Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.1163/157075408783489202
R. Elinson, Seung Yun Lee
The direct developing frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui, serves as a model for a divergent, derived pattern of anuran development. Reproduction and development occur normally in captivity, although individual embryos and sometimes entire clutches exhibit edema. Edematous embryos have abnormal pronephroi, as judged by histology and by alkaline phosphatase staining. The pronephric defects would be sufficient to account for the edema. The first indicator of later edema is loss or reduced development of the forelimbs. The coupling of forelimb and pronephric abnormalities is likely due to insufficient retinoic acid. The same syndrome can be produced experimentally by treatment with citral, an inhibitor of retinoic acid synthesis. The involvement of retinoic acid in forelimb development, found previously in other vertebrates, can now be extended to anuran amphibians. Reduced forelimb development in embryos may be a useful way to detect insufficient dietary vitamin A in reproductive colonies of direct developing frogs and of other vertebrates.
{"title":"Abnormalities of forelimb and pronephros in a direct developing frog suggest a retinoic acid deficiency","authors":"R. Elinson, Seung Yun Lee","doi":"10.1163/157075408783489202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/157075408783489202","url":null,"abstract":"The direct developing frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui, serves as a model for a divergent, derived pattern of anuran development. Reproduction and development occur normally in captivity, although individual embryos and sometimes entire clutches exhibit edema. Edematous embryos have abnormal pronephroi, as judged by histology and by alkaline phosphatase staining. The pronephric defects would be sufficient to account for the edema. The first indicator of later edema is loss or reduced development of the forelimbs. The coupling of forelimb and pronephric abnormalities is likely due to insufficient retinoic acid. The same syndrome can be produced experimentally by treatment with citral, an inhibitor of retinoic acid synthesis. The involvement of retinoic acid in forelimb development, found previously in other vertebrates, can now be extended to anuran amphibians. Reduced forelimb development in embryos may be a useful way to detect insufficient dietary vitamin A in reproductive colonies of direct developing frogs and of other vertebrates.","PeriodicalId":55499,"journal":{"name":"Applied Herpetology","volume":"5 1","pages":"33-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/157075408783489202","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64919622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.1163/157075408783489211
R. Bury
Temperature has a profound effect on survival and ecology of amphibians. In the Pacific Northwest, timber harvest is known to increase peak stream temperatures to 24 ◦ C or higher, which has potential to negatively impact cold-water stream amphibians. I determined the Critical Thermal Maxima (CTmax) for two salamanders that are endemic to the Pacific Northwest. Rhyacotriton variegatus larvae acclimated at 10 ◦ C had mean CTmax of 26.7 ± 0. 7S D ◦ C and adults acclimated at 11 ◦ C had mean CTmax of 27.9 ± 1.1 ◦ C. These were among the lowest known values for any amphibian. Values were significantly higher for larval Dicamptodon tenebrosus acclimated at 14 ◦ C ( ¯ x = 29.1 ± 0.2 ◦ C). Although the smallest R. variegatus had some of the lowest values, size of larvae and adults did not influence CTmax in this species. Current forest practices retain riparian buffers along larger fish-bearing streams; however, such buffers along smaller headwaters and non-fish bearing streams may provide favorable habitat conditions for coldwater-associated species in the Pacific Northwest. The current study lends further evidence to the need for protection of Northwest stream amphibians from environmental perturbations. Forest guidelines that include riparian buffer zones and configurations of upland stands should be developed, while monitoring amphibian responses to determine their success.
