视觉短时记忆的记忆保真度降低有关。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-29 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02891-w
Young Seon Shin, Summer L. Sheremata

Visual short-term memory (VSTM), the ability to store information no longer visible, is essential for human behavior. VSTM limits vary across the population and are correlated with overall cognitive ability. It has been proposed that low-memory individuals are unable to select only relevant items for storage and that these limitations are greatest when memory demands are high. However, it is unknown whether these effects simply reflect task difficulty and whether they impact the quality of memory representations. Here we varied the number of items presented, or set size, to investigate the effect of memory demands on the performance of visual short-term memory across low- and high-memory groups. Group differences emerged as set size exceeded memory limits, even when task difficulty was controlled. In a change-detection task, the low-memory group performed more poorly when set size exceeded their memory limits. We then predicted that low-memory individuals encoding items beyond measured memory limits would result in the degraded fidelity of memory representations. A continuous report task confirmed that low, but not high, memory individuals demonstrated decreased memory fidelity as set size exceeded measured memory limits. The current study demonstrates that items held in VSTM are stored distinctly across groups and task demands. These results link the ability to maintain high quality representations with overall cognitive ability.

视觉短时记忆(VSTM)是一种存储不再可见信息的能力,对人类行为至关重要。视觉短时记忆的限制因人而异,并与整体认知能力相关。有人认为,低记忆力的人无法只选择相关的项目进行存储,而当记忆需求较高时,这种限制就会最大。然而,这些影响是否仅仅反映了任务难度,是否会影响记忆表征的质量,目前还不得而知。在这里,我们通过改变呈现项目的数量或集合大小来研究记忆需求对低记忆力组和高记忆力组视觉短时记忆表现的影响。即使在控制任务难度的情况下,当集合大小超过记忆极限时,也会出现组间差异。在变化检测任务中,当集合大小超过记忆极限时,低记忆力组的表现更差。因此,我们预测,低记忆力个体对超出测量记忆极限的项目进行编码会导致记忆表征的保真度下降。连续报告任务证实,当集合大小超过测量的记忆极限时,记忆力低的人的记忆保真度会下降,而记忆力高的人则不会。目前的研究表明,VSTM 中保存的项目在不同的组别和任务要求下会有不同的存储方式。这些结果将保持高质量表征的能力与整体认知能力联系起来。
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引用次数: 0
Intra-individual consistency of vestibular perceptual thresholds 前庭知觉阈值的个体内一致性
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-24 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02886-7
Torin K. Clark, Raquel C. Galvan-Garza, Daniel M. Merfeld

Vestibular perceptual thresholds quantify sensory noise associated with reliable perception of small self-motions. Previous studies have identified substantial variation between even healthy individuals’ thresholds. However, it remains unclear if or how an individual’s vestibular threshold varies over repeated measures across various time scales (repeated measurements on the same day, across days, weeks, or months). Here, we assessed yaw rotation and roll tilt thresholds in four individuals and compared this intra-individual variability to inter-individual variability of thresholds measured across a large age-matched cohort each measured only once. For analysis, we performed simulations of threshold measurements where there was no underlying variability (or it was manipulated) to compare to that observed empirically. We found remarkable consistency in vestibular thresholds within individuals, for both yaw rotation and roll tilt; this contrasts with substantial inter-individual differences. Thus, we conclude that vestibular perceptual thresholds are an innate characteristic, which validates pooling measures across sessions and potentially serves as a stable clinical diagnostic and/or biomarker.

