Pub Date : 2024-08-28DOI: 10.1007/s00348-024-03871-4
Baptiste Baradel, Alain Giani, Fabien Méry, Philippe Combette, Olivier Léon
The development of micro-hot-wire anemometry probes for turbulence studies requires mitigating spatial filtering, end-conduction effects and probe intrusivity. Keeping these factors in mind, this work analytically and experimentally investigates the relevance of a micro-hot-wire probe design featuring elongated stubs, inspired by Wollaston-wire probes but fabricated using modern micro-fabrication techniques. The resulting probes are shown to be relatively easy to manufacture and capable of providing satisfactory velocity measurements in a zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layer at (text {Re}_{tau }approx 1150) with (delta ={18}{hbox {mm}}). Different probes were tested, all featuring a micro-wire length sufficiently small to alleviate spatial filtering of near-wall small-scale turbulent structures. The investigation focuses on assessing end-conduction effects and probe intrusivity, with the latter still observable close to the wall for such micro-probes.
开发用于湍流研究的微型热线风速探头需要减轻空间滤波、末端传导效应和探头侵入性。考虑到这些因素,这项工作通过分析和实验研究了以细长桩为特点的微型热线探头设计的相关性,其灵感来自沃拉斯顿热线探头,但采用现代微加工技术制造。结果表明,这种探针相对容易制造,能够在 (text {Re}_{tau }approx 1150) with (delta ={18}{hbox {mm}}) 的零压力梯度湍流边界层中提供令人满意的速度测量。测试了不同的探头,所有探头的微丝长度都很小,足以减轻近壁小尺度湍流结构的空间滤波。研究的重点是评估末端传导效应和探针侵入性,对于这类微型探针,后者在靠近壁面的地方仍然可以观察到。
{"title":"A micro-hot-wire anemometry probe with elongated stubs for turbulent boundary layer measurements","authors":"Baptiste Baradel, Alain Giani, Fabien Méry, Philippe Combette, Olivier Léon","doi":"10.1007/s00348-024-03871-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-024-03871-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The development of micro-hot-wire anemometry probes for turbulence studies requires mitigating spatial filtering, end-conduction effects and probe intrusivity. Keeping these factors in mind, this work analytically and experimentally investigates the relevance of a micro-hot-wire probe design featuring elongated stubs, inspired by Wollaston-wire probes but fabricated using modern micro-fabrication techniques. The resulting probes are shown to be relatively easy to manufacture and capable of providing satisfactory velocity measurements in a zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layer at <span>(text {Re}_{tau }approx 1150)</span> with <span>(delta ={18}{hbox {mm}})</span>. Different probes were tested, all featuring a micro-wire length sufficiently small to alleviate spatial filtering of near-wall small-scale turbulent structures. The investigation focuses on assessing end-conduction effects and probe intrusivity, with the latter still observable close to the wall for such micro-probes.</p>","PeriodicalId":554,"journal":{"name":"Experiments in Fluids","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142218681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-26DOI: 10.1007/s00348-024-03875-0
Chunhua Wei, Haoyuan Zhang, Hongling Fan, Peng Wang, Di Peng, Yingzheng Liu
This study experimentally determines high-frequency aeroacoustic noises of the high-speed dual-impinging jet, focusing on the generation and evolution mechanism between impingement tones modes and far-field acoustic spectra. The variables of the high-speed impinging jet are Mach number (Ma = 0.9 and 1.1), fixed diameter (D) of nozzle, nozzle spacing (3.5D), and impingement distance (4D). A novel fast-responding pressure-sensitive paint (fast-PSP) with a significantly extended frequency response ability was designed to develop an accurate phase-resolving propagation process of aeroacoustic noises and handle high impingement momentum challenges posed by the high-speed impinging jet. The PSP raw data were enhanced by calibration, image restoration, and proper orthogonal decomposition filtering. Two distinct far-field spectral characteristics were identified based on synchronized acoustic measurements. The existence of the stagnation region affected by the fountain effect in the dual-impinging jet was determined using spatial–temporal cross-correlation analysis. Subsequently, the concurrent axisymmetric dual annulus mode and its coupling behavior at Ma = 0.9 and the non-axisymmetric helical mode and its periodic fragmentation-reconstruction patterns at Ma = 1.1 were identified by spectral proper orthogonal decomposition. Finally, the spatial–temporal evolution of the phase-locked first-order mode was extracted, and the transient variations of coherent structures and their mechanisms for discrete tone noise generation were quantitatively investigated. The expansion and coupling of the dual annulus modes promoted the dominance of single-tone peaks across the entire acoustic spectrum. The helical mode, exhibiting both rotational and expansion behaviors, enhanced the coherent vorticity at the periphery of the coherent structures, resulting in intense impingement tones sound sources.
