Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1163/157075408X386150
Annabel L. Smith, A. Fenner, C. Bull, M. Gardner
We used data from 16 polymorphic microsatellite loci from the endangered pygmy bluetongue lizard, Tiliqua adelaidensis, to examine genetic signals of intestinal parasite infestation. 30% of 70 individuals had detectable infestations of the nematode parasite Pharyngodon wandillahensis. We found no evidence that higher levels of heterozygosity promoted parasite resistance, and there were no significant associations between 50 common alleles and infestation status. Although neutral markers are a potentially useful conservation tool for studying the risk of parasitism in species of conservation concern, we did not detect any association in the studied host-parasite system.
{"title":"Genotypes and nematode infestations in an endangered lizard, Tiliqua adelaidensis","authors":"Annabel L. Smith, A. Fenner, C. Bull, M. Gardner","doi":"10.1163/157075408X386150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/157075408X386150","url":null,"abstract":"We used data from 16 polymorphic microsatellite loci from the endangered pygmy bluetongue lizard, Tiliqua adelaidensis, to examine genetic signals of intestinal parasite infestation. 30% of 70 individuals had detectable infestations of the nematode parasite Pharyngodon wandillahensis. We found no evidence that higher levels of heterozygosity promoted parasite resistance, and there were no significant associations between 50 common alleles and infestation status. Although neutral markers are a potentially useful conservation tool for studying the risk of parasitism in species of conservation concern, we did not detect any association in the studied host-parasite system.","PeriodicalId":55499,"journal":{"name":"Applied Herpetology","volume":"6 1","pages":"300-305"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/157075408X386150","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64921971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1163/157075409X413842
B. Rothschild
As the study of bone disease in recent and fossil amphibians and reptiles has evolved from observational speculation to analysis of testable hypotheses, so too has recognition of its contribution to our understanding of diseases and organisms. Given the development of a 'library' of macroscopic osseous manifestations of a variety of diseases, the power of such examination of skeletons for identification of the etiology of pathology has greatly reduced the need for destructive analysis. High frequency of malformations in amphibians or of spondyloarthropathy in reptiles should stimulate evaluation for environmental causal factors. Notation of previously unrecognized/undescribed pathology affords unique opportunities. Scientific approach, validated database and phylogeny-independent pathology recognition form the basis for this review of the current knowledge of contemporary and extinct amphibian and reptile osseous pathology. This provides baseline data for forensic herpetologists and others attempting to identify and interpret osseous lesions, disease and trauma in a forensic context.
{"title":"Scientifically rigorous reptile and amphibian osseous pathology: Lessons for forensic herpetology from comparative and paleo-pathology","authors":"B. Rothschild","doi":"10.1163/157075409X413842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/157075409X413842","url":null,"abstract":"As the study of bone disease in recent and fossil amphibians and reptiles has evolved from observational speculation to analysis of testable hypotheses, so too has recognition of its contribution to our understanding of diseases and organisms. Given the development of a 'library' of macroscopic osseous manifestations of a variety of diseases, the power of such examination of skeletons for identification of the etiology of pathology has greatly reduced the need for destructive analysis. High frequency of malformations in amphibians or of spondyloarthropathy in reptiles should stimulate evaluation for environmental causal factors. Notation of previously unrecognized/undescribed pathology affords unique opportunities. Scientific approach, validated database and phylogeny-independent pathology recognition form the basis for this review of the current knowledge of contemporary and extinct amphibian and reptile osseous pathology. This provides baseline data for forensic herpetologists and others attempting to identify and interpret osseous lesions, disease and trauma in a forensic context.","PeriodicalId":55499,"journal":{"name":"Applied Herpetology","volume":"6 1","pages":"47-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/157075409X413842","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64922990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1163/157075409X432913
R. R. Alves, N. A. L. Neto, G. G. Santana, W. L. S. Vieira, W. O. Almeida
This is an overview of the use of reptiles for medicinal and magic religious purposes in Brazil and discusses their implications for conservation. All available references or reports on the reptiles species being used for medicinal or magic/religious purposes were examined. A total of 44 species of reptiles (35 genera and 17 families) are used. These 42 species are used for medicinal purposes, two for magical religious purposes and 11 for both. The largest numbers of species used were snakes (15 species), turtles and tortoises (14), lizards (10), and crocodilians (5). Therapeutic products from 42 reptile species are used to treat 100 different illnesses and at least 13 reptile species were recorded as having magic religious uses. They are commonly sold in Brazilian cities in outdoor markets and stores that sell religious articles. Of the reptiles recorded, 52.3% are endangered species, demonstrating the importance of understanding such uses in the context of reptile conservation as well as of the cultural, social, and traditional role of these reptiles for establishing management plans directed towards sustainable use.