前庭知觉阈值量化了与可靠感知微小自我运动相关的感觉噪声。以往的研究发现,即使是健康人的阈值之间也存在很大差异。然而,目前仍不清楚个体的前庭阈值在不同时间尺度(同一天、不同天、不同周或不同月)的重复测量中是否或如何变化。在这里,我们评估了四个人的偏航旋转和滚动倾斜阈值,并将这种个体内变异性与一个大的年龄匹配队列中每个人只测量一次的阈值的个体间变异性进行了比较。为了进行分析,我们对没有潜在变异性(或变异性被操纵)的阈值测量进行了模拟,以便与经验观察到的变异性进行比较。我们发现,无论是偏航旋转还是滚动倾斜,个体内部的前庭阈值都非常一致;这与个体间的巨大差异形成了鲜明对比。因此,我们得出结论,前庭知觉阈值是一种与生俱来的特征,它验证了跨疗程集合测量的有效性,并有可能成为一种稳定的临床诊断和/或生物标志物。
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引用次数: 0
Joint contributions of preview and task instructions on visual search strategy selection 预览和任务指令对视觉搜索策略选择的共同影响
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-24 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02870-1
Tianyu Zhang, Jessica L. Irons, Heather A. Hansen, Andrew B. Leber

People tend to employ suboptimal attention control strategies during visual search. Here we question why people are suboptimal, specifically investigating how knowledge of the optimal strategies and the time available to apply such strategies affect strategy use. We used the Adaptive Choice Visual Search (ACVS), a task designed to assess attentional control optimality. We used explicit strategy instructions to manipulate explicit strategy knowledge, and we used display previews to manipulate time to apply the strategies. In the first two experiments, the strategy instructions increased optimality. However, the preview manipulation did not significantly boost optimality for participants who did not receive strategy instruction. Finally, in Experiments 3A and 3B, we jointly manipulated preview and instruction with a larger sample size. Preview and instruction both produced significant main effects; furthermore, they interacted significantly, such that the beneficial effect of instructions emerged with greater preview time. Taken together, these results have important implications for understanding the strategic use of attentional control. Individuals with explicit knowledge of the optimal strategy are more likely to exploit relevant information in their visual environment, but only to the extent that they have the time to do so.

在视觉搜索过程中,人们往往会采用次优的注意力控制策略。在这里,我们要探讨的问题是,为什么人们会采用次优策略,特别是要研究有关最优策略的知识和应用这些策略的可用时间会如何影响策略的使用。我们使用了 "自适应选择视觉搜索"(ACVS),这是一项旨在评估注意力控制最优性的任务。我们使用明确的策略指令来操纵明确的策略知识,并使用显示预览来操纵应用策略的时间。在前两项实验中,策略指导提高了优化性。然而,对于没有接受策略指导的参与者来说,预览操作并没有显著提高他们的最优性。最后,在实验 3A 和 3B 中,我们联合操纵了预览和指导,并增加了样本量。预览和指导都产生了显著的主效应;此外,它们还产生了显著的交互作用,即预览时间越长,指导的有利效应就越明显。综合来看,这些结果对于理解注意力控制策略的使用具有重要意义。对最佳策略有明确认识的个体更有可能利用视觉环境中的相关信息,但前提是他们有时间这样做。
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引用次数: 0
Numerical values modulate size perception 数值调节大小感知
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-19 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02875-w
Aviv Avitan, Dror Marom, Avishai Henik

The link between various codes of magnitude and their interactions has been studied extensively for many years. In the current study, we examined how the physical and numerical magnitudes of digits are mapped into a combined mental representation. In two psychophysical experiments, participants reported the physically larger digit among two digits. In the identical condition, participants compared digits of an identical value (e.g., “2” and “2”); in the different condition, participants compared digits of distinct numerical values (i.e., “2” and “5”). As anticipated, participants overestimated the physical size of a numerically larger digit and underestimated the physical size of a numerically smaller digit. Our results extend the shared-representation account of physical and numerical magnitudes.

多年来,人们一直在广泛研究各种大小编码之间的联系及其相互作用。在本研究中,我们考察了数字的物理大小和数字大小是如何映射到一个综合心理表征中的。在两个心理物理实验中,参与者报告两个数字中物理上较大的数字。在相同条件下,参与者比较相同数值的数字(如 "2 "和 "2");在不同条件下,参与者比较不同数值的数字(如 "2 "和 "5")。正如预期的那样,被试高估了数值较大的数字的实际大小,而低估了数值较小的数字的实际大小。我们的研究结果扩展了物理和数字大小的共享表征理论。
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引用次数: 0
Top-down suppression of negative features applies flexibly contingent on visual search goals 自上而下抑制负面特征的应用灵活取决于视觉搜索目标。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-16 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02882-x
Marlene Forstinger, Ulrich Ansorge

