Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.1163/157075408786532075
F. Frye
The taking and submission of samples from forensic cases for laboratory investigation necessitates the adoption of rigorous protocols and high standards of quality control. Reptiles and amphibians provide particular challenges, in part because of their biological features and also because, until recently, there have been few studies in these species on such subjects as determination of time of death. Herpetological medicine and pathology have made tremendous strides in recent years and this has contributed substantially to the establishment of databases and expertise that can be used in the investigation of legal cases.
{"title":"Methods in herpetological forensic work — sampling and standard laboratory techniques","authors":"F. Frye","doi":"10.1163/157075408786532075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/157075408786532075","url":null,"abstract":"The taking and submission of samples from forensic cases for laboratory investigation necessitates the adoption of rigorous protocols and high standards of quality control. Reptiles and amphibians provide particular challenges, in part because of their biological features and also because, until recently, there have been few studies in these species on such subjects as determination of time of death. Herpetological medicine and pathology have made tremendous strides in recent years and this has contributed substantially to the establishment of databases and expertise that can be used in the investigation of legal cases.","PeriodicalId":55499,"journal":{"name":"Applied Herpetology","volume":"5 1","pages":"339-350"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/157075408786532075","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64921995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.1163/157075408785911011
S. Moran, S. Vaisman, E. Tayar
The repellence efficacy of pellets containing naphthalene and sulfur against the Palestine viper Vipera palaestinae (Viperidae) was studied. This species is the only venomous snake in the densely populated central and northern parts of Israel, and bites many humans every year. The experiments were performed in an outdoor earth-floor arena. Two cages, each containing a single rodent (Meriones tristrami, Gerbilidae) as bait, were located at opposite ends of the arena, one of them protected by a pellet strip of naphthalene and sulfur formulation, and the other unprotected. After an acclimatization period naive vipers were introduced into the arena, each one separately. The experiments were conducted in two parts of seven trials, each part on the opposite end of the arena. Five snakes avoided the protected section of the arena, and eight reached the protected cages. The conclusion was that the formulation failed to repel the vipers.
{"title":"The efficacy of a naphthalene and sulfur formulation to repelthe venomous snake Vipera palaestinae in Israel","authors":"S. Moran, S. Vaisman, E. Tayar","doi":"10.1163/157075408785911011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/157075408785911011","url":null,"abstract":"The repellence efficacy of pellets containing naphthalene and sulfur against the Palestine viper Vipera palaestinae (Viperidae) was studied. This species is the only venomous snake in the densely populated central and northern parts of Israel, and bites many humans every year. The experiments were performed in an outdoor earth-floor arena. Two cages, each containing a single rodent (Meriones tristrami, Gerbilidae) as bait, were located at opposite ends of the arena, one of them protected by a pellet strip of naphthalene and sulfur formulation, and the other unprotected. After an acclimatization period naive vipers were introduced into the arena, each one separately. The experiments were conducted in two parts of seven trials, each part on the opposite end of the arena. Five snakes avoided the protected section of the arena, and eight reached the protected cages. The conclusion was that the formulation failed to repel the vipers.","PeriodicalId":55499,"journal":{"name":"Applied Herpetology","volume":"5 1","pages":"225-232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/157075408785911011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64920956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.1163/157075408783489167
S. Nomani, M. Oli, R. Carthy
Estimates of abundance of threatened and endangered species are crucial for monitoring population status and recovery progress. For most wildlife species, multiple abundance estimation methods are available and the choice of method should depend on cost and efficacy. We field-tested the cost and efficacy of line transect, total count, sample count, and double observer methods for estimating abundance of gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) burrows in two habitats that differed in vegetation density (sparse and dense) at the Ordway-Swisher Biological Station in north-central Florida. In the dense vegetation stratum, density of burrows estimated using the line transect method (8.58 ± 0.94 burrows ha−1) was lower than that obtained from the total count method (11.33 burrows ha−1). In the sparse vegetation stratum, estimated burrow density using the line transect method (11.32 ± 1.19 burrows ha−1) was closer to the burrow density obtained from the total count method (13.00 burrows ha−1). Density of burrows estimated using the double observer method was identical to that obtained from the total count method in dense vegetation stratum, but slightly greater than that obtained from the total count method in sparse vegetation stratum. Density of burrows estimated using the sample count method varied widely depending on the proportion of plots sampled. The cost of sampling as well as estimates of burrow density varied with habitat type. The line transect method was the least costly of the methods, and we were able to sample a larger effective area with the same effort. Using burrow cameras and patch occupancy modeling approach, we also estimated the probability of burrow occupancy by gopher tortoises (active: 0.50 ± 0.09; inactive: 0.04 ± 0.04), and used these values to estimate abundance of gopher tortoises. Using estimates of burrow abundance based on the line transect method, density of gopher tortoises was 2.75 ± 0.74 ha−1 in the sparse vegetation stratum. We recommend that gopher tortoise monitoring programs use rigorous methods for estimating burrow abundance (e.g., line transect methods) and the probability of burrow occupancy by gopher tortoises (e.g., patch occupancy modeling approach).