本研究通过实验测定了高速双撞击射流的高频气声噪声,重点研究了撞击音调模式与远场声谱之间的产生和演化机制。高速撞击射流的变量为马赫数(Ma = 0.9 和 1.1)、喷嘴固定直径(D)、喷嘴间距(3.5D)和撞击距离(4D)。设计了一种新型快速响应压敏涂料(fast-PSP),其频率响应能力显著增强,可开发精确的气声噪声相位分辨传播过程,并应对高速撞击射流带来的高撞击动量挑战。通过校准、图像复原和适当的正交分解滤波,PSP 原始数据得到了增强。根据同步声学测量结果,确定了两个不同的远场频谱特征。通过时空交叉相关分析,确定了双箝位射流中受喷泉效应影响的停滞区的存在。随后,通过频谱正交分解,确定了在 Ma = 0.9 时的并发轴对称双环模及其耦合行为,以及在 Ma = 1.1 时的非轴对称螺旋模及其周期性碎裂-重构模式。最后,提取了锁相一阶模式的时空演变,定量研究了相干结构的瞬态变化及其离散音噪声的产生机制。双环模的扩展和耦合促进了单音峰在整个声谱中的主导地位。螺旋模式同时表现出旋转和膨胀行为,增强了相干结构外围的相干涡度,从而产生了强烈的撞击音声源。
{"title":"Resolving high-frequency aeroacoustic noises of high-speed dual-impinging jets using fast pressure-sensitive paint","authors":"Chunhua Wei, Haoyuan Zhang, Hongling Fan, Peng Wang, Di Peng, Yingzheng Liu","doi":"10.1007/s00348-024-03875-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-024-03875-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study experimentally determines high-frequency aeroacoustic noises of the high-speed dual-impinging jet, focusing on the generation and evolution mechanism between impingement tones modes and far-field acoustic spectra. The variables of the high-speed impinging jet are Mach number (Ma = 0.9 and 1.1), fixed diameter (D) of nozzle, nozzle spacing (3.5D), and impingement distance (4D). A novel fast-responding pressure-sensitive paint (fast-PSP) with a significantly extended frequency response ability was designed to develop an accurate phase-resolving propagation process of aeroacoustic noises and handle high impingement momentum challenges posed by the high-speed impinging jet. The PSP raw data were enhanced by calibration, image restoration, and proper orthogonal decomposition filtering. Two distinct far-field spectral characteristics were identified based on synchronized acoustic measurements. The existence of the stagnation region affected by the fountain effect in the dual-impinging jet was determined using spatial–temporal cross-correlation analysis. Subsequently, the concurrent axisymmetric dual annulus mode and its coupling behavior at Ma = 0.9 and the non-axisymmetric helical mode and its periodic fragmentation-reconstruction patterns at Ma = 1.1 were identified by spectral proper orthogonal decomposition. Finally, the spatial–temporal evolution of the phase-locked first-order mode was extracted, and the transient variations of coherent structures and their mechanisms for discrete tone noise generation were quantitatively investigated. The expansion and coupling of the dual annulus modes promoted the dominance of single-tone peaks across the entire acoustic spectrum. The helical mode, exhibiting both rotational and expansion behaviors, enhanced the coherent vorticity at the periphery of the coherent structures, resulting in intense impingement tones sound sources.</p>","PeriodicalId":554,"journal":{"name":"Experiments in Fluids","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Particle streak velocimetry (PSV) is a Lagrangian velocity measurement method based on streak imaging of moving particles and is regarded as the origin of particle image velocimetry (PIV) and particle tracking velocimetry (PTV). Recently, the PSV technique has undergone further developments, realizing measurements of three velocity components in three dimensions (3D3C), by combining with stereoscopic observation, defocused imaging, light field photography and /or holography. Moreover, image processing algorithms based on deep learning have been successfully applied to PSV. Compared with PIV and PTV, the PSV technique can exhibit several advantages, including extending the upper limit of the velocity measurement range under the same equipment conditions, measuring with lower illumination intensity, often an overall lower equipment complexity and cost for the same measuring requirement, as well as avoiding the particle matching problems of PTV. However, the PSV method also has obstacles to overcome, such as directional ambiguity and the difficulty in identifying streak crossings. For the directional ambiguity problem, there