Nowadays the technology is often ahead of its implementation in the practice. Two novel technologies have affected the field of conservation and documentation of cultural and historic heritage and await their proper mutual integration. They are the 3D photogrammetric surveying and the Building Information Modelling (BIM). This research proposes a methodology for producing a complete and precise 3D Building Information Model from a point cloud, obtained via a 3D photogrammetric survey. An existing traditional house in Bulgaria is used as a case study. The aims were to optimise the process and to minimise the large number of software, used in the conventional workflow. They were achieved using only one application - ArchiCAD version 22. The complete BIM was later used for producing 3D artistic visualisations and for an interactive 3D web presentation. This paper describes the methodology and the software needed, discussing the techniques and the results.
{"title":"Digital three-dimensional architectural survey of traditional Bulgarian houses - Architectural BIM from point cloud survey data","authors":"K. Ivanov","doi":"10.14568/cp2019027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14568/cp2019027","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays the technology is often ahead of its implementation in the practice. Two novel technologies have affected the field of conservation and documentation of cultural and historic heritage and await their proper mutual integration. They are the 3D photogrammetric surveying and the Building Information Modelling (BIM). This research proposes a methodology for producing a complete and precise 3D Building Information Model from a point cloud, obtained via a 3D photogrammetric survey. An existing traditional house in Bulgaria is used as a case study. The aims were to optimise the process and to minimise the large number of software, used in the conventional workflow. They were achieved using only one application - ArchiCAD version 22. The complete BIM was later used for producing 3D artistic visualisations and for an interactive 3D web presentation. This paper describes the methodology and the software needed, discussing the techniques and the results.","PeriodicalId":55942,"journal":{"name":"Conservar Patrimonio","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41410186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Zornoza-Indart, P. López-Arce, Lucía López-Polín
Chert tools from Galería and Gran Dolina Caves, located in the Sierra de Atapuerca site complex (Burgos, Spain), were characterized (macro-visual inspection, mineralogical phases, degree of crystallinity, soluble salts, surface morphology and optical surface roughness) and compared to chert samples collected from the surrounding Atapuerca mountain range. The chert tools were studied to determine their causes of decay and for selecting the most compatible consolidation treatments. It was found that samples solely containing quartz were not significantly altered and required little conservation treatment compared to those that contained quartz and moganite, which were more weathered and powdery, requiring consolidation. The efficacy of the consolidating products traditionally used by conservators (acrylic resin and ethyl silicate) to preserve these chert remains, together with novel nanoparticlebased products (SiO2 and a mixture of SiO2 and Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles) were assessed in this study. Changes produced by these consolidating products in the Ainara Zornoza-Indart, Paula Lopez-Arce, Lucía López-Polín Conservar Património ́ ́ ( ́ ́ ́ ́), https://doi.org/10.14568/cp2019037 2 physical (surface morphology and cohesion) and aesthetic properties of the chert tools were evaluated using non-destructive techniques (peeling test, spectrophotometry and optical surface roughness), followed by destructive techniques, such as SEM and XRD.
{"title":"Archaeological chert artifacts from Atapuerca sites (Burgos, Spain): Characterization, causes of decay and selection of compatible consolidating products","authors":"A. Zornoza-Indart, P. López-Arce, Lucía López-Polín","doi":"10.14568/cp2019037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14568/cp2019037","url":null,"abstract":"Chert tools from Galería and Gran Dolina Caves, located in the Sierra de Atapuerca site complex (Burgos, Spain), were characterized (macro-visual inspection, mineralogical phases, degree of crystallinity, soluble salts, surface morphology and optical surface roughness) and compared to chert samples collected from the surrounding Atapuerca mountain range. The chert tools were studied to determine their causes of decay and for selecting the most compatible consolidation treatments. It was found that samples solely containing quartz were not significantly altered and required little conservation treatment compared to those that contained quartz and moganite, which were more weathered and powdery, requiring consolidation. The efficacy of the consolidating products traditionally used by conservators (acrylic resin and ethyl silicate) to preserve these chert remains, together with novel nanoparticlebased products (SiO2 and a mixture of SiO2 and Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles) were assessed in this study. Changes produced by these consolidating products in the Ainara Zornoza-Indart, Paula Lopez-Arce, Lucía López-Polín Conservar Património ́ ́ ( ́ ́ ́ ́), https://doi.org/10.14568/cp2019037 2 physical (surface morphology and cohesion) and aesthetic properties of the chert tools were evaluated using non-destructive techniques (peeling test, spectrophotometry and optical surface roughness), followed by destructive techniques, such as SEM and XRD.","PeriodicalId":55942,"journal":{"name":"Conservar Patrimonio","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46225447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urban tourism is transforming cities, which are no longer places to live in because they are becoming landscapes to enjoy. Therefore, it is necessary to build new urban models, where the local, the heritage preservation and the innovative experiences can gain strength. Italy District was selected, in Santiago, Chile, to carry out the study because it has a delimited urban space, peculiar stores and an organizational and management model of the district. Its cultural, commercial and leisure time offer is an adaptation and remodeling of a historic center that, thanks to association and collaborative networks of small entrepreneurs, promote new experiences to visitors. It is concluded that this district has ideal characteristics for the development of cultural tourism, since it links the various interest groups in an urban space, together with the development of a cultural, commercial and service offer under the Italy District brand.