Visually searching for a frequently changing target is assumed to be guided by flexible working memory representations of specific features necessary to discriminate targets from distractors. Here, we tested if these representations allow selective suppression or always facilitate perception based on search goals. Participants searched for a target (i.e., a horizontal bar) defined by one of two different negative features (e.g., not red vs. not blue; Experiment 1) or a positive (e.g., blue) versus a negative feature (Experiments 2 and 3). A prompt informed participants about the target identity, and search tasks alternated or repeated randomly. We used different peripheral singleton cues presented at the same (valid condition) or a different (invalid condition) position as the target to examine if negative features were suppressed depending on current instructions. In all experiments, cues with negative features elicited slower search times in valid than invalid trials, indicating suppression. Additionally, suppression of negative color cues tended to be selective when participants searched for the target by different negative features but generalized to negative and non-matching cue colors when switching between positive and negative search criteria was required. Nevertheless, when the same color – red – was used in positive and negative search tasks, red cues captured attention or were suppressed depending on whether red was positive or negative (Experiment 3). Our results suggest that working memory representations flexibly trigger suppression or attentional capture contingent on a task-relevant feature’s functional meaning during visual search, but top-down suppression operates at different levels of specificity depending on current task demands.

在视觉上搜索一个频繁变化的目标,被认为是在灵活的工作记忆表征的指导下进行的,这些表征包含了区分目标和干扰物所必需的特定特征。在这里,我们测试了这些表征是否允许选择性抑制或始终促进基于搜索目标的感知。参与者搜索的目标(即水平条)由两个不同的负面特征(如非红色与非蓝色;实验 1)或正面特征(如蓝色)与负面特征(实验 2 和 3)中的一个定义。实验过程中会有提示告知参与者目标特征,搜索任务会随机交替或重复。我们使用了与目标位置相同(有效条件)或不同(无效条件)的不同外围单子线索,以考察负面特征是否会因当前指令而被抑制。在所有实验中,具有负面特征的线索在有效试验中引起的搜索时间比无效试验慢,这表明了抑制作用。此外,当参与者通过不同的负面特征搜索目标时,对负面颜色线索的抑制往往是选择性的,但当需要在正面和负面搜索标准之间切换时,对负面和非匹配线索颜色的抑制则会普遍化。然而,当相同的颜色--红色--被用于积极和消极的搜索任务时,红色线索是吸引注意力还是被抑制取决于红色是积极的还是消极的(实验 3)。我们的研究结果表明,在视觉搜索过程中,工作记忆表征会根据任务相关特征的功能意义灵活触发抑制或注意捕获,但自上而下的抑制会根据当前任务的需求在不同的特异性水平上发挥作用。
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引用次数: 0
Quantifying task-related gaze 量化与任务相关的凝视
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-09 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02883-w
Kerri Walter, Michelle Freeman, Peter Bex

Competing theories attempt to explain what guides eye movements when exploring natural scenes: bottom-up image salience and top-down semantic salience. In one study, we apply language-based analyses to quantify the well-known observation that task influences gaze in natural scenes. Subjects viewed ten scenes as if they were performing one of two tasks. We found that the semantic similarity between the task and the labels of objects in the scenes captured the task-dependence of gaze (t(39) = 13.083; p < 0.001). In another study, we examined whether image salience or semantic salience better predicts gaze during a search task, and if viewing strategies are affected by searching for targets of high or low semantic relevance to the scene. Subjects searched 100 scenes for a high- or low-relevance object. We found that image salience becomes a worse predictor of gaze across successive fixations, while semantic salience remains a consistent predictor (X2(1, N=40) = 75.148, p < .001). Furthermore, we found that semantic salience decreased as object relevance decreased (t(39) = 2.304; p = .027). These results suggest that semantic salience is a useful predictor of gaze during task-related scene viewing, and that even in target-absent trials, gaze is modulated by the relevance of a search target to the scene in which it might be located.