are currently time-coding, color-coding, brightness-coding and determination methods using additional image frames that can be employed. The main application areas of PSV currently include microfluidics, high-velocity flows and large-scale flow field measurements. This review presents the state of the art of PSV and summarizes advantages, disadvantages, accuracy, complexity and application of various configurations. The configurations discussed are focused on those measuring three velocity components and several examples are described in which PSV can be advantageously applied. The review concludes with some future developments that can be anticipated.
{"title":"Particle streak velocimetry: a review","authors":"Dapeng Zhang, Cameron Tropea, Wu Zhou, Tianyi Cai, Haoqin Huang, Xiangrui Dong, Limin Gao, Xiaoshu Cai","doi":"10.1007/s00348-024-03857-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-024-03857-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Particle streak velocimetry (PSV) is a Lagrangian velocity measurement method based on streak imaging of moving particles and is regarded as the origin of particle image velocimetry (PIV) and particle tracking velocimetry (PTV). Recently, the PSV technique has undergone further developments, realizing measurements of three velocity components in three dimensions (3D3C), by combining with stereoscopic observation, defocused imaging, light field photography and /or holography. Moreover, image processing algorithms based on deep learning have been successfully applied to PSV. Compared with PIV and PTV, the PSV technique can exhibit several advantages, including extending the upper limit of the velocity measurement range under the same equipment conditions, measuring with lower illumination intensity, often an overall lower equipment complexity and cost for the same measuring requirement, as well as avoiding the particle matching problems of PTV. However, the PSV method also has obstacles to overcome, such as directional ambiguity and the difficulty in identifying streak crossings. For the directional ambiguity problem, there are currently time-coding, color-coding, brightness-coding and determination methods using additional image frames that can be employed. The main application areas of PSV currently include microfluidics, high-velocity flows and large-scale flow field measurements. This review presents the state of the art of PSV and summarizes advantages, disadvantages, accuracy, complexity and application of various configurations. The configurations discussed are focused on those measuring three velocity components and several examples are described in which PSV can be advantageously applied. The review concludes with some future developments that can be anticipated.</p>","PeriodicalId":554,"journal":{"name":"Experiments in Fluids","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142218682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-20DOI: 10.1007/s00348-024-03868-z
Hannah Ulrich, Richard Weiß, Lars Zigan
This work shows new insights on the application of two-color laser-induced-fluorescence (2c-LIF) thermometry in a droplet chain. A two-dye mixture is used in ethanol, water and ethanol/water mixtures in order to reach a high-temperature sensitivity and avoid the detection of lasing effects in the droplets. Various droplet sizes are recorded in regard to the limitation of the detection system for very small micrometric droplets. The breakup of a droplet chain is measured to assess the spectral detection system in applications with liquid structures of different sizes. Additionally, a proposal to expand the 2c-LIF application for studying ethanol/water droplets regarding mixture composition with a third color channel is presented. Forming two intensity ratios, the spectra can be used to obtain information on the mixture composition of the solvent. Measurements in different ethanol/water mixtures containing 0–100 vol% water are evaluated to show this possibility.