{"title":"Reptiles used for medicinal and magic religious purposes in Brazil","authors":"R. R. Alves, N. A. L. Neto, G. G. Santana, W. L. S. Vieira, W. O. Almeida","doi":"10.1163/157075409X432913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/157075409X432913","url":null,"abstract":"This is an overview of the use of reptiles for medicinal and magic religious purposes in Brazil and discusses their implications for conservation. All available references or reports on the reptiles species being used for medicinal or magic/religious purposes were examined. A total of 44 species of reptiles (35 genera and 17 families) are used. These 42 species are used for medicinal purposes, two for magical religious purposes and 11 for both. The largest numbers of species used were snakes (15 species), turtles and tortoises (14), lizards (10), and crocodilians (5). Therapeutic products from 42 reptile species are used to treat 100 different illnesses and at least 13 reptile species were recorded as having magic religious uses. They are commonly sold in Brazilian cities in outdoor markets and stores that sell religious articles. Of the reptiles recorded, 52.3% are endangered species, demonstrating the importance of understanding such uses in the context of reptile conservation as well as of the cultural, social, and traditional role of these reptiles for establishing management plans directed towards sustainable use.","PeriodicalId":55499,"journal":{"name":"Applied Herpetology","volume":"6 1","pages":"257-274"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/157075409X432913","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64923546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1163/157075309X12470350858550
L. Smith, J. Linehan, J. Stober, Matt J. Elliott, J. Jensen
Gopher tortoise, Gopherus polyphemus , populations are threatened by habitat loss across their range. Management and conservation of the species has been hindered by the lack of population monitoring data. Recent studies have demonstrated that line transect distance sampling (LTDS) is efficient for estimating population parameters for gopher tortoises, yet this method has not gained wide-spread acceptance. We attempted to use LTDS to survey gopher tortoise populations on 20 protected areas across southern Georgia, USA in 2007 and 2008. We used a camera system to determine burrow occupancy at each site. The survey data were used to compare population estimates derived using LTDS (with burrow scoping) to estimates obtained with survey methods recommended in the 2007 Florida Gopher Tortoise Management Plan: area-constrained surveys of 15% of suitable habitat and a standard 50% burrow occupancy. LTDS estimates of tortoise population density ranged from 0.21 ± 0.04 tortoises/ha at Ohoopee Dunes Natural Area to 1.65 ± 0.37 tortoises/ha at General Coffee State Park. Distance sampling was generally very efficient (on average our survey rate was 0.88 km/h) and we obtained estimates of population size and density at 13 of the 20 sites. The method was much less efficient at sites with extremely low tortoise densities, and at sites where the survey area was poorly defined. Under the former circumstance, LTDS sampling would have required 88-1318 km of transect per site, which was beyond the scope of our overall project. In the latter circumstance additional ground-truthing of the habitat would have been necessary. Hence, we reported only the tortoise encounter rate and burrow occupancy estimates for these sites. Population estimates obtained with area-constrained surveys and a 50% burrow occupancy rate differed by as much as 114% from those obtained with LTDS and occupancy estimates based on burrow scoping.
