Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.1163/157075408784648808
Dale M. Jefferson, R. W. Russell
Anurans undergo dramatic morphological and physiological changes at metamorphosis, accompanied by shifts in diet and habitat. Frogs provide an ideal model organism for studying ontogenetic shifts in diet due to their biphasic life history and widespread distribution throughout their range. Analysis of stable isotopes of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in green frog tadpoles and adult frogs was used to describe ontogenetic shifts in diet and habitat. Adult and larval green frogs were collected from four wetland locations in Nova Scotia, Canada and analyzed for stable isotopes. Differences in isotopic ratios were observed among tadpoles and adults. Tadpoles from wetlands with high nitrate concentrations exhibited greater δ15N values than adults, while tadpoles from wetlands without N enrichment had lower δ15N values. These enriched nitrogen signatures were probably the result of larval exposure to nitrogenous pollution originating from fertilizers and illustrate the difficulties in using isotope analysis to quantify trophic structure in biphasic organisms occupying dramatically different habitats.
{"title":"Ontogenetic and fertilizer effects on stable isotopes in the green frog (Rana clamitans)","authors":"Dale M. Jefferson, R. W. Russell","doi":"10.1163/157075408784648808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/157075408784648808","url":null,"abstract":"Anurans undergo dramatic morphological and physiological changes at metamorphosis, accompanied by shifts in diet and habitat. Frogs provide an ideal model organism for studying ontogenetic shifts in diet due to their biphasic life history and widespread distribution throughout their range. Analysis of stable isotopes of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in green frog tadpoles and adult frogs was used to describe ontogenetic shifts in diet and habitat. Adult and larval green frogs were collected from four wetland locations in Nova Scotia, Canada and analyzed for stable isotopes. Differences in isotopic ratios were observed among tadpoles and adults. Tadpoles from wetlands with high nitrate concentrations exhibited greater δ15N values than adults, while tadpoles from wetlands without N enrichment had lower δ15N values. These enriched nitrogen signatures were probably the result of larval exposure to nitrogenous pollution originating from fertilizers and illustrate the difficulties in using isotope analysis to quantify trophic structure in biphasic organisms occupying dramatically different habitats.","PeriodicalId":55499,"journal":{"name":"Applied Herpetology","volume":"5 1","pages":"189-196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/157075408784648808","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64920842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.1163/157075408784648826
E. Arida, Michael C. Bull
Western subspecies of the Australian skink Egernia stokesii are considered endangered and translocation to unoccupied areas of suitable habitat has been proposed as a conservation strategy. We investigated the internal structure of artificial refuges that might induce translocated lizards to remain at the site of release. In a laboratory environment, individual lizards were offered choices of alternative structures as refuges. They preferred deeper and narrower refuge structures, with a single entrance rather than two entrances. They showed a slight tendency to avoid PVC structures when plywood or brick paving alternatives were available. Soft sand or hard brick substrate were equally accepted. The results suggest that the use of brick pavers may be a practical management strategy to provide extra refuges for the lizards, but further trials are needed with a greater range of temperatures that are representative of field conditions.
{"title":"Optimising the design of artificial refuges for the Australian skink, Egernia stokesii","authors":"E. Arida, Michael C. Bull","doi":"10.1163/157075408784648826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/157075408784648826","url":null,"abstract":"Western subspecies of the Australian skink Egernia stokesii are considered endangered and translocation to unoccupied areas of suitable habitat has been proposed as a conservation strategy. We investigated the internal structure of artificial refuges that might induce translocated lizards to remain at the site of release. In a laboratory environment, individual lizards were offered choices of alternative structures as refuges. They preferred deeper and narrower refuge structures, with a single entrance rather than two entrances. They showed a slight tendency to avoid PVC structures when plywood or brick paving alternatives were available. Soft sand or hard brick substrate were equally accepted. The results suggest that the use of brick pavers may be a practical management strategy to provide extra refuges for the lizards, but further trials are needed with a greater range of temperatures that are representative of field conditions.","PeriodicalId":55499,"journal":{"name":"Applied Herpetology","volume":"8 1","pages":"161-172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/157075408784648826","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64921307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.1163/157075408786532048
B. W. Baker
The emerging field of forensic herpetology is reviewed. This research focus, defined here as the application of science to studies of reptiles and amphibians when these animals become the subject of legal investigations, has gained increasing attention in recent years. A diverse range of experts contributes to methods in forensic herpetology including forensic scientists, herpetologists, veterinarians, zookeepers, physicians, pathologists and toxicologists. The English language literature in forensic herpetology is reviewed and the most commonly asked questions of forensic herpetologists are summarized. Recommendations for continued and future research are highlighted.