{"title":"Two-dye two-color laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy on droplets of green solvent water/ethanol mixtures for thermometry and mixture composition","authors":"Hannah Ulrich, Richard Weiß, Lars Zigan","doi":"10.1007/s00348-024-03868-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-024-03868-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This work shows new insights on the application of two-color laser-induced-fluorescence (2c-LIF) thermometry in a droplet chain. A two-dye mixture is used in ethanol, water and ethanol/water mixtures in order to reach a high-temperature sensitivity and avoid the detection of lasing effects in the droplets. Various droplet sizes are recorded in regard to the limitation of the detection system for very small micrometric droplets. The breakup of a droplet chain is measured to assess the spectral detection system in applications with liquid structures of different sizes. Additionally, a proposal to expand the 2c-LIF application for studying ethanol/water droplets regarding mixture composition with a third color channel is presented. Forming two intensity ratios, the spectra can be used to obtain information on the mixture composition of the solvent. Measurements in different ethanol/water mixtures containing 0–100 vol% water are evaluated to show this possibility.</p>","PeriodicalId":554,"journal":{"name":"Experiments in Fluids","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142218785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-19DOI: 10.1007/s00348-024-03865-2
Nuri Erdem Ersoy, Fenghao Shi, David L. S. Hung
Droplet impact is a common phenomenon in daily life and various industrial applications. Previous research shows that surface geometry significantly influences impact outcomes. However, there is a gap in systematic research on how convex structures, similar in size to the droplet, influence impact behaviors. To address this, our study focused on producing various targets with different convexity to investigate the morphological evolution of droplet impact. Using high-speed imaging techniques, we examined these impacts with Weber numbers ranging from 5 to 346. The experimental results show that dry convex surfaces increase the maximum spreading diameter of droplets by altering liquid mass redistribution. Reduced air entrapment diminishes the circumferential instability of deformed droplets on these surfaces, as evidenced by fewer fingers formed. This study also proposes a hybrid model to predict the maximum spreading diameter on convex surfaces using the energy conservation method. Benefiting from models for flat surfaces, this new approach accounts for convex surface impacts, which alter the impact characteristics according to the convexity of the impact geometry. The model assumes that the droplet at its maximum spreading diameter resembles either a disc or a rim. Notably, the rim assumption was quite evident in several convex surface impacts, presenting a donut-shaped expansion. These results are combined through weighted summation The hybrid model’s predictions show a superior agreement with the experimental data compared to existing models. Additionally, the model’s weighting factors provide insights into the distribution of liquid mass between the central film and the surrounding rim.
{"title":"Impact dynamics of droplets on convex structures: an experimental study with a maximum spreading diameter model for convex surface impacts","authors":"Nuri Erdem Ersoy, Fenghao Shi, David L. S. Hung","doi":"10.1007/s00348-024-03865-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-024-03865-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Droplet impact is a common phenomenon in daily life and various industrial applications. Previous research shows that surface geometry significantly influences impact outcomes. However, there is a gap in systematic research on how convex structures, similar in size to the droplet, influence impact behaviors. To address this, our study focused on producing various targets with different convexity to investigate the morphological evolution of droplet impact. Using high-speed imaging techniques, we examined these impacts with Weber numbers ranging from 5 to 346. The experimental results show that dry convex surfaces increase the maximum spreading diameter of droplets by altering liquid mass redistribution. Reduced air entrapment diminishes the circumferential instability of deformed droplets on these surfaces, as evidenced by fewer fingers formed. This study also proposes a hybrid model to predict the maximum spreading diameter on convex surfaces using the energy conservation method. Benefiting from models for flat surfaces, this new approach accounts for convex surface impacts, which alter the impact characteristics according to the convexity of the impact geometry. The model assumes that the droplet at its maximum spreading diameter resembles either a disc or a rim. Notably, the rim assumption was quite evident in several convex surface impacts, presenting a donut-shaped expansion. These results are combined through weighted summation The hybrid model’s predictions show a superior agreement with the experimental data compared to existing models. Additionally, the model’s weighting factors provide insights into the distribution of liquid mass between the central film and the surrounding rim.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical abstract</h3>","PeriodicalId":554,"journal":{"name":"Experiments in Fluids","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142218786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-17DOI: 10.1007/s00348-024-03867-0
