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A Simplified Method for Determining Fire Resistance of RC Columns Using Fire-Resistance-Column-Curves Approach 使用耐火-柱-曲线法确定钢筋混凝土柱耐火性的简化方法
IF 2.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01567-z
Khaled Ahmed Mahmoud

Eurocode-2 (EC2) empirical equation for fire resistance of RC columns is very sensitive to the value of column capacity at normal temperature conditions (N_{Rd}). Techniques to determine (N_{Rd}) accurately for eccentric slender columns are difficult and computationally demanding; thus, adopting simplifications leads to unsatisfactory results in many column cases. Another shortcoming of EC2 equation is that it does not include an explicit term regarding the effect of load eccentricity on fire resistance. In this paper, a simplified method, as an attempt to overcome EC2 method defects, is developed to determine the fire resistance of RC columns using fire-resistance-column-curves. A rational numerical model is used to analyze various series of RC columns with different geometric, material, and loading properties at elevated temperatures. The results of the numerical study are utilized to construct different fire-resistance-column-curves from which simplified design equations are developed to predict the fire resistance of fixed- and pinned-end RC columns. The validity of the method is established with the aid of experimental data and it was found that in most cases, there is good agreement between assessed and test columns. It was also found that the proposed equations provide sufficiently safe predictions when appropriate material safety factors are adopted. The applicability of the proposed method to fire resistance design of RC columns is illustrated through numerical examples.

欧洲规范-2(EC2)中关于 RC 柱耐火性的经验公式对常温条件下柱承载力的值(N_{Rd})非常敏感。精确确定偏心细长柱的(N_{Rd})的技术很困难,计算要求很高;因此,在许多情况下,采用简化方法会导致结果不尽人意。EC2 公式的另一个缺点是它没有包含关于荷载偏心对耐火性影响的明确项。本文开发了一种简化方法,试图克服 EC2 方法的缺陷,利用耐火曲线确定 RC 柱的耐火性能。采用合理的数值模型分析了高温下具有不同几何、材料和荷载特性的各种系列 RC 柱。利用数值研究的结果构建了不同的耐火柱曲线,并据此建立了简化的设计方程,以预测固定端和销端 RC 柱的耐火性。借助实验数据确定了该方法的有效性,并发现在大多数情况下,评估的柱子与测试的柱子之间具有良好的一致性。研究还发现,如果采用适当的材料安全系数,所提出的方程可以提供足够安全的预测。通过数值示例说明了所提方法在 RC 柱耐火设计中的适用性。
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引用次数: 0
Full-Scale Fire Experiments on Cross-Laminated Timber Residential Enclosures Featuring Different Lining Protection Configurations 采用不同衬里保护配置的交叉层压木材住宅围护结构的全尺寸火灾实验
IF 2.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-05-03 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01581-1
Danny Hopkin, Wojciech Węgrzyński, Carmen Gorska, Michael Spearpoint, Jakub Bielawski, Harald Krenn, Tim Sleik, Renaud Blondeau, Gordian Stapf

The adoption of timber, specifically cross-laminated timber (CLT), as a primary construction material is gaining traction due to its carbon sequestration capabilities, environmental advantages, and potential for precision manufacturing. However, the combustibility of wood raises legitimate concerns about fire safety in timber-based residential buildings. This paper investigates the fire performance of timber in a residential context, attempting to fill knowledge gaps and outline strategies for improving fire robustness in timber-built dwellings. Through comprehensive experimental studies on residential-type enclosures constructed with CLT panels, this research explores different configurations and the effects of varying degrees of non-combustible protective lining. The findings underscore the significance of considering timber surface exposure and adopting effective encapsulation strategies in CLT buildings. It has been estimated that the exposure of timber walls leads to a proportional increase in heat release rate, corresponding to the area of exposed timber surfaces and their charring rates. Consequently, the external flame has a larger projection, resulting in a much greater heat flux to the façade. Furthermore, threshold conditions for initial flaming self-extinguishment of timber defined in literature of 44.5 ± 1.2 kW/m2 have been found to be applicable to the experiments conducted in this research. Finally, it has been observed that partial encapsulation, where the protective lining will likely fall off during a fire, may hinder rather than increase the likelihood of self-extinguishment. This work contributes towards a nuanced understanding of fire dynamics in timber structures, offering insights for safer and more effective design strategies for CLT-based construction.