{"title":"Regeneration and conservation model of urban and cultural spaces as a capitalization strategy for unique districts. The case of Italy District, Chile","authors":"Stefania Pareti, Blanca García Henche","doi":"10.14568/cp2019025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14568/cp2019025","url":null,"abstract":"Urban tourism is transforming cities, which are no longer places to live in because they are becoming landscapes to enjoy. Therefore, it is necessary to build new urban models, where the local, the heritage preservation and the innovative experiences can gain strength. Italy District was selected, in Santiago, Chile, to carry out the study because it has a delimited urban space, peculiar stores and an organizational and management model of the district. Its cultural, commercial and leisure time offer is an adaptation and remodeling of a historic center that, thanks to association and collaborative networks of small entrepreneurs, promote new experiences to visitors. It is concluded that this district has ideal characteristics for the development of cultural tourism, since it links the various interest groups in an urban space, together with the development of a cultural, commercial and service offer under the Italy District brand.","PeriodicalId":55942,"journal":{"name":"Conservar Patrimonio","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48755286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Abdrabou, G. M. Sultan, M. A. Elkader, Hussein M. Kamal
The inclusion of couches as basic artefacts of ritual use in ancient Egyptian royal tombs first emerged in the New Kingdom; these are very rare objects, and very little information is available concerning the timber used to make them. To address this knowledge gap the present paper deals with the identification of wood from parts of ancient Egyptian ritual couches from King Horemheb’s tomb using reflected light microscopy as a non-invasive analytic technique. Although these couches are from a royal tomb, our results show that the four identified wood species (Cedar of Lebanon, Sycamore fig, Tamarisk and Christ’s thorn) are among the most common timbers found in ancient Egypt. This confirms that the shortage of timber in ancient Egypt forced the use of the few available timbers for specific purposes, according to their properties, and led the Egyptian carpenters to use large logs from external sources, such as cedar of Lebanon, confirming trading of wood in ancient Egypt.
{"title":"Non-invasive wood identification on parts of King Horemheb's ritual couches (New kingdom)","authors":"A. Abdrabou, G. M. Sultan, M. A. Elkader, Hussein M. Kamal","doi":"10.14568/cp2019038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14568/cp2019038","url":null,"abstract":"The inclusion of couches as basic artefacts of ritual use in ancient Egyptian royal tombs first emerged in the New Kingdom; these are very rare objects, and very little information is available concerning the timber used to make them. To address this knowledge gap the present paper deals with the identification of wood from parts of ancient Egyptian ritual couches from King Horemheb’s tomb using reflected light microscopy as a non-invasive analytic technique. Although these couches are from a royal tomb, our results show that the four identified wood species (Cedar of Lebanon, Sycamore fig, Tamarisk and Christ’s thorn) are among the most common timbers found in ancient Egypt. This confirms that the shortage of timber in ancient Egypt forced the use of the few available timbers for specific purposes, according to their properties, and led the Egyptian carpenters to use large logs from external sources, such as cedar of Lebanon, confirming trading of wood in ancient Egypt.","PeriodicalId":55942,"journal":{"name":"Conservar Patrimonio","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43071231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O presente artigo pretende proporcionar, com base na investigação desenvolvida até ao momento, um breve excursus sobre a história conservativa do túmulo do rei D. Dinis, um unicum no panorama da arte portuguesa da primeira metade do século XIV e peça emblemática da escultura medieval europeia.Por outro lado, o texto questiona algumas afirmações acerca deste tópico transmitidas acriticamente, ao longo dos anos, pela historiografia artística nacional, formulando observações, considerações e raciocínios, baseados na análise e na recognição visual e material da obra, assim como no aprofundamento do contexto histórico de referência.Nesta perspetiva, o artigo propõe uma revisão da literatura existente sobre os restauros do monumento e, ao mesmo tempo, revisitar o próprio tema do(s) restauro(s) no túmulo, no sentido de quantificar as intervenções e os danos sofridos por este, quer por efeito de catástrofes naturais, quer pela mão do homem.