Ilda Hysa, Marthijn Tuinstra, Andrea Sciacchitano, Fulvio Scarano, Mark-Jan van der Meulen, Thomas Rockstroh, Eric W. M. Roosenboom
In the past years, volumetric velocimetry measurements with helium-filled soap bubbles as tracer particles have been introduced in wind tunnel experiments and performed at large-scale, enabling the study of complex body aerodynamics. A limiting factor is identified in the field of wind engineering, where the flow around ships is frequently investigated. Considering multiple wind directions, the optical access for illumination and 3D imaging rapidly erodes the measurement regions due to shadows and incomplete triangulation. This work formalizes the concepts of volumetric losses and camera redundancy, and examines the performance of multi-directional illumination and imaging for monolithic and partitioned modes. The work is corroborated by experiments around a representative ship model. The study shows that a redundant system of cameras yields the largest measurement volume when partitioned into subsystems. The 3D measurements employing two illumination directions and seven cameras, yield the time-averaged velocity field around the ship. Regions of flow separation and recirculation are revealed, as well as sets of counter-rotating vortices in several stations from the ship bow to the flight–deck. The unsteady regime at the flight–deck is examined by proper orthogonal decomposition, indicating that the technique is suited for the analysis of large-scale unsteady flow features.
{"title":"A multi-directional redundant 3D-LPT system for ship–flight–deck wind interactions","authors":"Ilda Hysa, Marthijn Tuinstra, Andrea Sciacchitano, Fulvio Scarano, Mark-Jan van der Meulen, Thomas Rockstroh, Eric W. M. Roosenboom","doi":"10.1007/s00348-024-03867-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-024-03867-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the past years, volumetric velocimetry measurements with helium-filled soap bubbles as tracer particles have been introduced in wind tunnel experiments and performed at large-scale, enabling the study of complex body aerodynamics. A limiting factor is identified in the field of wind engineering, where the flow around ships is frequently investigated. Considering multiple wind directions, the optical access for illumination and 3D imaging rapidly erodes the measurement regions due to shadows and incomplete triangulation. This work formalizes the concepts of volumetric losses and camera redundancy, and examines the performance of multi-directional illumination and imaging for monolithic and partitioned modes. The work is corroborated by experiments around a representative ship model. The study shows that a redundant system of cameras yields the largest measurement volume when partitioned into subsystems. The 3D measurements employing two illumination directions and seven cameras, yield the time-averaged velocity field around the ship. Regions of flow separation and recirculation are revealed, as well as sets of counter-rotating vortices in several stations from the ship bow to the flight–deck. The unsteady regime at the flight–deck is examined by proper orthogonal decomposition, indicating that the technique is suited for the analysis of large-scale unsteady flow features.</p>","PeriodicalId":554,"journal":{"name":"Experiments in Fluids","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-17DOI: 10.1007/s00348-024-03866-1
Daniel Kirchheck, Jan-Erik Schumann, Markus Fertig, Dominik Saile, Volker Hannemann, Thino Eggers, Ali Gülhan
Experimental and numerical simulation of launcher base flows are crucial for future launcher design. In experiments, exhaust plume simulation is often limited to cold or slightly heated gases. In numerical simulations, multi-species reactive flow is often neglected due to limited resources. The impact of these simplifications on the relevant flow features, compared to real flight scenarios, needs to be characterized in order to enhance the design process. Experimental and numerical investigations were carried out within the framework of the SFB/TRR 40 Collaborative Research Centre to study the impact of plume and wall temperature on the base flow of a generic small-scale launcher configuration. Wind tunnel tests were performed in the Hot Plume Testing Facility (HPTF) at DLR, Cologne, using subsonic ambient flow and pressurized air or hydrogen–oxygen combustion as exhaust gases. The tests were numerically rebuilt using the DLR TAU code employing a scale-resolved IDDES approach, including thermal coupling and detailed chemistry. The paper combines the experimental and numerical findings from the SFB/TRR 40 base flow studies and highlights the most prominent influences on the mean flow field, the pressure field, the dynamic wake flow motion, and the resulting aerodynamic forces on the nozzle. High-frequency pressure measurements, high-speed schlieren recordings, and time-resolved CFD results are evaluated using spectral and modal analysis of the one- and two-dimensional flow field data.