木材,特别是交错层压木材(CLT),由于其碳封存能力、环保优势和精密制造的潜力,正逐渐成为一种主要的建筑材料。然而,木材的可燃性引发了人们对木材住宅建筑消防安全的合理担忧。本文研究了木材在住宅环境中的防火性能,试图填补知识空白,并概述提高木材住宅防火稳固性的策略。通过对使用 CLT 板材建造的住宅型围护结构进行全面的实验研究,本研究探讨了不同的配置以及不同程度的不燃保护衬里的效果。研究结果强调了在 CLT 建筑中考虑木材表面暴露和采用有效封装策略的重要性。据估计,木墙暴露会导致热释放率成正比增加,这与暴露的木材表面积及其炭化率相对应。因此,外部火焰的投影更大,导致外墙的热通量更大。此外,文献中定义的木材初始火焰自熄阈值条件(44.5 ± 1.2 kW/m2)也适用于本研究的实验。最后,据观察,部分封装(保护衬里可能会在火灾中脱落)可能会阻碍而不是增加自熄的可能性。这项研究有助于深入了解木结构的火灾动力学,为基于 CLT 的建筑提供更安全、更有效的设计策略。
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引用次数: 0
Understanding the Impact of Fuel on Surfactant Microstructure of Firefighting Foam 了解燃料对消防泡沫表面活性剂微观结构的影响
IF 2.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01577-x
Rezawana Islam, Brian Y. Lattimer

Aqueous film-forming foam is being phased out due to the environmental impacts of fluorinated surfactants contained in the firefighting foams. To develop an environmentally friendly firefighting foam, it is important to understand the factors controlling the firefighting performance of surfactants. Fuel transport through foam has been considered as a dominant mechanism for foam collapse. Therefore, the impact of fuels (heptane, octane and trimethylbenzene (TMB)) on surfactant microstructure was studied for three different types of surfactants (Capstone, Glucopon, and siloxane) that have applications in firefighting foam. Multiple techniques were used to identify the microstructure and interfacial properties of surfactants with and without exposure to liquid fuel. The ignition time of fuel vapor through foam and solubility of fuel through liquid surfactant solution were measured as well. This work shows fuel solubility has an impact on the surfactant microstructure and interfacial properties. In addition, fuel solubility and vapor pressure affect the ignition time of fuel vapors.

由于消防泡沫中含有的含氟表面活性剂会对环境造成影响,水成膜泡沫正在被逐步淘汰。要开发环境友好型泡沫灭火剂,就必须了解控制表面活性剂灭火性能的因素。燃料在泡沫中的迁移被认为是泡沫坍塌的主要机制。因此,针对三种不同类型的表面活性剂(Capstone、Glucopon 和硅氧烷),研究了燃料(庚烷、辛烷和三甲苯(TMB))对表面活性剂微观结构的影响。使用多种技术来确定表面活性剂在接触和不接触液体燃料时的微观结构和界面特性。此外,还测量了燃料蒸汽通过泡沫的点燃时间和燃料通过液态表面活性剂溶液的溶解度。这项研究表明,燃料溶解度对表面活性剂的微观结构和界面特性有影响。此外,燃料溶解度和蒸汽压也会影响燃料蒸汽的点燃时间。
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引用次数: 0
Special Issue on State-of-the-Art Fire Research in China and 30th Anniversary of SKLFS 中国火灾研究现状与 SKLFS 成立 30 周年特刊
IF 2.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01579-9
Naian Liu, Kaiyuan Li, Xinyan Huang
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引用次数: 0
Fire Safety for Green Façades: Part 1: Basics, State-of-the-Art Research and Experimental Investigation of Plant Flammability 绿色外墙的防火安全:第 1 部分:植物可燃性的基础知识、最新研究和实验调查
IF 2.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01566-0
Thomas Engel, Norman Werther

This study is the first part of a larger investigation into the fire behaviour of green façades. In this study, the currently known international research status on this topic is presented and discussed. In addition, the flammability of green façades is investigated through 43 fire tests on a medium scale according to the SBI (Single Burning Item) test method EN 13823. The focus of the investigation was placed on climbing plants. A total of 25 different plant species were investigated. A comparison of the heat release rate of all the investigated vital plants shows similar behaviour. In the course of exposure, there are short peaks in the heat release rate. These peaks are “flare-ups” that occur when parts of the plants dry out due to exposure to the flame and then ignite. The plant species itself had no substantial influence on fire behaviour. Horizontal fire spread occurred to a very limited extent within the investigations of vital plants. They were self-extinguishing. The significant factor in the assessment of flammability is the moisture content of the plants. With dried plants, an abrupt heat release occurs at the beginning. Dried-out plants, as well as unmaintained plants with a high content of deadwood, represent the most critical case.