{"title":"Low thermal tolerances of stream amphibians in the Pacific Northwest: Implications for riparian and forest management","authors":"R. Bury","doi":"10.1163/157075408783489211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/157075408783489211","url":null,"abstract":"Temperature has a profound effect on survival and ecology of amphibians. In the Pacific Northwest, timber harvest is known to increase peak stream temperatures to 24 ◦ C or higher, which has potential to negatively impact cold-water stream amphibians. I determined the Critical Thermal Maxima (CTmax) for two salamanders that are endemic to the Pacific Northwest. Rhyacotriton variegatus larvae acclimated at 10 ◦ C had mean CTmax of 26.7 ± 0. 7S D ◦ C and adults acclimated at 11 ◦ C had mean CTmax of 27.9 ± 1.1 ◦ C. These were among the lowest known values for any amphibian. Values were significantly higher for larval Dicamptodon tenebrosus acclimated at 14 ◦ C ( ¯ x = 29.1 ± 0.2 ◦ C). Although the smallest R. variegatus had some of the lowest values, size of larvae and adults did not influence CTmax in this species. Current forest practices retain riparian buffers along larger fish-bearing streams; however, such buffers along smaller headwaters and non-fish bearing streams may provide favorable habitat conditions for coldwater-associated species in the Pacific Northwest. The current study lends further evidence to the need for protection of Northwest stream amphibians from environmental perturbations. Forest guidelines that include riparian buffer zones and configurations of upland stands should be developed, while monitoring amphibian responses to determine their success.","PeriodicalId":55499,"journal":{"name":"Applied Herpetology","volume":"5 1","pages":"63-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/157075408783489211","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64919954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.1163/157075408785911002
Kristine Hoffmann, Monica E. McGarrity, Steve A. Johnson
We report on the use of a hybrid marking technique (VIE-C) combining Visible Implant Elastomer (VIE) marks with toe-clipping (C) to mark individuals of several species of treefrogs (Hylidae). Our marking strategy entailed injecting elastomer into the plantar surface of the digits and clipping only one toe. This method allows large numbers of frogs to be individually marked, reduces the potential for negative effects due to clipping multiple toes, and minimizes the frequency of elastomer migration from the injection site, a common problem with VIE marks on the body or limbs. We found retention rate of VIE marks in the digits to be similar to that of toe-clips, indicating that VIE provides a satisfactory alternative to multiple toe-clips. In addition, cost of materials, frog handling time, and ill effects were minimal. This VIE-C marking scheme is highly recommended when considering techniques for marking anurans, as it reduces potential negative effects of clipping multiple toes, and provides a large number of inexpensive and long-lasting individual marks that can be easily applied and quickly read in the field by trained observers.
{"title":"Technology meets tradition: A combined VIE-C technique for individually marking anurans","authors":"Kristine Hoffmann, Monica E. McGarrity, Steve A. Johnson","doi":"10.1163/157075408785911002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/157075408785911002","url":null,"abstract":"We report on the use of a hybrid marking technique (VIE-C) combining Visible Implant Elastomer (VIE) marks with toe-clipping (C) to mark individuals of several species of treefrogs (Hylidae). Our marking strategy entailed injecting elastomer into the plantar surface of the digits and clipping only one toe. This method allows large numbers of frogs to be individually marked, reduces the potential for negative effects due to clipping multiple toes, and minimizes the frequency of elastomer migration from the injection site, a common problem with VIE marks on the body or limbs. We found retention rate of VIE marks in the digits to be similar to that of toe-clips, indicating that VIE provides a satisfactory alternative to multiple toe-clips. In addition, cost of materials, frog handling time, and ill effects were minimal. This VIE-C marking scheme is highly recommended when considering techniques for marking anurans, as it reduces potential negative effects of clipping multiple toes, and provides a large number of inexpensive and long-lasting individual marks that can be easily applied and quickly read in the field by trained observers.","PeriodicalId":55499,"journal":{"name":"Applied Herpetology","volume":"55 1","pages":"265-280"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/157075408785911002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64920914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.1163/157075408784648835
Hong Meiling, Shi Haitao, Fu Lirong, Gong Shi-ping, J. Fong, J. F. Parham
The Chinese turtle trade is the primary threat to endangered turtle populations throughout Asia, primarily because of the long tradition of consuming turtles in China. Practitioners of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) promote nutritional and medicinal benefits from eating turtles, especially those made from hardshell species. We tested these claims by determining the nutritional value of turtle products (meat, fat and shell) in five species of geoemydid turtle, Cuora trifasciata, C. mouhotii, Mauremys mutica, M. sinensis and Geoemyda spengleri. Nutritional variables such as the composition of amino acids, fatty acids and mineral elements were analyzed to determine the relative nutritional quality of turtle products. Our study refutes TCM claims about products made from hardshell turtles. Alternative animal products should be substituted to obtain similar minerals, amino acids and fatty acids. Balancing the cultural use of turtles with their conservation status remains a major challenge.