{"title":"Comparison of methods for estimating abundance of gopher tortoises","authors":"S. Nomani, M. Oli, R. Carthy","doi":"10.1163/157075408783489167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/157075408783489167","url":null,"abstract":"Estimates of abundance of threatened and endangered species are crucial for monitoring population status and recovery progress. For most wildlife species, multiple abundance estimation methods are available and the choice of method should depend on cost and efficacy. We field-tested the cost and efficacy of line transect, total count, sample count, and double observer methods for estimating abundance of gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) burrows in two habitats that differed in vegetation density (sparse and dense) at the Ordway-Swisher Biological Station in north-central Florida. In the dense vegetation stratum, density of burrows estimated using the line transect method (8.58 ± 0.94 burrows ha−1) was lower than that obtained from the total count method (11.33 burrows ha−1). In the sparse vegetation stratum, estimated burrow density using the line transect method (11.32 ± 1.19 burrows ha−1) was closer to the burrow density obtained from the total count method (13.00 burrows ha−1). Density of burrows estimated using the double observer method was identical to that obtained from the total count method in dense vegetation stratum, but slightly greater than that obtained from the total count method in sparse vegetation stratum. Density of burrows estimated using the sample count method varied widely depending on the proportion of plots sampled. The cost of sampling as well as estimates of burrow density varied with habitat type. The line transect method was the least costly of the methods, and we were able to sample a larger effective area with the same effort. Using burrow cameras and patch occupancy modeling approach, we also estimated the probability of burrow occupancy by gopher tortoises (active: 0.50 ± 0.09; inactive: 0.04 ± 0.04), and used these values to estimate abundance of gopher tortoises. Using estimates of burrow abundance based on the line transect method, density of gopher tortoises was 2.75 ± 0.74 ha−1 in the sparse vegetation stratum. We recommend that gopher tortoise monitoring programs use rigorous methods for estimating burrow abundance (e.g., line transect methods) and the probability of burrow occupancy by gopher tortoises (e.g., patch occupancy modeling approach).","PeriodicalId":55499,"journal":{"name":"Applied Herpetology","volume":"5 1","pages":"13-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/157075408783489167","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64919757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.1163/157075408783489176
Boris OGUIBENINE, K. Lindsay
{"title":"Osteopilus septentrionalis becomes established on Antigua, West Indies","authors":"Boris OGUIBENINE, K. Lindsay","doi":"10.1163/157075408783489176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/157075408783489176","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55499,"journal":{"name":"Applied Herpetology","volume":"5 1","pages":"96-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/157075408783489176","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64919814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.1163/157075408783489248
T. Hartel, S. Nemes, L. Demeter, Kinga Öllerer
The primary anthropogenic factor causing amphibian declines in Europe is habitat loss and fragmentation. Here we explore the effects of aquatic and landscape habitat variables on the adult counts of the Common Toad (Bufo bufo) in 43 ponds in central Romania surveyed between 2000 and 2005. Principal components analysis (PCA) identified two main factors, with which the adult counts can be related the first related to landscape variables (percentage of forest cover, presence/absence of roads and habitat corridors) and the second, to pond variables, in particular the presence/absence of fish, together accounting for 49% of the total variance. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed differences between ponds where toads were present or absent in factor loadings of both principal components, but only the landscape factor was significantly correlated with toad counts. These results highlight the role of landscape composition and configuration in maintaining toad populations in this area, and suggest a negative effect of landscape fragmentation. To efficiently protect amphibians in Romania, appropriate legislation and a close collaboration between landowners, landscape planners and herpetologists are needed.