Graphical Abstract

本研究是对绿色外墙的防火行为进行更大规模调查的第一部分。在这项研究中,介绍并讨论了目前国际上关于这一主题的研究现状。此外,根据 SBI(单项燃烧)测试方法 EN 13823,通过 43 项中等规模的火灾测试,对绿色外墙的可燃性进行了研究。调查的重点是攀缘植物。共调查了 25 种不同的植物。对所有被调查的重要植物的热释放率进行比较后发现,它们的表现相似。在暴露过程中,热释放率会出现短暂的峰值。这些峰值就是 "燃烧",当植物的一部分因暴露在火焰中而变干,然后被点燃。植物种类本身对火灾行为没有实质性影响。在对重要植物的调查中,水平火势蔓延的范围非常有限。它们具有自熄性。评估可燃性的重要因素是植物的含水量。对于干枯的植物,一开始会突然释放热量。干枯的植物以及枯木含量较高且未经维护的植物是最危险的情况。
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引用次数: 0
Chemical and Thermal Exposure Risks in a Multi Compartment Training Structure 多隔间培训结构中的化学和热暴露风险
IF 2.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01578-w
Gavin P. Horn, Keith Stakes, Danielle L. Neumann, Joseph M. Willi, Ryan Chaffer, Craig Weinschenk, Kenneth W. Fent

Providing NFPA 1403 compliant live-fire training can present thermal and chemical exposure risk to instructors and students. To reduce risk, training academies, fire departments, instructors, and standards setting technical committees need more information on how different training fuels used in common training structures can impact the environment in which firefighter training occurs. This study utilized a traditional concrete training structure with multiple compartments to characterize training environments with three different fuel package materials [i.e., low density wood fiberboard, oriented strand board (OSB), and wood pallets]. Exposure risks for a fire instructor located on either the first or second floor were characterized using measurements of heat flux, air temperature and airborne concentrations of several contaminants including known, probable, or possible carcinogens. It was hypothesized that utilizing a training fuel package with solid wood pallets would result in lower concentrations of these airborne contaminants [aldehydes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)] than wood-based sheet goods containing additional resins and/or waxes. Additionally, it was hypothesized that these concentrations would be lower than in the single compartment Fire Behavior Lab presented in a companion manuscript. For all measured compounds other than hydrochloric acid, airborne concentrations were 10 to 100 times lower than in the Fire Behavior Lab. OSB-fueled fires produced the highest median concentrations of total PAHs and VOCs such as benzene, while the pallet fuel package produced the lowest median concentrations of these compounds. These trends generally followed the qualitative visual obscuration created by each fuel. Additional tests were conducted on the OSB-fueled fires with increased ventilation and an alternate means of reducing visibility through smoldering smoke barrels. This OSB experiment with increased ventilation resulted in the highest temperatures in the fire room but the lowest impact on visibility throughout the structure, as well as the lowest overall concentrations of contaminants in this study. In contrast, the smoldering straw-filled smoke barrel created a highly obscured environment (with minimal impact on thermal environment) and some of the highest concentrations of the targeted contaminants of any test. These data may be useful in balancing obscuration for training with potential exposure to thermal stressors and contaminants.

