Attention Perception & Psychophysics最新文献

In rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) tasks, fearful faces are detected more readily than neutral faces, but it remains unclear whether this pattern extends to happy faces or whether the task difficulty of the first target (T1) modulates these fear and happiness superiority effects. This study investigated how T1 difficulty (an alphabetic search task) influenced the attentional blink (AB) for T2, which involved identifying emotional faces (fearful, happy, and neutral) in an emotion classification task. Forty-one college students from Xinxiang Medical University completed the RSVP task, and their behavioral and ERP data were recorded and analyzed. Behavioral results revealed that during the AB period, fearful and happy faces were detected with significantly higher accuracy than neutral faces under low T1 difficulty conditions, while fearful faces outperformed both happy and neutral faces under high T1 difficulty. ERP data showed that fearful faces (compared with neutral faces) elicited significantly more positive VPP and P3_b amplitudes, whereas happy faces (compared with neutral faces) triggered significantly more negative N170 and more positive P3_b amplitudes. Additionally, happy faces evoked more positive P3_a amplitudes than neutral faces under low and medium T1 difficulty conditions, while fearful faces elicited more positive P3_a amplitudes only under low difficulty conditions. These findings demonstrate that T1 task difficulty moderates the superiority of fearful and happy faces during the AB period, with fearful faces being detected more easily and earlier than happy and neutral faces, providing new insights into the temporal dynamics of emotional face processing under varying cognitive demands.

Operating a tool that moves incompatibly with one’s own body invokes conflict between representations of anticipated body-related and environment-related movement consequences. To revolve such conflict, agents might down-regulate (or “neglect”) representations of body-related movement consequences during action preparation and execution. We tested body-related neglect by probing participants’ tactile sensitivity when operating a tool which moved either spatially compatible or incompatible to their operating hand. Across four experiments, we found no evidence for conflict-induced body-neglect. These results suggest that any potential downregulation of body-related movement components does not extend to the processing of tactile stimulation. We discuss these results with respect to applied settings in which incompatibly moving tools are routinely used.

Although faces and bodies provide essential cues to one’s identity, it is not well understood how the observer encodes and processes the two sources of information in person perception. Compelling questions remain regarding the extent to which the body influences the perception of the face and conversely, the extent to which the face influences the perception of the body. To address these questions, we constructed pairs of face–body composites where face and body information was either congruent (i.e., “same” faces/“same” bodies or “different” faces/“different” bodies) or incongruent (i.e., “same” faces/“different” bodies or “different” faces/“same” bodies). The composite pairs were presented in a sequential matching paradigm where the participant’s task was to judge whether the to-be-attended faces (Experiment 1) or the to-be-attended bodies (Experiment 2) were identical (e.g., “same” response) or non-identical (e.g., “different” response). The key finding was that in both experiments, participants performed better on the congruent trials than the incongruent trials, indicating that the unattended body (Experiment 1) or unattended face (Experiment 2) interfered with “same/different” judgements. Critically, alignment had no effect on face–body congruency, suggesting that the face and body information are combined at the later decisional integration stage of processing than at the early integration perceptual stage. Together, our results indicate that information about faces and bodies is automatically combined in person perception where it is difficult to separate judgements about a person’s face independent of the body and vice versa. The raw trial-level data for each subject, analysis code, and materials for all experiments are available at https://osf.io/ajr4d/files/osfstorage?view_only=. The link for the preregistered Experiments 1 and 2 can be found at https://osf.io/k3gsh and the preregistered control experiment at https://osf.io/jmcnu.

How do people prepare for the appearance of upcoming distractors? According to the preparation effect, observers do not inhibit distractors before their appearance; rather, they are more alert at those moments. In two large, online, pre-registered studies, we tested possible individual differences in the magnitude of the preparation effect. Specifically, we examined whether the preparation effect is related to working memory capacity and/or to the ability to filter out irrelevant information. The results indicated that the magnitude of the preparation effect did not correlate with these factors. These results highlight the rigidity of the preparation effect that does not seem to be related to working memory capacity or selective attention abilities. Moreover, that increased preparation does not result in less (or more) interference from upcoming distractor display, indicates that the preparation effect does not influence distractor rejection and further supports a mandatory 'process-all mechanism' as the underlying mechanism of the effect.