{"title":"Pond and landscape characteristics — which is more important for common toads (Bufo bufo)? A case study from central Romania","authors":"T. Hartel, S. Nemes, L. Demeter, Kinga Öllerer","doi":"10.1163/157075408783489248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/157075408783489248","url":null,"abstract":"The primary anthropogenic factor causing amphibian declines in Europe is habitat loss and fragmentation. Here we explore the effects of aquatic and landscape habitat variables on the adult counts of the Common Toad (Bufo bufo) in 43 ponds in central Romania surveyed between 2000 and 2005. Principal components analysis (PCA) identified two main factors, with which the adult counts can be related the first related to landscape variables (percentage of forest cover, presence/absence of roads and habitat corridors) and the second, to pond variables, in particular the presence/absence of fish, together accounting for 49% of the total variance. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed differences between ponds where toads were present or absent in factor loadings of both principal components, but only the landscape factor was significantly correlated with toad counts. These results highlight the role of landscape composition and configuration in maintaining toad populations in this area, and suggest a negative effect of landscape fragmentation. To efficiently protect amphibians in Romania, appropriate legislation and a close collaboration between landowners, landscape planners and herpetologists are needed.","PeriodicalId":55499,"journal":{"name":"Applied Herpetology","volume":"5 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/157075408783489248","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64919985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.1163/157075408784648790
A. Bauer, B. W. Baker
{"title":"An East Asian gecko (Gekko hokouensis, Gekkonidae) intercepted in Champlain, New York, USA","authors":"A. Bauer, B. W. Baker","doi":"10.1163/157075408784648790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/157075408784648790","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55499,"journal":{"name":"Applied Herpetology","volume":"5 1","pages":"197-198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/157075408784648790","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64920595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.1163/157075408785911039
D. Wester, Sandra Rideout-Hanzak, Nikki J. Radke, G. Perry
Prescribed fire is a common land management tool used to reduce undesirable shrubs, improve forage quality, and enhance wildlife habitat for game species. However, it also has impacts on nongame species. We examined whether a prescribed fire would affect the abundance of lizards and invertebrates in central Texas. In February 2004, four sites were treated with low-intensity prescribed fires; four adjacent non-burned sites served as controls. Vegetation structure (litter depth, percent canopy cover, visual obstruction) and foliar cover were recorded prior to and seasonally following the burn. Lizards and potential invertebrate prey were collected from all plots between March and August 2004 (152 traps, 5908 trap nights). Lizard numbers were not significantly (P > 0.312) affected by the fire, nor were their potential prey or habitat greatly affected. Burning reduced numbers of Homoptera (P 0.25 for all measures); however, foliar cover of Texas wintergrass was lower in burned plots in March but recovered to non-burned levels by May. Our results suggest that small-scale, low-intensity fires have minimal impact on central Texas lizards, the vegetation structure of their habitat, or the invertebrates of their diet.
{"title":"Short-term effects of prescribed fire on lizards in mesquite-Ashe juniper vegetation in central Texas","authors":"D. Wester, Sandra Rideout-Hanzak, Nikki J. Radke, G. Perry","doi":"10.1163/157075408785911039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/157075408785911039","url":null,"abstract":"Prescribed fire is a common land management tool used to reduce undesirable shrubs, improve forage quality, and enhance wildlife habitat for game species. However, it also has impacts on nongame species. We examined whether a prescribed fire would affect the abundance of lizards and invertebrates in central Texas. In February 2004, four sites were treated with low-intensity prescribed fires; four adjacent non-burned sites served as controls. Vegetation structure (litter depth, percent canopy cover, visual obstruction) and foliar cover were recorded prior to and seasonally following the burn. Lizards and potential invertebrate prey were collected from all plots between March and August 2004 (152 traps, 5908 trap nights). Lizard numbers were not significantly (P > 0.312) affected by the fire, nor were their potential prey or habitat greatly affected. Burning reduced numbers of Homoptera (P 0.25 for all measures); however, foliar cover of Texas wintergrass was lower in burned plots in March but recovered to non-burned levels by May. Our results suggest that small-scale, low-intensity fires have minimal impact on central Texas lizards, the vegetation structure of their habitat, or the invertebrates of their diet.","PeriodicalId":55499,"journal":{"name":"Applied Herpetology","volume":"5 1","pages":"281-292"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/157075408785911039","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64921199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.1163/157075408786532066
P. Budgen, M. Hart
Record-keeping is an essential part of any forensic investigation. Cases involving reptiles and amphibians are no exception. All such records are to be considered as evidence and must be fully accountable in a chain of custody. Equally, the documentation of samples is vital, from the earliest point of entry into an investigation. Strict adherence to these basic principles will ensure that the evidence, when presented, will withstand scrutiny of both its integrity and transparency.