中国海龟贸易是整个亚洲濒危海龟种群的主要威胁，主要是因为中国有悠久的食用海龟的传统。中医医生提倡食用海龟，尤其是那些由硬壳物种制成的海龟，具有营养和药用价值。我们通过测定五种地鳖(Cuora trifasciata, C. mouhotii, Mauremys mutica, M. sinensis和geemyda spengleri)龟产品(肉、脂肪和壳)的营养价值来验证这些说法。通过对氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿质元素组成等营养变量的分析，确定了龟产品的相对营养品质。我们的研究驳斥了中医对由硬壳龟制成的产品的说法。应该用替代动物产品来获得类似的矿物质、氨基酸和脂肪酸。平衡海龟的文化用途和它们的保护状况仍然是一项重大挑战。
{"title":"Scientific refutation of traditional Chinese medicine claims about turtles","authors":"Hong Meiling, Shi Haitao, Fu Lirong, Gong Shi-ping, J. Fong, J. F. Parham","doi":"10.1163/157075408784648835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/157075408784648835","url":null,"abstract":"The Chinese turtle trade is the primary threat to endangered turtle populations throughout Asia, primarily because of the long tradition of consuming turtles in China. Practitioners of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) promote nutritional and medicinal benefits from eating turtles, especially those made from hardshell species. We tested these claims by determining the nutritional value of turtle products (meat, fat and shell) in five species of geoemydid turtle, Cuora trifasciata, C. mouhotii, Mauremys mutica, M. sinensis and Geoemyda spengleri. Nutritional variables such as the composition of amino acids, fatty acids and mineral elements were analyzed to determine the relative nutritional quality of turtle products. Our study refutes TCM claims about products made from hardshell turtles. Alternative animal products should be substituted to obtain similar minerals, amino acids and fatty acids. Balancing the cultural use of turtles with their conservation status remains a major challenge.","PeriodicalId":55499,"journal":{"name":"Applied Herpetology","volume":"1 1","pages":"173-187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/157075408784648835","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64920962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.1163/157075408784648844
S. Riedl, H. Mushinsky, E. McCoy
Gopher tortoises on lands to be developed may be translocated as a conservation measure, sometimes to areas already occupied by the species. We assessed the success of this type of translocation by monitoring the movements, spatial positioning, health, and reproductive activity of translocated and resident individuals at a site in central Florida from 2001 to 2004. By several criteria, the translocation was a success. Most translocated individuals remained on-site for at least one year, home ranges of resident individuals were not significantly different before and after translocation, home ranges of translocated individuals fit within the range of estimates reported in the literature, and neither body condition nor reproduction of either group of individuals could be shown to be affected by the translocation. On the other hand, several resident individuals altered their habitat use after translocation and the spatial positioning of resident individuals was different than that of individuals throughout; so, some potential exists for future off-site movements. The study illustrates two practical problems in assessing translocation success: lack of adequate pre-translocation data for both resident and translocated individuals, which interferes with documentation of translocation effects, and the necessarily small sample sizes, which reduces statistical power.