{"title":"Plume and wall temperature impact on the subsonic aft-body flow of a generic space launcher geometry","authors":"Daniel Kirchheck, Jan-Erik Schumann, Markus Fertig, Dominik Saile, Volker Hannemann, Thino Eggers, Ali Gülhan","doi":"10.1007/s00348-024-03866-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-024-03866-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Experimental and numerical simulation of launcher base flows are crucial for future launcher design. In experiments, exhaust plume simulation is often limited to cold or slightly heated gases. In numerical simulations, multi-species reactive flow is often neglected due to limited resources. The impact of these simplifications on the relevant flow features, compared to real flight scenarios, needs to be characterized in order to enhance the design process. Experimental and numerical investigations were carried out within the framework of the SFB/TRR 40 Collaborative Research Centre to study the impact of plume and wall temperature on the base flow of a generic small-scale launcher configuration. Wind tunnel tests were performed in the Hot Plume Testing Facility (HPTF) at DLR, Cologne, using subsonic ambient flow and pressurized air or hydrogen–oxygen combustion as exhaust gases. The tests were numerically rebuilt using the DLR TAU code employing a scale-resolved IDDES approach, including thermal coupling and detailed chemistry. The paper combines the experimental and numerical findings from the SFB/TRR 40 base flow studies and highlights the most prominent influences on the mean flow field, the pressure field, the dynamic wake flow motion, and the resulting aerodynamic forces on the nozzle. High-frequency pressure measurements, high-speed schlieren recordings, and time-resolved CFD results are evaluated using spectral and modal analysis of the one- and two-dimensional flow field data.</p>","PeriodicalId":554,"journal":{"name":"Experiments in Fluids","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142218787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-14DOI: 10.1007/s00348-024-03854-5
M. Jentzsch, W. Lechner, R. Woszidlo, C. N. Nayeri, C. O. Paschereit
Dynamic pressure measurements are indispensable in the field of fluid mechanics. Attaching tubing as a transmission line to the pressure transducer is often unavoidable but significantly reduces the usable bandwidth of the measurement system. Complex fluid-wall interactions and potential outgassing of air are present within systems with water-filled tubes. Comprehensive studies aiding researchers in selecting suitable transmission line parameters (i.e., material, length, and diameter) are not available. A simple calibration apparatus is designed for the frequency response characterization of multiple pressure transducers simultaneously applying a pressure step. The setup is thoroughly characterized and a detailed description is provided to optimize the bandwidth. A piezoresistive pressure transducer attached to water-filled tubes, as commonly used in hydrodynamic experiments, is characterized in the low-frequency range (i.e., (f le {300}) Hz). Tube-related effects, such as length, diameter, and material are investigated. The impact of entrapped air within the tubing is analyzed. The feasibility of substituting water with silicone oil to fill the tubes is explored. To optimize the usable bandwidth of the pressure measurement system for dynamic applications, it is essential to maintain short tubing that is as rigid as possible and free from entrapped air. Pressure wave propagation speed is reduced by two orders of magnitude in elastic transmission lines made of silicone. Pressure corrections through dynamic calibration are challenging due to the system’s sensitivity to various parameters affecting the dynamic response.