Semantic information is used to guide attention during scene-viewing, but how exactly does this occur? We tested the hypothesis that “anchor objects” are a special class of semantic associate essential to efficient target search in naturalistic scenes. Adult participants completed a RSVP search task for a target object preceded by a prime. In Experiment 1a (N = 210), the prime was either a semantic anchor or an unrelated object followed by a target in a congruent or incongruent spatial location relative to the prime. Experiment 1b (N = 157) served as a direct replication of Experiment 1a with a more selective stimulus set. In Experiment 2 (N = 158) the prime and target objects were reversed to assess the directionality of the effects. Results showed that semantically related objects facilitated target identification no matter which object was the prime. However, only anchor objects acted as predictive spatial cues, relative to control object pairs. The results indicate that anchor objects are a unique type of semantic associate, providing information about “what” objects are nearby and “where” they might be. The role of anchor objects in predicting the location of associated objects goes beyond both general scene regularities (e.g., “small things go on top of big things”) and semantic associations (e.g., pots and stoves).

The aim of this study is to investigate whether individuals can use background music as a facilitative cue for sentence recognition by testing if the music is stored in memory along with sentences. It focuses on the context congruency effect, especially encoding specificity and context-dependent memory. Sixty native Dutch participants were tested on a continuous recognition memory paradigm in which Dutch sentences were presented in background music and repeated with the same or different music after a lag of four, eight, or 16 items. The results demonstrated a recognition benefit for sentences presented in the same background music during both encoding and retrieval (congruent condition), compared to sentences accompanied by different background music at encoding and retrieval (incongruent condition). In addition, sentence recognition accuracy decreased with increasing lag. Taken together, these results demonstrate that hearing sentences in the same background music has a beneficial effect on recognition memory, suggesting integral processing of sentences and background music in memory.

Fluent (i.e., rapid and efficient) processing of perceptual objects is vital for humans to successfully navigate their environments. The experience of fluent processing per se tends to trigger positive affect; however, this affect is often misattributed by perceivers to the objects themselves, meaning that easy-to-perceive objects are judged more positively. These fluency-based preference effects have been robustly demonstrated unimodally, and specifically in situations in which fluency and preference are manipulated and measured for the same objects. However, little is known about how this effect operates crossmodally, when manipulations of fluency in one domain are combined with preference judgements for unmanipulated objects in another domain. In six experiments, we manipulated perceptual fluency in a simple auditory task which participants performed whilst viewing visual objects, which they rated for liking. We found that visual objects presented with easier (more fluent) auditory stimuli received higher liking ratings. This effect persisted when a temporal lag was introduced between the auditory/visual components, but was less reliable for static (as opposed to moving) objects. These results show that fluency-based preference effects can operate crossmodally. They have implications for a range of real-world contexts involving preference and attitude change.

Salient-but-irrelevant color singletons often elicit a positive component in the event-related potential (the P_D) rather than a negative component associated with attentional selection (the N2pc). The positivity is often assumed to reflect inhibitory control processes that prevent salience-driven distraction, particularly when the positivity emerges before the time range of the N2pc. To be certain that this “early P_D” is associated with inhibition, it is necessary to show that the positivity is absent when participants search for the color singleton. Here, we replicated a seminal letter-search task in which a singleton distractor was found to elicit an early positivity (Experiment 1) and then instructed participants to detect the presence of the same singleton (Experiment 2). We discovered that the early positivity is present both when participants ignored the singleton and when they searched for the singleton. These results suggest that the early positivity is associated with salience processing rather than inhibition that prevents distraction.

Are people who are susceptible to one illusion also susceptible to others? Previous research has shown small correlations, but might small values reflect attenuation from measurement error from trial-to-trial variation? To assess measurement error, we develop a set of novel data visualizations and hierarchical models. Data from 149 participants on two variants of the five illusions were collected using an adjustment paradigm. The results showed low trial-noise and strong between-subject variability (e.g., signal-to-noise ratio (approx 1.14), reliability (approx 0.93)). Correlations across illusions are low, around (0.22 pm 0.07). A Bayesian hierarchical analysis reveals minimal attenuation from measurement error in these values. Though correlations are low, latent variable analysis reveals a common latent factor that loads on all tasks and explains about 23.3% of the variance in illusion susceptibility.