不同的理论试图解释在探索自然场景时引导眼球运动的因素:自下而上的图像显著性和自上而下的语义显著性。在一项研究中,我们运用了基于语言的分析方法来量化众所周知的观察结果,即任务会影响自然场景中的注视。受试者在观看十个场景时,就像在执行两种任务中的一种。我们发现,任务与场景中物体标签之间的语义相似性捕捉到了凝视的任务依赖性(t(39) = 13.083; p < 0.001)。在另一项研究中,我们考察了图像显著性还是语义显著性更能预测搜索任务中的注视情况,以及搜索与场景语义相关性高或低的目标是否会影响注视策略。受试者在 100 个场景中搜索一个高相关度或低相关度的目标。我们发现,图像显著性在连续的凝视过程中对凝视的预测作用越来越差,而语义显著性仍然是一个稳定的预测因素(X2(1, N=40) = 75.148, p <.001)。此外,我们还发现,语义显著性随着对象相关性的降低而降低(t(39) = 2.304; p = .027)。这些结果表明,在与任务相关的场景观看过程中,语义突出是预测注视的有效指标,而且即使在目标缺失试验中,注视也会受到搜索目标与其可能所在场景的相关性的调节。
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引用次数: 0
Audiovisual integration of rhythm in musicians and dancers 音乐家和舞蹈家对节奏的视听整合。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02874-x
Tram Nguyen, Rebekka Lagacé-Cusiac, J. Celina Everling, Molly J. Henry, Jessica A. Grahn

Music training is associated with better beat processing in the auditory modality. However, it is unknown how rhythmic training that emphasizes visual rhythms, such as dance training, might affect beat processing, nor whether training effects in general are modality specific. Here we examined how music and dance training interacted with modality during audiovisual integration and synchronization to auditory and visual isochronous sequences. In two experiments, musicians, dancers, and controls completed an audiovisual integration task and an audiovisual target-distractor synchronization task using dynamic visual stimuli (a bouncing figure). The groups performed similarly on the audiovisual integration tasks (Experiments 1 and 2). However, in the finger-tapping synchronization task (Experiment 1), musicians were more influenced by auditory distractors when synchronizing to visual sequences, while dancers were more influenced by visual distractors when synchronizing to auditory sequences. When participants synchronized with whole-body movements instead of finger-tapping (Experiment 2), all groups were more influenced by the visual distractor than the auditory distractor. Taken together, this study highlights how training is associated with audiovisual processing, and how different types of visual rhythmic stimuli and different movements alter beat perception and production outcome measures. Implications for the modality appropriateness hypothesis are discussed.

音乐训练与听觉模式中更好的节拍处理有关。然而,强调视觉节奏的节奏训练(如舞蹈训练)会如何影响节拍处理,以及一般的训练效果是否具有特定的模态性,这些都是未知数。在此,我们研究了音乐和舞蹈训练如何在视听整合和同步听觉和视觉等时序列时与模态相互作用。在两项实验中,音乐家、舞蹈家和对照组分别使用动态视觉刺激(一个弹跳的图形)完成了视听整合任务和视听目标-分散同步任务。各组在视听整合任务中的表现相似(实验 1 和 2)。然而,在敲击手指同步任务(实验 1)中,音乐家在与视觉序列同步时受听觉干扰因素的影响更大,而舞蹈家在与听觉序列同步时受视觉干扰因素的影响更大。当参与者用全身动作而不是手指敲击来同步时(实验 2),所有组别受视觉干扰因素的影响都比听觉干扰因素大。综上所述,本研究强调了训练如何与视听处理相关联,以及不同类型的视觉节奏刺激和不同动作如何改变节拍感知和制作结果测量。本研究还讨论了模式适宜性假说的意义。
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引用次数: 0
Visuospatial cueing differences as a function of autistic traits 视觉空间线索差异与自闭症特征的关系。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02871-0
Min Quan Heo, Michael C. W. English, Murray T. Maybery, Troy A. W. Visser