{"title":"A brief overview of forensic herpetology","authors":"B. W. Baker","doi":"10.1163/157075408786532048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/157075408786532048","url":null,"abstract":"The emerging field of forensic herpetology is reviewed. This research focus, defined here as the application of science to studies of reptiles and amphibians when these animals become the subject of legal investigations, has gained increasing attention in recent years. A diverse range of experts contributes to methods in forensic herpetology including forensic scientists, herpetologists, veterinarians, zookeepers, physicians, pathologists and toxicologists. The English language literature in forensic herpetology is reviewed and the most commonly asked questions of forensic herpetologists are summarized. Recommendations for continued and future research are highlighted.","PeriodicalId":55499,"journal":{"name":"Applied Herpetology","volume":"5 1","pages":"307-318"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/157075408786532048","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64921775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.1163/157075408785911020
E. Grant, L. Bailey, J. Ware, K. Duncan
The amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, responsible for the potentially fatal amphibian disease chytridiomycosis, is known to occur in a large and ever increasing number of amphibian populations around the world. However, sampling has been biased towards stream- and wetland-breeding anurans, with little attention paid to stream-associated salamanders. We sampled three frog and three salamander species in the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historic Park, Maryland, by swabbing animals for PCR analysis to detect DNA of B. dendrobatidis. Using PCR, we detected B. dendrobatidis DNA in both stream and wetland amphibians, and report here the first occurrence of the pathogen in two species of stream-associated salamanders. Future research should focus on mechanisms within habitats that may affect persistence and dissemination of B. dendrobatidis among stream-associated salamanders
{"title":"Prevalence of the amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in stream and wetland amphibians in Maryland, USA","authors":"E. Grant, L. Bailey, J. Ware, K. Duncan","doi":"10.1163/157075408785911020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/157075408785911020","url":null,"abstract":"The amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, responsible for the potentially fatal amphibian disease chytridiomycosis, is known to occur in a large and ever increasing number of amphibian populations around the world. However, sampling has been biased towards stream- and wetland-breeding anurans, with little attention paid to stream-associated salamanders. We sampled three frog and three salamander species in the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historic Park, Maryland, by swabbing animals for PCR analysis to detect DNA of B. dendrobatidis. Using PCR, we detected B. dendrobatidis DNA in both stream and wetland amphibians, and report here the first occurrence of the pathogen in two species of stream-associated salamanders. Future research should focus on mechanisms within habitats that may affect persistence and dissemination of B. dendrobatidis among stream-associated salamanders","PeriodicalId":55499,"journal":{"name":"Applied Herpetology","volume":"5 1","pages":"233-241"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/157075408785911020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64921060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.1163/157075408786532110
J. Cooper
Post-mortem examination (necropsy) of reptiles and amphibians plays an important part in certain forensic investigations, especially where there is a need for information about the circumstances of death or whether an animal was in poor health, suffered, or was abused during life. Necropsy needs to be carried out properly, following standard protocols and using appropriate equipment. Supporting laboratory tests may be required and it is important that material is maintained, both for production in court and as part of a forensic research and teaching collection.
{"title":"Methods in herpetological forensic work — post-mortem techniques","authors":"J. Cooper","doi":"10.1163/157075408786532110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/157075408786532110","url":null,"abstract":"Post-mortem examination (necropsy) of reptiles and amphibians plays an important part in certain forensic investigations, especially where there is a need for information about the circumstances of death or whether an animal was in poor health, suffered, or was abused during life. Necropsy needs to be carried out properly, following standard protocols and using appropriate equipment. Supporting laboratory tests may be required and it is important that material is maintained, both for production in court and as part of a forensic research and teaching collection.","PeriodicalId":55499,"journal":{"name":"Applied Herpetology","volume":"5 1","pages":"351-370"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/157075408786532110","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64921928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.1163/157075408783489239
Valerie L. Boyarski, J. Savidge, G. Rodda
We examined three classes of factors that may influence brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis) trappability on Guam: (1) attributes of the snake, (2) attributes of the environment and (3) attributes of the trap. The attributes of the snake we considered included body condition, length and sex. Heavier snakes for a given size (better body condition) moved less and were less easily trapped. Longer snakes were easier to trap. Males were also slightly more easily trapped than females. We compared brown treesnake trappability between two study sites that differed greatly in the abundance of diurnal skinks, an important prey item for smaller snakes. We predicted that snakes, especially small individuals (<800 mm snout-vent length), would be more easily trapped in the low prey environment, a result that received only weak support from our data. However, small snakes were rarely trapped under any circumstance. We also predicted that diurnal foraging would be observed in the site with a higher density of diurnal prey, but daytime snake captures were negligible at both sites. Two attributes of traps that we varied were attractant (mouse vs. skink) and entrance flaps (present vs. absent). Traps with mice as attractant registered 6-16 fold more snake captures. We found little influence of entrances on captures. These modulators of brown treesnake trappability may have analogues in a variety of species, especially species that undergo an ontogenetic shift in diet.