提供符合 NFPA 1403 标准的实弹训练可能会给教官和学员带来热和化学暴露风险。为了降低风险,培训学院、消防部门、教官和标准制定技术委员会需要获得更多信息,以了解常用培训结构中使用的不同培训燃料会如何影响消防员培训环境。本研究利用一个具有多个隔间的传统混凝土训练结构来描述使用三种不同燃料包材料 [即低密度木纤维板、定向刨花板 (OSB) 和木托盘] 的训练环境。通过测量热通量、空气温度和空气中几种污染物(包括已知、可能或可能的致癌物质)的浓度,确定了位于一楼或二楼的消防教员的暴露风险。根据假设,与含有额外树脂和/或蜡的木质板材相比,使用实木托盘的培训燃料包会降低这些空气传播污染物 [醛、多环芳烃 (PAH) 和挥发性有机化合物 (VOC)] 的浓度。此外,我们还假设这些浓度将低于配套手稿中介绍的单隔间火灾行为实验室中的浓度。除盐酸外,所有测得的化合物在空气中的浓度都比在火灾行为实验室中低 10 到 100 倍。以定向刨花板为燃料的火灾产生的多环芳烃总量和苯等挥发性有机化合物的中位浓度最高,而托盘燃料包产生的这些化合物的中位浓度最低。这些趋势通常与每种燃料造成的视觉遮蔽的质量有关。我们还对以定向刨花板为燃料的火灾进行了额外的测试,增加了通风量,并采用了另一种通过烟筒降低能见度的方法。增加通风的定向刨花板实验导致起火房间温度最高,但对整个结构的能见度影响最小,同时也是本研究中污染物总体浓度最低的实验。与此相反,燃烧着稻草的烟筒造成了一个高度遮蔽的环境(对热环境的影响最小),而且在所有测试中,目标污染物的浓度最高。这些数据可能有助于平衡训练的遮蔽性与潜在的热应力和污染物暴露。
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引用次数: 0
A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis of Electrical Fires from 1993 to 2022 1993 年至 2022 年电气火灾的系统回顾和文献计量分析
IF 2.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-04-11 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01580-2
Hong Meng, Lei Xiao, Cunwei Zhang, Tianwei Zhang, Dengyou Xia, Wenyang Dong

In recent years, electrical fires, which constitute the majority of fire incidents, have become a significant concern. This paper presents a quantitative evaluation of the research on electrical fires from 1993 to 2022, using literature measurement and visual analysis techniques. A total of 2915 publications were collected from the Web of Science database to review and analyze the research progress on electrical fires. In this investigation, the quantitative distribution of literature by year as well as the distributions of main source journals, countries and regions, institutions, and discipline categories were analyzed. Additionally, research hotspots were identified and the knowledge field was mapped using VOSviewer. The results indicated an exponential growth in the number of publications on electrical fires, with Ceramics International emerging as the most prolific journal, having published 79 papers and accounting for 2.5% of the total research. The most active countries in electrical fire research were found to be China, the United States, South Korea, India, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom, with Chinese publications having the most significant impact. The University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Tsinghua University are the most productive institutions in the field of electrical fire research; their main research directions include electrical structure, electrical experiment simulation, insulating materials, battery fires, fire extinguishing technology, and detection methods. Further, we observed that the scope of research on electrical fires has expanded from the macro to micro level. Thematic analysis conducted in the last decade has revealed that battery fires and equipment materials have emerged as the primary focus of research in this field. These research findings offer a comprehensive overview of the evolution of research hotspots, which can assist researchers in quickly grasping the research frontiers as well as the overall situation.

近年来,在火灾事故中占绝大多数的电气火灾已成为一个备受关注的问题。本文采用文献计量和视觉分析技术,对 1993 年至 2022 年期间有关电气火灾的研究进行了定量评估。本文从 Web of Science 数据库中收集了共计 2915 篇文献,对电气火灾的研究进展进行了回顾和分析。本次调查分析了按年份分列的文献数量分布情况,以及主要来源期刊、国家和地区、机构和学科类别的分布情况。此外,还确定了研究热点,并使用 VOSviewer 绘制了知识领域图。结果表明,有关电气火灾的论文数量呈指数级增长,其中《国际陶瓷》是最多产的期刊,共发表了 79 篇论文,占研究总数的 2.5%。在电气火灾研究方面最活跃的国家是中国、美国、韩国、印度、德国、法国和英国,其中中国的出版物影响最大。中国科学技术大学、中国科学院和清华大学是电气火灾研究领域最有成果的机构,其主要研究方向包括电气结构、电气实验模拟、绝缘材料、电池火灾、灭火技术和检测方法。此外,我们还注意到,电气火灾的研究范围已从宏观层面扩展到微观层面。过去十年间进行的专题分析表明,电池火灾和设备材料已成为该领域的主要研究重点。这些研究成果全面概述了研究热点的演变,有助于研究人员快速把握研究前沿和整体形势。
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引用次数: 0
Analytical Model for Non-linear (user2{M - },,{varvec{theta}}) Relationships of Dowel-Type Timber Connections Exposed to Fire 暴露于火灾的道钉型木材连接的非线性 $$user2{M - },,{varvec{theta}}$ 关系的分析模型
IF 2.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01546-4
Yukito Nakayama, Takayuki Kikuchi, Marina Totsuka, Takeo Hirashima