{"title":"Ad futuram Regis memoriam. A história conservativa do túmulo do rei D. Dinis: mitos e realidade","authors":"Guilia Rossivairo","doi":"10.14568/cp2019076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14568/cp2019076","url":null,"abstract":"O presente artigo pretende proporcionar, com base na investigação desenvolvida até ao momento, um breve excursus sobre a história conservativa do túmulo do rei D. Dinis, um unicum no panorama da arte portuguesa da primeira metade do século XIV e peça emblemática da escultura medieval europeia.Por outro lado, o texto questiona algumas afirmações acerca deste tópico transmitidas acriticamente, ao longo dos anos, pela historiografia artística nacional, formulando observações, considerações e raciocínios, baseados na análise e na recognição visual e material da obra, assim como no aprofundamento do contexto histórico de referência.Nesta perspetiva, o artigo propõe uma revisão da literatura existente sobre os restauros do monumento e, ao mesmo tempo, revisitar o próprio tema do(s) restauro(s) no túmulo, no sentido de quantificar as intervenções e os danos sofridos por este, quer por efeito de catástrofes naturais, quer pela mão do homem.","PeriodicalId":55942,"journal":{"name":"Conservar Patrimonio","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47400117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Almeida, E. Barreira, Elisabete Silva, I. Brás, Ana Rocha
Mould growth on the inner surfaces of building elements is a common pathology found in buildings, resulting not only in the early degradation of the materials but also in the deterioration of the indoor environment. On the other hand, building renovation provides an exceptional opportunity to improve the quality of life of its users. Within this scope it is therefore relevant to understand the effect that different painting solutions may have on mould growth. This work evaluated the mould growth in four kinds of substrates, with different painting systems. The selected case studies were: two "tabique" walls (constructive solution with strong implantation in the built heritage), one with lime mortar and another with lime and cement mortar; and two gypsum plasterboards (a constructive solution that is widely applied in building renovation), a normal and a water repellent. To evaluate the mould growth, two methodologies were adopted: counting the number of colony forming units (CFU) in six sampling periods; and visual inspection through photographic recording, including the quantification of the percentage of "dark pixels". At the end of the test it was established that plasterboard was more favourable to mould growth when compared to "tabique" walls. Moreover, the roughness of the substrates and the sampling location had also significant impact on the results.
{"title":"Bioreceptivity of different painting systems to mould growth on \"tabique\" walls and plasterboards","authors":"R. Almeida, E. Barreira, Elisabete Silva, I. Brás, Ana Rocha","doi":"10.14568/cp2019003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14568/cp2019003","url":null,"abstract":"Mould growth on the inner surfaces of building elements is a common pathology found in buildings, resulting not only in the early degradation of the materials but also in the deterioration of the indoor environment. On the other hand, building renovation provides an exceptional opportunity to improve the quality of life of its users. Within this scope it is therefore relevant to understand the effect that different painting solutions may have on mould growth. This work evaluated the mould growth in four kinds of substrates, with different painting systems. The selected case studies were: two \"tabique\" walls (constructive solution with strong implantation in the built heritage), one with lime mortar and another with lime and cement mortar; and two gypsum plasterboards (a constructive solution that is widely applied in building renovation), a normal and a water repellent. To evaluate the mould growth, two methodologies were adopted: counting the number of colony forming units (CFU) in six sampling periods; and visual inspection through photographic recording, including the quantification of the percentage of \"dark pixels\". At the end of the test it was established that plasterboard was more favourable to mould growth when compared to \"tabique\" walls. Moreover, the roughness of the substrates and the sampling location had also significant impact on the results.","PeriodicalId":55942,"journal":{"name":"Conservar Patrimonio","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43360917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Susana França de Sá, Sara Marques da Cruz, Maria Elvira Callapez, Vânia Carvalho
The plastic objects from our cultural heritage are material testimonies of our history, technology and industry. Still, in Portugal, there is no museum of plastics, and the collections are spread through private collectors and industries. The research project, 'The Triumph of Bakelite - Contributions to a History of Plastics in Portugal', aims at creating this museum. To this end, the research work gave rise to the exhibition, 'Plasticity - A History of Plastics in Portugal', in Museu de Leiria in 2019. This study focuses on the contribution of conservation science for the writing of this history and preparation of ca. 150 historical plastic objects for display. Bakelite, melamine, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene and plasticized polyvinyl chloride are just a few examples of the polymers identified by infrared spectroscopy. This identification was crucial to tell the history of the plastics industry in Portugal. Both the spectra and characteristic absorption bands of each polymer are presented.