{"title":"Translocation of the Gopher Tortoise: Difficulties Associated with Assessing Success","authors":"S. Riedl, H. Mushinsky, E. McCoy","doi":"10.1163/157075408784648844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/157075408784648844","url":null,"abstract":"Gopher tortoises on lands to be developed may be translocated as a conservation measure, sometimes to areas already occupied by the species. We assessed the success of this type of translocation by monitoring the movements, spatial positioning, health, and reproductive activity of translocated and resident individuals at a site in central Florida from 2001 to 2004. By several criteria, the translocation was a success. Most translocated individuals remained on-site for at least one year, home ranges of resident individuals were not significantly different before and after translocation, home ranges of translocated individuals fit within the range of estimates reported in the literature, and neither body condition nor reproduction of either group of individuals could be shown to be affected by the translocation. On the other hand, several resident individuals altered their habitat use after translocation and the spatial positioning of resident individuals was different than that of individuals throughout; so, some potential exists for future off-site movements. The study illustrates two practical problems in assessing translocation success: lack of adequate pre-translocation data for both resident and translocated individuals, which interferes with documentation of translocation effects, and the necessarily small sample sizes, which reduces statistical power.","PeriodicalId":55499,"journal":{"name":"Applied Herpetology","volume":"20 1","pages":"145-160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/157075408784648844","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64921088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.1163/157075408786532057
I. McDowall
DNA-based technologies, in particular those involved with the identification and screening of DNA polymorphisms, have become a major analytical tool for forensic investigators. These technologies were originally designed for crime scene evaluation and analysis and, more specifically, to the identification of individuals linked to crime scenes. However, the same technologies have subsequently been used identify polymorphisms capable of discrimination at the individual or species level in a wide range of vertebrates. These polymorphic markers are relevant to a range of research and investigative applications in reptiles and amphibians including population and conservation studies, phylogenetics and forensic analysis. Initially cost-prohibitive, DNA technology is now within the budget of many non-specialised laboratories and field centres. The advent of PCR-based methodologies has allowed the purification and subsequent profiling of DNA from an impressive array of biological materials, including limited amounts of partially degraded field or forensic samples. In this respect, non-invasive sampling of endangered species in the field is of particular interest. Polymorphisms occurring within regions of the mitochondrial genomes of vertebrates are currently being screened for species-specific identification purposes. Databases are under construction that will allow rapid comparison of matching regions of the genomes of many thousands of animal species — with obvious applications in forensic investigations.
{"title":"DNA technology and its applications in herpetological research and forensic investigations involving reptiles and amphibians","authors":"I. McDowall","doi":"10.1163/157075408786532057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/157075408786532057","url":null,"abstract":"DNA-based technologies, in particular those involved with the identification and screening of DNA polymorphisms, have become a major analytical tool for forensic investigators. These technologies were originally designed for crime scene evaluation and analysis and, more specifically, to the identification of individuals linked to crime scenes. However, the same technologies have subsequently been used identify polymorphisms capable of discrimination at the individual or species level in a wide range of vertebrates. These polymorphic markers are relevant to a range of research and investigative applications in reptiles and amphibians including population and conservation studies, phylogenetics and forensic analysis. Initially cost-prohibitive, DNA technology is now within the budget of many non-specialised laboratories and field centres. The advent of PCR-based methodologies has allowed the purification and subsequent profiling of DNA from an impressive array of biological materials, including limited amounts of partially degraded field or forensic samples. In this respect, non-invasive sampling of endangered species in the field is of particular interest. Polymorphisms occurring within regions of the mitochondrial genomes of vertebrates are currently being screened for species-specific identification purposes. Databases are under construction that will allow rapid comparison of matching regions of the genomes of many thousands of animal species — with obvious applications in forensic investigations.","PeriodicalId":55499,"journal":{"name":"Applied Herpetology","volume":"35 1","pages":"371-385"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/157075408786532057","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64921449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.1163/157075408783489257
B. Shacham, S. Nemtzov
{"title":"Records of feral green iguana, Iguana iguana , in Israel","authors":"B. Shacham, S. Nemtzov","doi":"10.1163/157075408783489257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/157075408783489257","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55499,"journal":{"name":"Applied Herpetology","volume":"5 1","pages":"99-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/157075408783489257","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64920127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.1163/157075408784648817
B. Shacham, O. Hatzofe
{"title":"The red-eared slider, Trachemys scripta elegans, in Israel","authors":"B. Shacham, O. Hatzofe","doi":"10.1163/157075408784648817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/157075408784648817","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55499,"journal":{"name":"Applied Herpetology","volume":"5 1","pages":"199-200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/157075408784648817","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64920479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-01-01DOI: 10.1163/157075408784648772
D. S. Barry, T. Pauley, J. Maerz
Timber harvesting can alter habitats of forest-dwelling species and these alterations can be highly detrimental to species such as amphibians that are intimately associated with habitat temperature and moisture regimes. Consequently, information on conservation practices that can reduce impacts on these species can be useful to prevent local extinctions. Twenty-two of 40 pools constructed by the Fernow Experimental Station, USDA Northern Research Station, Parsons, West Virginia in 1993 on primitive haul roads in two clearcut areas on McGowan Mountain, Tucker County, WV were monitored for 3 years to determine their potential use by anurans. Monthly samples (April through September) of water chemistry and amphibian captures were taken to evaluate amphibian use of these pools. Anurans that used the pools to breed were Bufo americanus americanus, Rana sylvatica, Psuedacris brachyphona, and Hyla chrysoscelis. Desmognathus ochrophaeus and Gyrinophilus porphyriticus porphyriticus were also found in ponds but no evidence of breeding was discovered. By 1994, 14 of the 22 pools that held water were used by anurans for reproduction. Species richness of anurans that bred in pools was primarily dependent on pond depth. Man-made small but deep ponds placed carefully such that their hydroperiods are long enough for larvae to complete development (i.e., near seepages) provides breeding habitat for some frogs species, as well as refugia for non-breeding frogs and salamanders in clear-cut areas. Pools constructed at strategic locations on primitive roads have the potential to reduce adverse impacts of timber harvesting on some amphibian populations.