Atypical orienting of visuospatial attention in autistic individuals or individuals with a high level of autistic-like traits (ALTs) has been well documented and viewed as a core feature underlying the development of autism. However, there has been limited testing of three alternative theoretical positions advanced to explain atypical orienting – difficulty in disengagement, cue indifference, and delay in orienting. Moreover, research commonly has not separated facilitation (reaction time difference between neutral and valid cues) and cost effects (reaction time difference between invalid and neutral cues) in orienting tasks. We addressed these limitations in two experiments that compared groups selected for Low- and High-ALT levels on exogenous and endogenous versions of the Posner cueing paradigm. Experiment 1 showed that High-ALT participants exhibited a significantly reduced cost effect compared to Low-ALT participants in the endogenous cueing task, although the overall orienting effect remained small. In Experiment 2, we increased task difficulty of the endogenous task to augment cueing effects. Results were comparable to Experiment 1 regarding the finding of a reduced cost effect for High-ALT participants on the endogenous cueing task and additionally demonstrated a reduced facilitation effect in High-ALT participants on the same task. No ALT group differences were observed on an exogenous cueing task included in Experiment 2. These findings suggest atypical orienting in High-ALT individuals may be attributable to general cue indifference, which implicates differences in top-down attentional processes between Low- and High-ALT individuals. We discuss how indifference to endogenous cues may contribute to social cognitive differences in autism.

自闭症患者或具有高度自闭症样特征(ALTs)的患者视觉空间注意的非典型定向已被充分记录,并被视为自闭症发展的核心特征。然而,对于解释非典型定向的三种替代理论立场--脱离困难、线索漠视和定向延迟--的测试却很有限。此外,研究通常没有将定向任务中的促进效应(中性线索和有效线索之间的反应时间差异)和代价效应(无效线索和中性线索之间的反应时间差异)区分开来。我们在两个实验中比较了低ALT水平组和高ALT水平组在外源性和内源性版本的波斯纳提示范式中的表现,从而解决了这些局限性。实验 1 显示,在内源性提示任务中,高-ALT 参与者与低-ALT 参与者相比,成本效应明显降低,尽管总体定向效应仍然很小。在实验 2 中,我们增加了内源任务的难度,以增强线索效应。结果与实验一相似,高ALT参与者在内源性线索任务中的成本效应降低了,此外,高ALT参与者在同一任务中的促进效应也降低了。在实验 2 的外源线索任务中,没有观察到 ALT 组的差异。这些研究结果表明,高ALT人群的非典型定向可能归因于对一般线索的漠视,这牵涉到低ALT人群和高ALT人群之间自上而下注意过程的差异。我们将讨论对内源性线索的漠视可能如何导致自闭症患者的社会认知差异。
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引用次数: 0
Manipulating the reliability of target-color information modulates value-driven attentional capture 操纵目标颜色信息的可靠性可调节价值驱动的注意捕捉。
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-27 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02878-7
Nicole B. Massa, Nick Crotty, Ifat Levy, Michael A. Grubb

Previously rewarded stimuli slow response times (RTs) during visual search, despite being physically non-salient and no longer task-relevant or rewarding. Such value-driven attentional capture (VDAC) has been measured in a training-test paradigm. In the training phase, the search target is rendered in one of two colors (one predicting high reward and the other low reward). In this study, we modified this traditional training phase to include pre-cues that signaled reliable or unreliable information about the trial-to-trial color of the training phase search target. Reliable pre-cues indicated the upcoming target color with certainty, whereas unreliable pre-cues indicated the target was equally likely to be one of two distinct colors. Thus reliable and unreliable pre-cues provided certain and uncertain information, respectively, about the magnitude of the upcoming reward. We then tested for VDAC in a traditional test phase. We found that unreliably pre-cued distractors slowed RTs and drew more initial eye movements during search for the test-phase target, relative to reliably pre-cued distractors, thus providing novel evidence for an influence of information reliability on attentional capture. That said, our experimental manipulation also eliminated value-dependency (i.e., slowed RTs when a high-reward-predicting distractor was present relative to a low-reward-predicting distractor) for both kinds of distractors. Taken together, these results suggest that target-color uncertainty, rather than reward magnitude, played a critical role in modulating the allocation of value-driven attention in this study.