{"title":"Forensic record-keeping and documentation of samples","authors":"P. Budgen, M. Hart","doi":"10.1163/157075408786532066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/157075408786532066","url":null,"abstract":"Record-keeping is an essential part of any forensic investigation. Cases involving reptiles and amphibians are no exception. All such records are to be considered as evidence and must be fully accountable in a chain of custody. Equally, the documentation of samples is vital, from the earliest point of entry into an investigation. Strict adherence to these basic principles will ensure that the evidence, when presented, will withstand scrutiny of both its integrity and transparency.","PeriodicalId":55499,"journal":{"name":"Applied Herpetology","volume":"5 1","pages":"386-401"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/157075408786532066","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64922110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.1163/157075408786532093
M. Cooper
Some knowledge of the relevant law is essential to forensic work involving reptiles and amphibians. The legislation that applies to such animals forms the basis of prosecutions, civil claims and other enquiries that call for herpetological forensic evidence. Other legal requirements set standards for the method and quality of the preparation and presentation of forensic evidence. The law relating to reptiles and amphibians and its impact on forensic work is discussed with reference to general principles that are common to many countries and, by way of example, to more specific information on international, European Union and British law.
{"title":"Forensics in herpetology — legal aspects","authors":"M. Cooper","doi":"10.1163/157075408786532093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/157075408786532093","url":null,"abstract":"Some knowledge of the relevant law is essential to forensic work involving reptiles and amphibians. The legislation that applies to such animals forms the basis of prosecutions, civil claims and other enquiries that call for herpetological forensic evidence. Other legal requirements set standards for the method and quality of the preparation and presentation of forensic evidence. The law relating to reptiles and amphibians and its impact on forensic work is discussed with reference to general principles that are common to many countries and, by way of example, to more specific information on international, European Union and British law.","PeriodicalId":55499,"journal":{"name":"Applied Herpetology","volume":"19 1","pages":"319-338"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/157075408786532093","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64922318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-01DOI: 10.1163/157075407781268291
A. Hailey, Nicole Sookoo, E. Hernández, D. Ramoo
Tadpoles of Physalaemus pustulosus showed a marked crowding effect in cultures without soil substrate. Tadpoles fed ad libitum (high ration level) had slower growth and development at densities of 20 and 50 L −1 compared to 2, 5 and 10 L −1 , but there was little effect on mass at metamorphosis. The effect of extreme crowding (50 L −1 ) on a compound measure of tadpole performance was similar to that of a greatly reduced ration level (high/4), which lowered performance by about half at all rearing densities (2-50 L −1 ). Density and ration level interacted significantly in their effects on tadpole performance. A soil substrate, previously shown to promote growth and development of P. pustulosus tadpoles, largely mitigated the crowding effect, with little effect of density on performance between 2 and 50 L −1 and metamorph mass substantially greater than those reared without soil. Several measures of water quality in cultures were similar to values in field breeding pools of P. pustulosus . The exception was dissolved oxygen which was often lower than in field pools, although cultures with low values (with soil) were those showing greatest rates of growth and development and metamorph size. Factors that could be responsible for the mitigating effect of soil on crowding are discussed. The effect reduces the material and care time cost of rearing P. pustulosus to metamorphosis by 2-3 fold compared to the standard culture at 10 L −1 recommended previously.
{"title":"The influence of density and ration level on cultured Physalaemus pustulosus tadpoles, and the mitigation of a crowding effect by soil substrate","authors":"A. Hailey, Nicole Sookoo, E. Hernández, D. Ramoo","doi":"10.1163/157075407781268291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/157075407781268291","url":null,"abstract":"Tadpoles of Physalaemus pustulosus showed a marked crowding effect in cultures without soil substrate. Tadpoles fed ad libitum (high ration level) had slower growth and development at densities of 20 and 50 L −1 compared to 2, 5 and 10 L −1 , but there was little effect on mass at metamorphosis. The effect of extreme crowding (50 L −1 ) on a compound measure of tadpole performance was similar to that of a greatly reduced ration level (high/4), which lowered performance by about half at all rearing densities (2-50 L −1 ). Density and ration level interacted significantly in their effects on tadpole performance. A soil substrate, previously shown to promote growth and development of P. pustulosus tadpoles, largely mitigated the crowding effect, with little effect of density on performance between 2 and 50 L −1 and metamorph mass substantially greater than those reared without soil. Several measures of water quality in cultures were similar to values in field breeding pools of P. pustulosus . The exception was dissolved oxygen which was often lower than in field pools, although cultures with low values (with soil) were those showing greatest rates of growth and development and metamorph size. Factors that could be responsible for the mitigating effect of soil on crowding are discussed. The effect reduces the material and care time cost of rearing P. pustulosus to metamorphosis by 2-3 fold compared to the standard culture at 10 L −1 recommended previously.","PeriodicalId":55499,"journal":{"name":"Applied Herpetology","volume":"4 1","pages":"261-277"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/157075407781268291","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64918208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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