木材采伐可以改变森林栖息物种的栖息地，这些变化对两栖动物等与栖息地温度和湿度制度密切相关的物种非常有害。因此，有关减少对这些物种影响的保护措施的信息对防止当地物种灭绝是有用的。1993年，美国农业部北部研究站，西弗吉尼亚州帕森斯，Fernow实验站在西弗吉尼亚州塔克县麦高恩山的两个空旷地区的原始运输道路上建造了40个水池，其中22个被监测了3年，以确定它们的潜在用途。每月(4月至9月)采集水化学和两栖动物捕获样本，以评估两栖动物对这些水池的使用情况。利用池塘繁殖的无尾目动物有美洲Bufo americanus americanus、林蛙(Rana sylvatica)、短尾目蛙(Psuedacris brachyphona)和黄壳目蛙(Hyla chrysoscelis)。在池塘中也发现了斑点斑蝽和卟啉回蝽，但没有发现繁殖的证据。到1994年，22个蓄水池中有14个被无尾动物用于繁殖。池中繁殖无尾纲动物的物种丰富度主要取决于池深。人造的小而深的池塘精心布置，使它们的水周期足够长，足以让幼虫完成发育(即靠近渗透处)，为一些蛙类提供了繁殖的栖息地，也为无繁殖能力的青蛙和蝾螈提供了避难所。在原始道路上的战略位置建造的水池有可能减少伐木对某些两栖动物种群的不利影响。
{"title":"Amphibian use of man-made pools on clear-cuts in the Allegheny Mountains of West Virginia, USA","authors":"D. S. Barry, T. Pauley, J. Maerz","doi":"10.1163/157075408784648772","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/157075408784648772","url":null,"abstract":"Timber harvesting can alter habitats of forest-dwelling species and these alterations can be highly detrimental to species such as amphibians that are intimately associated with habitat temperature and moisture regimes. Consequently, information on conservation practices that can reduce impacts on these species can be useful to prevent local extinctions. Twenty-two of 40 pools constructed by the Fernow Experimental Station, USDA Northern Research Station, Parsons, West Virginia in 1993 on primitive haul roads in two clearcut areas on McGowan Mountain, Tucker County, WV were monitored for 3 years to determine their potential use by anurans. Monthly samples (April through September) of water chemistry and amphibian captures were taken to evaluate amphibian use of these pools. Anurans that used the pools to breed were Bufo americanus americanus, Rana sylvatica, Psuedacris brachyphona, and Hyla chrysoscelis. Desmognathus ochrophaeus and Gyrinophilus porphyriticus porphyriticus were also found in ponds but no evidence of breeding was discovered. By 1994, 14 of the 22 pools that held water were used by anurans for reproduction. Species richness of anurans that bred in pools was primarily dependent on pond depth. Man-made small but deep ponds placed carefully such that their hydroperiods are long enough for larvae to complete development (i.e., near seepages) provides breeding habitat for some frogs species, as well as refugia for non-breeding frogs and salamanders in clear-cut areas. Pools constructed at strategic locations on primitive roads have the potential to reduce adverse impacts of timber harvesting on some amphibian populations.","PeriodicalId":55499,"journal":{"name":"Applied Herpetology","volume":"5 1","pages":"121-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/157075408784648772","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64920771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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