在视觉搜索过程中,以前获得奖励的刺激物会减慢反应时间(RTs),尽管这些刺激物在物理上并不具有刺激性,也不再与任务相关或具有奖励性。这种价值驱动的注意力捕获(VDAC)是在训练-测试范式中进行测量的。在训练阶段,搜索目标被呈现为两种颜色之一(一种预示高回报,另一种预示低回报)。在本研究中,我们对这一传统的训练阶段进行了修改,加入了一些前置线索,这些前置线索会发出关于训练阶段搜索目标颜色的可靠或不可靠的信号。可靠的前置线索可以确定即将出现的目标颜色,而不可靠的前置线索则表示目标同样有可能是两种不同颜色中的一种。因此,可靠和不可靠的前置线索分别提供了关于即将到来的奖励大小的确定和不确定信息。然后,我们在传统的测试阶段对 VDAC 进行了测试。我们发现,相对于可靠的预提示分心物,不可靠的预提示分心物会减慢反应时间,并在搜索测试阶段目标时吸引更多的初始眼动,从而为信息可靠性对注意力捕捉的影响提供了新的证据。尽管如此,我们的实验操作也消除了这两种分心物的价值依赖性(即当出现高回报预示分心物时,相对于低回报预示分心物,RT变慢)。总之,这些结果表明,在本研究中,目标颜色的不确定性,而不是奖励大小,在调节价值驱动型注意的分配中起了关键作用。
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引用次数: 0
Processing difficulty while reading words with neighbors is not due to increased foveal load: Evidence from eye movements 阅读有邻居的单词时出现处理困难并非由于眼窝负荷增加所致:来自眼球运动的证据
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-26 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02880-z
Rebecca L. Johnson, Timothy J. Slattery

Words with high orthographic relatedness are termed “word neighbors” (angle/angel; birch/birth). Activation-based models of word recognition assume that lateral inhibition occurs between words and their activated neighbors. However, studies of eye movements during reading have not found inhibitory effects in early measures assumed to reflect lexical access (e.g., gaze duration). Instead, inhibition in eye-movement studies has been found in later measures of processing (e.g., total time, regressions in). We conducted an eye-movement boundary change study (Rayner, Cognitive Psychology, 7(1), 65-81, 1975) that manipulated the parafoveal preview of the word following the neighbor word (word N+1). In this way, we explored whether the late inhibitory effects seen with transposed letter words and words with higher-frequency neighbors result from reduced parafoveal preview due to increased foveal load and/or interference during late stages of lexical processing (the L2 stage within the E-Z Reader framework). For word N+1, while there were clear preview effects, there was not an effect of the neighborhood status of word N, nor a significant interaction. This suggests that the late inhibitory effects of earlier eye-movement studies are driven by misidentification of neighbor words rather than being due to increased foveal load.

正字法关联度高的词被称为 "词邻"(angle/angel;birch/birth)。基于激活的单词识别模型假定,单词与其激活的邻近词之间存在横向抑制作用。然而,对阅读过程中眼球运动的研究并没有发现抑制作用,而早期的测量方法被假定为反映了词汇访问(如注视持续时间)。相反,眼动研究中的抑制作用是在后期的处理测量中发现的(如总时间、倒退时间)。我们进行了一项眼动边界变化研究(Rayner,《认知心理学》,7(1), 65-81, 1975 年),该研究操纵了邻接词(词 N+1)之后的词的视网膜旁预览。通过这种方法,我们探究了变位字母单词和高频邻近单词的后期抑制效应是否是由于在词汇加工的后期阶段(E-Z 阅读框架中的 L2 阶段)增加了眼窝负荷和/或干扰而导致眼窝旁预览减少所致。对于单词 N+1,虽然有明显的预览效应,但单词 N 的邻近状态并没有影响,交互作用也不显著。这表明,早期眼动研究中的晚期抑制效应是由于对邻近词的错误识别而引起的,而不是由于眼窝负荷的增加。
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引用次数: 0
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