{"title":"The dynamic response of a pressure transducer for measurements in water","authors":"M. Jentzsch, W. Lechner, R. Woszidlo, C. N. Nayeri, C. O. Paschereit","doi":"10.1007/s00348-024-03854-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-024-03854-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Dynamic pressure measurements are indispensable in the field of fluid mechanics. Attaching tubing as a transmission line to the pressure transducer is often unavoidable but significantly reduces the usable bandwidth of the measurement system. Complex fluid-wall interactions and potential outgassing of air are present within systems with water-filled tubes. Comprehensive studies aiding researchers in selecting suitable transmission line parameters (i.e., material, length, and diameter) are not available. A simple calibration apparatus is designed for the frequency response characterization of multiple pressure transducers simultaneously applying a pressure step. The setup is thoroughly characterized and a detailed description is provided to optimize the bandwidth. A piezoresistive pressure transducer attached to water-filled tubes, as commonly used in hydrodynamic experiments, is characterized in the low-frequency range (i.e., <span>(f le {300})</span> Hz). Tube-related effects, such as length, diameter, and material are investigated. The impact of entrapped air within the tubing is analyzed. The feasibility of substituting water with silicone oil to fill the tubes is explored. To optimize the usable bandwidth of the pressure measurement system for dynamic applications, it is essential to maintain short tubing that is as rigid as possible and free from entrapped air. Pressure wave propagation speed is reduced by two orders of magnitude in elastic transmission lines made of silicone. Pressure corrections through dynamic calibration are challenging due to the system’s sensitivity to various parameters affecting the dynamic response.</p>","PeriodicalId":554,"journal":{"name":"Experiments in Fluids","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142218788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-13DOI: 10.1007/s00348-024-03849-2
Menggang Kang, Hua Yang, Zhouping Yin, Qi Gao, Xiaoyu Liu
High spatial resolution and high accuracy estimation of 3D velocity fields are important for tomographic particle image velocimetry (Tomo-PIV), especially when measuring complex flow fields with delicate 3D structures. However, the widely used cross-correlation-based methods have limited spatial resolution, while the recently developed optical flow-based methods have low robustness and are sensitive to particle volume reconstruction errors. Therefore, 3D velocity estimation methods that simultaneously exhibit high resolution and robustness must be developed. In this study, we propose a novel velocity estimation method for Tomo-PIV measurement using the guided filter-based 3D hybrid variational optical flow (GF-HVOF) method to achieve high spatial resolution and highly accurate measurement of 3D flow field structure. First, we propose a novel L1-norm regularization term based on the Helmholtz decomposition theorem to preserve the divergence and vorticity of the fluid flow. Second, we propose a guided-filter-based constraint term using the result of the cross-correlation-based method as the guided flow field to improve the robustness of the optical flow method. Third, we propose a hybrid constraint term based on particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) method and a spatially weighted data term to reduce the effect of ghost particles and discrete errors generated during the reconstruction of particle volumes. The newly proposed hybrid method combines the advantages of optical-flow-based and cross-correlation-based methods and corrects the flow field using the PTV method. Velocity fields are estimated over synthetic and experimental particle volumes. The results show that the newly proposed GF-HVOF method achieves better performance and greater measurement accuracy than existing 3D fluid motion estimation methods.