{"title":"An evaluation of distance sampling for large-scale gopher tortoise surveys in Georgia, USA","authors":"L. Smith, J. Linehan, J. Stober, Matt J. Elliott, J. Jensen","doi":"10.1163/157075309X12470350858550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/157075309X12470350858550","url":null,"abstract":"Gopher tortoise, Gopherus polyphemus , populations are threatened by habitat loss across their range. Management and conservation of the species has been hindered by the lack of population monitoring data. Recent studies have demonstrated that line transect distance sampling (LTDS) is efficient for estimating population parameters for gopher tortoises, yet this method has not gained wide-spread acceptance. We attempted to use LTDS to survey gopher tortoise populations on 20 protected areas across southern Georgia, USA in 2007 and 2008. We used a camera system to determine burrow occupancy at each site. The survey data were used to compare population estimates derived using LTDS (with burrow scoping) to estimates obtained with survey methods recommended in the 2007 Florida Gopher Tortoise Management Plan: area-constrained surveys of 15% of suitable habitat and a standard 50% burrow occupancy. LTDS estimates of tortoise population density ranged from 0.21 ± 0.04 tortoises/ha at Ohoopee Dunes Natural Area to 1.65 ± 0.37 tortoises/ha at General Coffee State Park. Distance sampling was generally very efficient (on average our survey rate was 0.88 km/h) and we obtained estimates of population size and density at 13 of the 20 sites. The method was much less efficient at sites with extremely low tortoise densities, and at sites where the survey area was poorly defined. Under the former circumstance, LTDS sampling would have required 88-1318 km of transect per site, which was beyond the scope of our overall project. In the latter circumstance additional ground-truthing of the habitat would have been necessary. Hence, we reported only the tortoise encounter rate and burrow occupancy estimates for these sites. Population estimates obtained with area-constrained surveys and a 50% burrow occupancy rate differed by as much as 114% from those obtained with LTDS and occupancy estimates based on burrow scoping.","PeriodicalId":55499,"journal":{"name":"Applied Herpetology","volume":"6 1","pages":"355-368"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/157075309X12470350858550","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64912900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1163/157075408X386178
D. Marsh
While techniques for sampling pond-breeding amphibians are relatively well-established, comparable methods for stream amphibians are still being developed. Uncertainty about sampling techniques is particularly acute for approaches that involve multiple observers. I evaluated three techniques for sampling stream salamanders with multiple observers—time-constrained surveys, leaf-litter bags, and controlled-cobble added to the stream. I tested for differences among techniques, differences among habitats, and technique by habitat interactions. I also asked whether coefficients of variation across observers and sample dates differed among methods and habitats. For all species and life-stages, time-constrained surveys produced higher counts of stream salamanders and greater richness estimates than did leaf-litter bags or controlled-cobble surveys. However, interactions between techniques and habitat were never significant, indicating that all the methods detected similar patterns in counts among stream habitats. Coefficients of variation in single-species counts tended to be higher for time-constrained surveys, whereas CVs for species richness were significantly lower for time-constrained surveys. Overall, these results suggest that: (1) time-constrained surveys for stream salamanders work surprisingly well even with multiple observers, (2) leaf-litter bags may be quite useful for single-species studies, but are less effective for multi-species sampling, and (3) controlled-cobble added to streams is not particularly effective for sampling salamanders in rocky streams.