{"title":"Plastics that made history - the contribution of conservation science for the history of the Portuguese Plastics Industry","authors":"Susana França de Sá, Sara Marques da Cruz, Maria Elvira Callapez, Vânia Carvalho","doi":"10.14568/cp2019017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14568/cp2019017","url":null,"abstract":"The plastic objects from our cultural heritage are material testimonies of our history, technology and industry. Still, in Portugal, there is no museum of plastics, and the collections are spread through private collectors and industries. The research project, 'The Triumph of Bakelite - Contributions to a History of Plastics in Portugal', aims at creating this museum. To this end, the research work gave rise to the exhibition, 'Plasticity - A History of Plastics in Portugal', in Museu de Leiria in 2019. This study focuses on the contribution of conservation science for the writing of this history and preparation of ca. 150 historical plastic objects for display. Bakelite, melamine, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene and plasticized polyvinyl chloride are just a few examples of the polymers identified by infrared spectroscopy. This identification was crucial to tell the history of the plastics industry in Portugal. Both the spectra and characteristic absorption bands of each polymer are presented.","PeriodicalId":55942,"journal":{"name":"Conservar Patrimonio","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48489902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Art uses the contemporary tools developed at the time, because of their material and conceptual possibilities. Comparing with other media, computers and output devices have transformed our society and culture in the last decades more than ever. These resources offered an interesting research path for artists, generating consideration and discussion concerning its use and conservation. On this regard this paper focuses on two main aspects: the materials employed to produce digital prints (technologies, inks, substrates, finishing and mounting) and conservation issues such as terminology concerns, documentation and recording, long-term stability, and reproduction matters. Clear standards are needed in order to guarantee the conservation of these artworks, representative of this century.
{"title":"Digital Printing in Contemporary Art. A review for conservation decision-making","authors":"Iraia Anthonisen-Añabeitia, Itxaso Maguregui Olabarria","doi":"10.14568/cp2019028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14568/cp2019028","url":null,"abstract":"Art uses the contemporary tools developed at the time, because of their material and conceptual possibilities. Comparing with other media, computers and output devices have transformed our society and culture in the last decades more than ever. These resources offered an interesting research path for artists, generating consideration and discussion concerning its use and conservation. On this regard this paper focuses on two main aspects: the materials employed to produce digital prints (technologies, inks, substrates, finishing and mounting) and conservation issues such as terminology concerns, documentation and recording, long-term stability, and reproduction matters. Clear standards are needed in order to guarantee the conservation of these artworks, representative of this century.","PeriodicalId":55942,"journal":{"name":"Conservar Patrimonio","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41760803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Bustamante, Ana Guglielmucci, Francisca Márquez
The article analyses the ruinous destiny and patrimonial strategies of two places used in contexts of violence: Patio 29 of the General Cemetery of Santiago de Chile and the niches of the Columbarios of the Central Cemetery of Bogotá in Colombia. The premise underlying this article is that although heritage administrations are inspired by a positivist idea of memory, they have been ineffective in avoiding processes of ruinification of both places. This investigation shows that there are natural and social processes that contradict patrimonial principles, leading to ruin as an outcome. In the tension between patrimonial principles and social processes, the ruin, due to its controversial nature, historicizes the places and allows to update the narratives around the memory. The article concludes that ruins – as materiality, affect and narrative memory – are an expression of these contradictions within society.