{"title":"A guided filter-based 3D hybrid variational optical flow for accurate tomographic PIV measurements","authors":"Menggang Kang, Hua Yang, Zhouping Yin, Qi Gao, Xiaoyu Liu","doi":"10.1007/s00348-024-03849-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-024-03849-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>High spatial resolution and high accuracy estimation of 3D velocity fields are important for tomographic particle image velocimetry (Tomo-PIV), especially when measuring complex flow fields with delicate 3D structures. However, the widely used cross-correlation-based methods have limited spatial resolution, while the recently developed optical flow-based methods have low robustness and are sensitive to particle volume reconstruction errors. Therefore, 3D velocity estimation methods that simultaneously exhibit high resolution and robustness must be developed. In this study, we propose a novel velocity estimation method for Tomo-PIV measurement using the guided filter-based 3D hybrid variational optical flow (GF-HVOF) method to achieve high spatial resolution and highly accurate measurement of 3D flow field structure. First, we propose a novel L1-norm regularization term based on the Helmholtz decomposition theorem to preserve the divergence and vorticity of the fluid flow. Second, we propose a guided-filter-based constraint term using the result of the cross-correlation-based method as the guided flow field to improve the robustness of the optical flow method. Third, we propose a hybrid constraint term based on particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) method and a spatially weighted data term to reduce the effect of ghost particles and discrete errors generated during the reconstruction of particle volumes. The newly proposed hybrid method combines the advantages of optical-flow-based and cross-correlation-based methods and corrects the flow field using the PTV method. Velocity fields are estimated over synthetic and experimental particle volumes. The results show that the newly proposed GF-HVOF method achieves better performance and greater measurement accuracy than existing 3D fluid motion estimation methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":554,"journal":{"name":"Experiments in Fluids","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142218790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-13DOI: 10.1007/s00348-024-03863-4
Jibin Joy Kolliyil, Nikhil Shirdade, Melissa C. Brindise
The intermittency characteristics in transitional and turbulent flows can provide critical information on the underlying mechanisms and dynamics. While time–frequency (TF) analysis serves as a valuable tool for assessing intermittency, existing methods suffer from resolution issues and interference artifacts in the TF representation. As a result, no suitable or accepted methods currently exist for assessing intermittency. In this work, we address this gap by presenting a novel TF method—a Fourier-decomposed wavelet-based transform—which yields improved spatial and temporal resolution by leveraging the advantages of both integral transforms and data-driven mode decomposition-based TF methods. Specifically, our method combines a Fourier-windowing component with wavelet-based transforms such as the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and superlet transform, a super-resolution version of the CWT. Using a peak-detection algorithm, we extract the first, second, and third most dominant instantaneous frequency (IF) components of a signal. We compared the accuracy of our method to traditional TF methods using analytical signals as well as an experimental particle image velocimetry (PIV) dataset capturing transition to turbulence in pulsatile pipe flows. Error analysis with the analytical signals demonstrated that our method maintained superior resolution, accuracy, and, as a result, specificity of the instantaneous frequencies. Additionally, with the pulsatile flow dataset, we demonstrate that IF components of the fluctuating velocities extracted by our method decompose energy cascade components in the flow. Additional investigations into corresponding spatial frequency structures resulted in detailed observations of the inherent scaling mechanisms of transition in pulsatile flows.
{"title":"Investigating intermittent behaviors in transitional flows using a novel time–frequency-based method","authors":"Jibin Joy Kolliyil, Nikhil Shirdade, Melissa C. Brindise","doi":"10.1007/s00348-024-03863-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-024-03863-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The intermittency characteristics in transitional and turbulent flows can provide critical information on the underlying mechanisms and dynamics. While time–frequency (TF) analysis serves as a valuable tool for assessing intermittency, existing methods suffer from resolution issues and interference artifacts in the TF representation. As a result, no suitable or accepted methods currently exist for assessing intermittency. In this work, we address this gap by presenting a novel TF method—a Fourier-decomposed wavelet-based transform—which yields improved spatial and temporal resolution by leveraging the advantages of both integral transforms and data-driven mode decomposition-based TF methods. Specifically, our method combines a Fourier-windowing component with wavelet-based transforms such as the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and superlet transform, a super-resolution version of the CWT. Using a peak-detection algorithm, we extract the first, second, and third most dominant instantaneous frequency (IF) components of a signal. We compared the accuracy of our method to traditional TF methods using analytical signals as well as an experimental particle image velocimetry (PIV) dataset capturing transition to turbulence in pulsatile pipe flows. Error analysis with the analytical signals demonstrated that our method maintained superior resolution, accuracy, and, as a result, specificity of the instantaneous frequencies. Additionally, with the pulsatile flow dataset, we demonstrate that IF components of the fluctuating velocities extracted by our method decompose energy cascade components in the flow. Additional investigations into corresponding spatial frequency structures resulted in detailed observations of the inherent scaling mechanisms of transition in pulsatile flows.</p>","PeriodicalId":554,"journal":{"name":"Experiments in Fluids","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142218789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}