Recent experimental evidence has shown that wood–steel–wood dowel-type connections exhibit a semi-rigid behaviour even after 90 min of fire exposure. Because a semi-rigid behaviour influences the bending moment distribution among structural members, considering the moment–rotation relationships within frame analyses in which structural members are modelled as beam elements can enable a realistic fire response analysis that is significantly simpler than the three-dimensional finite element method. This study proposes an analytical methodology that accounts for the thermo-mechanical behaviour of timber and dowels, enabling the simulation of the non-linear moment–rotation relationships under fire conditions. The proposed analytical model divides dowels into a series of elements on an elastoplastic foundation and performs a direct stiffness method in a time-incremental procedure using an element stiffness matrix derived from beam-on-elastic-foundation theory. This study also presents the results of load-carrying tests on timber frames with dowel-type connections performed under ambient and fire conditions. The analytical results were consistent with the fire test results. Additionally, the analyses were also performed under three conditions in which the dowels were rigid, linear elastic, and elastoplastic bodies. These three results converged to the same value after 65 min of heating, which suggests that the ultimate states of beams with dowel-type connections exposed to fire can be modelled by assuming that dowels are rigid bodies.

最近的实验证据表明,即使经过 90 分钟的火灾暴露,木-钢-木钉型连接也会表现出半刚性特性。由于半刚性行为会影响结构构件之间的弯矩分布,因此在将结构构件作为梁元素建模的框架分析中考虑弯矩-旋转关系,可以实现逼真的火灾响应分析,而且比三维有限元方法要简单得多。本研究提出了一种分析方法,该方法考虑了木材和榫头的热机械行为,能够模拟火灾条件下的非线性力矩-旋转关系。建议的分析模型将木钉划分为弹性地基上的一系列元素,并使用从弹性地基梁理论中得出的元素刚度矩阵,在时间递增程序中执行直接刚度法。本研究还介绍了在环境和火灾条件下对采用榫卯连接的木框架进行的承载测试结果。分析结果与火灾试验结果一致。此外,还在镙钉为刚性体、线弹性体和弹塑性体的三种条件下进行了分析。这三种结果在加热 65 分钟后趋同于相同的值,这表明假定镙栓是刚性体,就可以模拟带镙栓型连接件的梁在火灾中的最终状态。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluating 900 Potentially Harming Fires in Germany: Is the Prescriptive Building Code Effective? German Fire Departments Assessed Fire Safety Measures in Buildings Through On-Site Inspections 评估德国 900 起潜在火灾:规范性建筑法规是否有效?德国消防部门通过现场检查评估建筑消防安全措施
IF 2.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-04-04 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01560-6
Björn Maiworm, Moritz Göldner, Kilian Mannl, Claudius Hammann

Fire statistics mirror the outcome of fire prevention. Most fire statistics in Germany deal with the loss of life, value, and fire department actions (number of interventions, nozzles used, or alarm category like a false alarm). However, these results also represent the safety level the legislator has set through the prescriptive building regulations. The current statistics cannot evaluate the level of fire safety and the fulfillment or necessity of fire safety precautions. Today, expert judgment from firefighters is necessary to fill this gap. Here, we show the first evaluation of fire prevention and hazard protection measures by evaluating 900 potentially harming fires throughout Germany. In contrast to minor fires, these fires have advanced to the extent that they could potentially violate the protection objectives outlined in building regulations. The fire department association developed a questionnaire to evaluate the fire safety level and possibly reduce unnecessary fire safety regulations. One hundred twenty-three fire departments carried out the questionnaire, which are responsible for 25% of the German population. Fire prevention officers of the fire departments went to the scene after the fire was extinguished, and the fire safety concept of the building could be evaluated. We found a high rate of injuries, smoke spread, need for rescue by firefighters, and higher than expected firefighter response times after arrival at the scene. Surprisingly, smoke spread rates correlated with building height and not with building age. It was even possible to assess the risk of multiple casualties. Overall, the questionnaire results give insight into the current level of fire safety in existing buildings. Ways and rates for smoke and fire spread prove the importance of second escape routes and the influence of human misconduct. According to these results, current building code regulations are sufficient to prevent fire spread. On the other hand, smoke spreading is a severe threat to people’s safety. For example, the data shown can be applied in Bayes nets or other risk calculations to optimize individual building designs or even governmental building codes concerning fire safety engineering. Based on our observations, science, and building codes, authorities could in the future establish a performance-based building code instead of the current prescriptive code. This paper presents the first approach in Germany to quantify the expert judgment of fire departments and use it as a source of knowledge for fire prevention.