{"title":"Places of memory in ruins and death's patrimonialization in Santiago and Bogotá","authors":"J. Bustamante, Ana Guglielmucci, Francisca Márquez","doi":"10.14568/cp2019010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14568/cp2019010","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyses the ruinous destiny and patrimonial strategies of two places used in contexts of violence: Patio 29 of the General Cemetery of Santiago de Chile and the niches of the Columbarios of the Central Cemetery of Bogotá in Colombia. The premise underlying this article is that although heritage administrations are inspired by a positivist idea of memory, they have been ineffective in avoiding processes of ruinification of both places. This investigation shows that there are natural and social processes that contradict patrimonial principles, leading to ruin as an outcome. In the tension between patrimonial principles and social processes, the ruin, due to its controversial nature, historicizes the places and allows to update the narratives around the memory. The article concludes that ruins – as materiality, affect and narrative memory – are an expression of these contradictions within society.","PeriodicalId":55942,"journal":{"name":"Conservar Patrimonio","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43343165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Figueira, Marta Matos, Aida Maria Nunes, M. Afonso, A. C. Rocha, J. Campelo, T. Ferreira
Three surveys on the occurrence of foxing stains were carried out on papers dating from 1560 to 1975 in three Portuguese collections. Foxed papers were found to be more intensely and intrusively stained in certain time periods of each collection. Based on historical data and the professional paper conservation expertise, the authors linked the increased occurrence of foxing stains in certain time periods to the new papermaking processes and materials, which began to be introduced in the late 18th century, and in particular to a synergistic effect between three factors: the use of deficient gelatine sizing which began to present a poorer quality and homogeneity, the presence of iron-containing impurities throughout the paper leaf and a distinct absorbency of moisture. Observing batches of morphologically similar papers by using photographic imaging with different types of light sources and incidences, the authors verified that similar papers present similar foxing stains. Resumo Foram efetuados levantamentos sobre a ocorrência de manchas de foxing em papéis de 1560 a 1975 em três acervos nacionais. Observou-se, em cada um dos espólios, que certos períodos de tempo apresentavam um surgimento mais intenso e intrusivo dessas manchas. Com base em informação histórica e na experiência profissional na área da conservação de papel, os autores relacionaram este facto com novas tecnologias e materiais usados no processo de produção de papel a partir do último quartel do século XVIII e, particularmente, com a possibilidade de existência de um efeito sinergético entre a diminuição de qualidade ou falha de uniformização da encolagem de gelatina, a presença de novos procedimentos ou aditivos ricos em impurezas contendo iões ferro e uma sorbência irregular de humidade na folha. Também verificaram, através de imagens fotográficas com diferentes incidências e tipos de radiação, que grupos de papéis morfologicamente semelhantes apresentam manchas de foxing também semelhantes.
{"title":"Considerations about foxing stains in three paper collections ranging from the 16th to the 20th century","authors":"F. Figueira, Marta Matos, Aida Maria Nunes, M. Afonso, A. C. Rocha, J. Campelo, T. Ferreira","doi":"10.14568/cp2019022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14568/cp2019022","url":null,"abstract":"Three surveys on the occurrence of foxing stains were carried out on papers dating from 1560 to 1975 in three Portuguese collections. Foxed papers were found to be more intensely and intrusively stained in certain time periods of each collection. Based on historical data and the professional paper conservation expertise, the authors linked the increased occurrence of foxing stains in certain time periods to the new papermaking processes and materials, which began to be introduced in the late 18th century, and in particular to a synergistic effect between three factors: the use of deficient gelatine sizing which began to present a poorer quality and homogeneity, the presence of iron-containing impurities throughout the paper leaf and a distinct absorbency of moisture. Observing batches of morphologically similar papers by using photographic imaging with different types of light sources and incidences, the authors verified that similar papers present similar foxing stains. Resumo Foram efetuados levantamentos sobre a ocorrência de manchas de foxing em papéis de 1560 a 1975 em três acervos nacionais. Observou-se, em cada um dos espólios, que certos períodos de tempo apresentavam um surgimento mais intenso e intrusivo dessas manchas. Com base em informação histórica e na experiência profissional na área da conservação de papel, os autores relacionaram este facto com novas tecnologias e materiais usados no processo de produção de papel a partir do último quartel do século XVIII e, particularmente, com a possibilidade de existência de um efeito sinergético entre a diminuição de qualidade ou falha de uniformização da encolagem de gelatina, a presença de novos procedimentos ou aditivos ricos em impurezas contendo iões ferro e uma sorbência irregular de humidade na folha. Também verificaram, através de imagens fotográficas com diferentes incidências e tipos de radiação, que grupos de papéis morfologicamente semelhantes apresentam manchas de foxing também semelhantes.","PeriodicalId":55942,"journal":{"name":"Conservar Patrimonio","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46135928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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