{"title":"Brown treesnake ( Boiga irregularis ) trappability: Attributes of the snake, environment and trap","authors":"Valerie L. Boyarski, J. Savidge, G. Rodda","doi":"10.1163/157075408783489239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/157075408783489239","url":null,"abstract":"We examined three classes of factors that may influence brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis) trappability on Guam: (1) attributes of the snake, (2) attributes of the environment and (3) attributes of the trap. The attributes of the snake we considered included body condition, length and sex. Heavier snakes for a given size (better body condition) moved less and were less easily trapped. Longer snakes were easier to trap. Males were also slightly more easily trapped than females. We compared brown treesnake trappability between two study sites that differed greatly in the abundance of diurnal skinks, an important prey item for smaller snakes. We predicted that snakes, especially small individuals (<800 mm snout-vent length), would be more easily trapped in the low prey environment, a result that received only weak support from our data. However, small snakes were rarely trapped under any circumstance. We also predicted that diurnal foraging would be observed in the site with a higher density of diurnal prey, but daytime snake captures were negligible at both sites. Two attributes of traps that we varied were attractant (mouse vs. skink) and entrance flaps (present vs. absent). Traps with mice as attractant registered 6-16 fold more snake captures. We found little influence of entrances on captures. These modulators of brown treesnake trappability may have analogues in a variety of species, especially species that undergo an ontogenetic shift in diet.","PeriodicalId":55499,"journal":{"name":"Applied Herpetology","volume":"5 1","pages":"47-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/157075408783489239","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64920347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.1163/157075408783489158
Joshua J. Schulte, Geoffrey R. Smith
We experimentally examined the choice of three substrate types by American toad (Bufo americanus) metamorphs. Metamorphs clearly preferred deciduous leaf litter over coniferous leaf litter and bare soil, and coniferous leaf litter over bare soil. These results emphasize that modification of terrestrial habitats surrounding breeding ponds can impact anuran behavior and populations.
{"title":"Conservation management implications of substrate choice in recently metamorphosed American toads (Bufo americanus)","authors":"Joshua J. Schulte, Geoffrey R. Smith","doi":"10.1163/157075408783489158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/157075408783489158","url":null,"abstract":"We experimentally examined the choice of three substrate types by American toad (Bufo americanus) metamorphs. Metamorphs clearly preferred deciduous leaf litter over coniferous leaf litter and bare soil, and coniferous leaf litter over bare soil. These results emphasize that modification of terrestrial habitats surrounding breeding ponds can impact anuran behavior and populations.","PeriodicalId":55499,"journal":{"name":"Applied Herpetology","volume":"5 1","pages":"87-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/157075408783489158","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64919462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.1163/157075408785910995
J. R. Granda, Robert M. Pena, B. A. Pierce
Anuran call surveys are being used widely to monitor amphibian populations and study amphibian declines. To help optimize call surveys, we studied several factors that potentially affect the efficiency of this method. We studied whether the approach of observers to the listening site potentially disturbs calling amphibians and whether disturbance is reduced after 5 min using 230 roadside call surveys along 23 routes. On each route, listening time for five of ten sites was 5 min; listening time for the other five surveys on a route was 10 min. We detected nine species in these surveys. We found no significant difference in the number of species heard in the first 5 min of a 10-min survey compared to the second 5 min, nor a significant difference in the number of species heard when comparing 5-min surveys and the second 5 min of 10-min surveys. These results suggest that there is no detectable disturbance upon approach, or if disturbance occurs it does not dissipate after 5 min. The effect of the observer's listening orientation on number of species heard was examined in 110 roadside call surveys along 11 routes. Changing orientation during the call survey did not increase the number of species heard. Significantly greater numbers of species were detected during surveys conducted under low moonlight.