火灾统计数据反映了火灾预防的结果。德国的大多数火灾统计数据都涉及生命损失、价值和消防部门的行动(干预次数、使用的喷嘴或警报类别,如误报)。然而,这些结果也代表了立法者通过规范性建筑法规设定的安全水平。目前的统计数据无法评估消防安全水平以及消防安全预防措施的执行情况或必要性。如今,有必要通过消防员的专业判断来填补这一空白。在此,我们通过对德国各地 900 起潜在危害性火灾的评估,首次展示了防火和危险防护措施的评估结果。与轻微火灾不同,这些火灾已经发展到有可能违反建筑法规中规定的保护目标的程度。消防部门协会编制了一份调查问卷,以评估消防安全水平,并在可能的情况下减少不必要的消防安全规定。有 123 个消防部门进行了问卷调查,这些部门负责 25% 的德国人口。火灾扑灭后,消防部门的防火官员会前往现场,对建筑物的消防安全理念进行评估。我们发现,火灾现场的受伤率、烟雾扩散率、消防员救援需求以及消防员到达现场后的响应时间均高于预期。令人惊讶的是,烟雾扩散率与建筑高度相关,而与建筑年龄无关。甚至还可以评估多人伤亡的风险。总之,问卷调查的结果让我们对现有建筑的消防安全水平有了更深入的了解。烟雾和火势蔓延的方式和速度证明了第二逃生通道的重要性以及人为不当行为的影响。根据这些结果,现行的建筑法规足以防止火灾蔓延。另一方面,烟雾蔓延严重威胁着人们的安全。例如,所显示的数据可应用于贝叶斯网或其他风险计算,以优化单个建筑设计,甚至是与消防安全工程相关的政府建筑规范。根据我们的观察结果、科学和建筑规范,政府部门将来可以制定基于性能的建筑规范,而不是目前的规范性规范。本文介绍了德国第一种量化消防部门专家判断并将其作为防火知识来源的方法。
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引用次数: 0
A Numerical Investigation of High-Strength Steel H-SA700 of Protected Beam with Cavity Under Elevated Temperature Including Creep Behavior 高温下带空腔保护梁的高强度钢 H-SA700 的蠕变行为数值研究
IF 2.3 3区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI: 10.1007/s10694-024-01576-y
Hoang Long Nguyen, Mamoru Kohno

High-strength steel has been extensively used in numerous structures or high-rise buildings because of its high strength, ductility, and weldability. However, high-strength steel structures are vulnerable to fire hazards, so the ability to predict structural behavior is crucial in structural fire safety design. Creep behavior is one of the primary factors influencing the response of steel at high temperatures. This paper presents numerical studies using the fire dynamics simulator (FDS) and finite element method (FEM) coupling models to predict the structural behavior of a protected beam with a cavity for H-SA700 high-strength steel at elevated temperatures, including the creep effect. A comparison between simulation and experiment results demonstrates the validity of the process. In detail, based on a set of tensile tests conducted at six constant temperatures between 23°C and 600°C, the creep model is proposed. Subsequently, because creep is temperature-dependent, the heat transfer model used to predict the temperature distribution of the steel is developed. The effect of the partially damaged protection cover is discussed. Finally, it is found that with the temperature distribution from FDS-FEM integration and the proposed creep models, the collapse time of the beam can be defined. This study provides a practical approach for developing the creep model without creep tests and applying it to complex structures during fires.

高强度钢因其高强度、延展性和可焊接性而被广泛应用于众多结构或高层建筑中。然而,高强度钢结构易受火灾危害,因此预测结构行为的能力对于结构防火设计至关重要。蠕变行为是影响钢材高温响应的主要因素之一。本文介绍了使用火灾动力学模拟器(FDS)和有限元法(FEM)耦合模型进行的数值研究,以预测带空腔的 H-SA700 高强度钢保护梁在高温下的结构行为,包括蠕变效应。模拟和实验结果之间的对比证明了这一过程的有效性。具体而言,根据在 23°C 至 600°C 之间的六个恒定温度下进行的一组拉伸试验,提出了蠕变模型。随后,由于蠕变与温度有关,还建立了用于预测钢材温度分布的传热模型。讨论了部分损坏的保护层的影响。最后,通过 FDS-FEM 集成的温度分布和所提出的蠕变模型,可以确定梁的坍塌时间。本研究提供了一种实用方法,无需进行蠕变试验即可开发蠕变模型,并将其应用于火灾期间的复杂结构。
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Fire Technology
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