{"title":"Evaluating methods for sampling stream salamanders across multiple observers and habitat types","authors":"D. Marsh","doi":"10.1163/157075408X386178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/157075408X386178","url":null,"abstract":"While techniques for sampling pond-breeding amphibians are relatively well-established, comparable methods for stream amphibians are still being developed. Uncertainty about sampling techniques is particularly acute for approaches that involve multiple observers. I evaluated three techniques for sampling stream salamanders with multiple observers—time-constrained surveys, leaf-litter bags, and controlled-cobble added to the stream. I tested for differences among techniques, differences among habitats, and technique by habitat interactions. I also asked whether coefficients of variation across observers and sample dates differed among methods and habitats. For all species and life-stages, time-constrained surveys produced higher counts of stream salamanders and greater richness estimates than did leaf-litter bags or controlled-cobble surveys. However, interactions between techniques and habitat were never significant, indicating that all the methods detected similar patterns in counts among stream habitats. Coefficients of variation in single-species counts tended to be higher for time-constrained surveys, whereas CVs for species richness were significantly lower for time-constrained surveys. Overall, these results suggest that: (1) time-constrained surveys for stream salamanders work surprisingly well even with multiple observers, (2) leaf-litter bags may be quite useful for single-species studies, but are less effective for multi-species sampling, and (3) controlled-cobble added to streams is not particularly effective for sampling salamanders in rocky streams.","PeriodicalId":55499,"journal":{"name":"Applied Herpetology","volume":"6 1","pages":"211-226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/157075408X386178","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64921992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1163/157075409X405283
M. Lawton, J. Cooper
Forensic work relating to reptiles and amphibians often necessitates a visit to the scene of an alleged crime in order to assess the site and to gather evidence. This may be part of law enforcement investigation or in order to assist, whether called by prosecution or defence, in a court case. When wildlife crime is suspected, fieldwork may be needed; this can present particular challenges and may necessitate the use of portable equipment and the performance of clinical, post-mortem and laboratory investigations under improvised conditions.
{"title":"Wildlife crime scene visits","authors":"M. Lawton, J. Cooper","doi":"10.1163/157075409X405283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/157075409X405283","url":null,"abstract":"Forensic work relating to reptiles and amphibians often necessitates a visit to the scene of an alleged crime in order to assess the site and to gather evidence. This may be part of law enforcement investigation or in order to assist, whether called by prosecution or defence, in a court case. When wildlife crime is suspected, fieldwork may be needed; this can present particular challenges and may necessitate the use of portable equipment and the performance of clinical, post-mortem and laboratory investigations under improvised conditions.","PeriodicalId":55499,"journal":{"name":"Applied Herpetology","volume":"6 1","pages":"29-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/157075409X405283","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64923241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-01-01DOI: 10.1163/157075309X12470350858514
Scott W. Buchanan, M. McLean, T. Tupper
Kettle lakes are important breeding habitats for Fowler's toad (Bufo fowleri) and are also used for human recreation. We sampled four kettle lakes used for recreation at Cape Cod National Seashore, Barnstable County, Massachusetts, USA to examine patterns in B. fowleri oviposition. Most oviposition occurred within 4 m of shorelines in shallow water and on vegetation or debris that positioned embryos close to the water's surface. Only 1.22% of egg strings were located in recreational-use accessways. Public-use related habitat disturbance likely inhibits B. fowleri oviposition due to the removal of attachment substrates. Resource managers should consider restricting human activity in kettle lakes so that egg strings and attachment substrates are not destroyed.
{"title":"Observations of oviposition in northern clade Bufo fowleri in kettle lakes at Cape Cod National Seashore, USA: implications for management","authors":"Scott W. Buchanan, M. McLean, T. Tupper","doi":"10.1163/157075309X12470350858514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/157075309X12470350858514","url":null,"abstract":"Kettle lakes are important breeding habitats for Fowler's toad (Bufo fowleri) and are also used for human recreation. We sampled four kettle lakes used for recreation at Cape Cod National Seashore, Barnstable County, Massachusetts, USA to examine patterns in B. fowleri oviposition. Most oviposition occurred within 4 m of shorelines in shallow water and on vegetation or debris that positioned embryos close to the water's surface. Only 1.22% of egg strings were located in recreational-use accessways. Public-use related habitat disturbance likely inhibits B. fowleri oviposition due to the removal of attachment substrates. Resource managers should consider restricting human activity in kettle lakes so that egg strings and attachment substrates are not destroyed.","PeriodicalId":55499,"journal":{"name":"Applied Herpetology","volume":"6 1","pages":"343-353"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/157075309X12470350858514","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64912844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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