{"title":"Effects of disturbance, position of observer, and moonlight on efficiency of anuran call surveys","authors":"J. R. Granda, Robert M. Pena, B. A. Pierce","doi":"10.1163/157075408785910995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/157075408785910995","url":null,"abstract":"Anuran call surveys are being used widely to monitor amphibian populations and study amphibian declines. To help optimize call surveys, we studied several factors that potentially affect the efficiency of this method. We studied whether the approach of observers to the listening site potentially disturbs calling amphibians and whether disturbance is reduced after 5 min using 230 roadside call surveys along 23 routes. On each route, listening time for five of ten sites was 5 min; listening time for the other five surveys on a route was 10 min. We detected nine species in these surveys. We found no significant difference in the number of species heard in the first 5 min of a 10-min survey compared to the second 5 min, nor a significant difference in the number of species heard when comparing 5-min surveys and the second 5 min of 10-min surveys. These results suggest that there is no detectable disturbance upon approach, or if disturbance occurs it does not dissipate after 5 min. The effect of the observer's listening orientation on number of species heard was examined in 110 roadside call surveys along 11 routes. Changing orientation during the call survey did not increase the number of species heard. Significantly greater numbers of species were detected during surveys conducted under low moonlight.","PeriodicalId":55499,"journal":{"name":"Applied Herpetology","volume":"5 1","pages":"253-263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/157075408785910995","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64921281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.1163/157075408785911057
Lester O. Dillard, K. R. Russell, W. Ford
The federally threatened Cheat Mountain salamander (Plethodon nettingi; hereafter CMS) is known to occur at approximately 70 small, scattered sites in the Allegheny Mountains of eastern West Virginia. We used a comparative modeling approach to explain the landscape-level distribution and habitat relationships of CMS in relation to a suite of biotic and abiotic habitat variables measured across the species' range. We collected data on 13 explanatory macrohabitat variables at CMS-occupied (n = 180) and random (n = 180) sites. We then examined CMS-macrohabitat relationships using a priori, logistic regression models with information-theoretic model selection, classification tree modeling, and discriminant function analysis. Among logistic regression models, a model containing the variables elevation, aspect, slope, and lithology received the strongest empirical support, although a model containing these variables and current vegetation type also received limited support. Variable selection within our classification tree and discriminant function modeling was consistent with logistic regression results. Common variables in all three approaches indicated that the probability of finding CMS across the species' range increased in areas at higher elevations and underlain by sandstone. Validation of models with empirical support using reserved data indicated that classification accuracy was ≥80% for all three analytical methods. Finally, we linked model outputs from all three methods to GIS coverage maps that predicted CMS occupancy within the study area. Our results indicate that geophysical and ecological characteristics measured at large spatial scales may be useful for quantifying salamander habitat relationships in forested landscapes, and more specifically increase the capacity of managers to locate and plan for the continued persistence and recovery of CMS.
{"title":"Macrohabitat models of occurrence for the threatened Cheat Mountain salamander, Plethodon nettingi","authors":"Lester O. Dillard, K. R. Russell, W. Ford","doi":"10.1163/157075408785911057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/157075408785911057","url":null,"abstract":"The federally threatened Cheat Mountain salamander (Plethodon nettingi; hereafter CMS) is known to occur at approximately 70 small, scattered sites in the Allegheny Mountains of eastern West Virginia. We used a comparative modeling approach to explain the landscape-level distribution and habitat relationships of CMS in relation to a suite of biotic and abiotic habitat variables measured across the species' range. We collected data on 13 explanatory macrohabitat variables at CMS-occupied (n = 180) and random (n = 180) sites. We then examined CMS-macrohabitat relationships using a priori, logistic regression models with information-theoretic model selection, classification tree modeling, and discriminant function analysis. Among logistic regression models, a model containing the variables elevation, aspect, slope, and lithology received the strongest empirical support, although a model containing these variables and current vegetation type also received limited support. Variable selection within our classification tree and discriminant function modeling was consistent with logistic regression results. Common variables in all three approaches indicated that the probability of finding CMS across the species' range increased in areas at higher elevations and underlain by sandstone. Validation of models with empirical support using reserved data indicated that classification accuracy was ≥80% for all three analytical methods. Finally, we linked model outputs from all three methods to GIS coverage maps that predicted CMS occupancy within the study area. Our results indicate that geophysical and ecological characteristics measured at large spatial scales may be useful for quantifying salamander habitat relationships in forested landscapes, and more specifically increase the capacity of managers to locate and plan for the continued persistence and recovery of CMS.","PeriodicalId":55499,"journal":{"name":"Applied Herpetology","volume":"5 1","pages":"201-224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/157075408785911057","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64921610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.1163/157075408786532075
F. Frye
The taking and submission of samples from forensic cases for laboratory investigation necessitates the adoption of rigorous protocols and high standards of quality control. Reptiles and amphibians provide particular challenges, in part because of their biological features and also because, until recently, there have been few studies in these species on such subjects as determination of time of death. Herpetological medicine and pathology have made tremendous strides in recent years and this has contributed substantially to the establishment of databases and expertise that can be used in the investigation of legal cases.
{"title":"Methods in herpetological forensic work — sampling and standard laboratory techniques","authors":"F. Frye","doi":"10.1163/157075408786532075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/157075408786532075","url":null,"abstract":"The taking and submission of samples from forensic cases for laboratory investigation necessitates the adoption of rigorous protocols and high standards of quality control. Reptiles and amphibians provide particular challenges, in part because of their biological features and also because, until recently, there have been few studies in these species on such subjects as determination of time of death. Herpetological medicine and pathology have made tremendous strides in recent years and this has contributed substantially to the establishment of databases and expertise that can be used in the investigation of legal cases.","PeriodicalId":55499,"journal":{"name":"Applied Herpetology","volume":"5 1","pages":"339-350"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/157075408786532075","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64921995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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