Pub Date : 2021-01-08DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2020.1842144
Tania Rossetto
ABSTRACT At a time characterized by the pervasive presence of – and enthusiasm for – maps in everyday life, interest in the cartographic humanities is growing among map scholars who approach cartography through a cultural lens. A mobility and humanities approach helps us move beyond the factual consideration of maps as mobile navigational devices that are used to move from one location to another. By considering mobility as a dense, elastic concept and adopting a humanistic perspective, I delineate a set of map mobilities emerging from the existing literature. A movement as process section focuses on post-representational, practice-based and historical approaches to mapping practices; a movement as elusiveness section focuses on material, more-than-human, surficial appreciations of cartographic objects; a movement as reimagination section focuses on theoretical, literary and art-based approaches to cartographic concepts. This focus on map mobilities illuminates the multiple theoretical and methodological possibilities of a renewed humanistic perspective in map studies.
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Pub Date : 2021-01-08DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2020.1842146
Paweł Cybulski, Vassilios Krassanakis
ABSTRACT Dynamic maps are commonly used for the depiction of quantitative information. However, their users often fail to notice changes in the intensity of geographic phenomena. Moreover, if the distribution of colour values between two scenes changes, the user might have a problem with recalling the colour arrangement from the previous scene. A commonly occurring mistake is indicating that the colour changed its value, while in reality it did not. This paper examines the potential impact of the magnitude of change on the detection of the fixed enumeration units of a dynamic choropleth map. The research is based on Signal Detection Theory methodology and uses eye-tracking technology to examine the change blindness phenomenon on spatiotemporal maps. The results show that regardless of the magnitude of change and the number of enumeration units, the participants were convinced that the colour value in a particular place changed, even though it did not.
{"title":"The Role of the Magnitude of Change in Detecting Fixed Enumeration Units on Dynamic Choropleth Maps","authors":"Paweł Cybulski, Vassilios Krassanakis","doi":"10.1080/00087041.2020.1842146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2020.1842146","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Dynamic maps are commonly used for the depiction of quantitative information. However, their users often fail to notice changes in the intensity of geographic phenomena. Moreover, if the distribution of colour values between two scenes changes, the user might have a problem with recalling the colour arrangement from the previous scene. A commonly occurring mistake is indicating that the colour changed its value, while in reality it did not. This paper examines the potential impact of the magnitude of change on the detection of the fixed enumeration units of a dynamic choropleth map. The research is based on Signal Detection Theory methodology and uses eye-tracking technology to examine the change blindness phenomenon on spatiotemporal maps. The results show that regardless of the magnitude of change and the number of enumeration units, the participants were convinced that the colour value in a particular place changed, even though it did not.","PeriodicalId":55971,"journal":{"name":"Cartographic Journal","volume":"58 1","pages":"251 - 267"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00087041.2020.1842146","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41782101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-06DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2020.1800160
C. Fish
ABSTRACT As maps become more common and popular in the media to illustrate large social and environmental problems such as climate change, cartographers who are given this task are searching for ways to present information to persuade readers to care and take action. Research has shown that simply presenting facts is often not enough for someone to take action to solve these types of socio-environmental problems; information must not only be presented accurately but also must connect with readers’ emotions. Indeed, cartographers have increasingly been interested in understanding not just the cognitive implications of map design but also both the persuasive nature of and affective responses to map design. Here I present the term vividness, a term used in other communication domains to describe content which attracts attention, evokes emotion, and makes distant topics proximate to readers. While this term is new to the cartographic realm it provides a framework by which to evaluate maps for their persuasiveness based in both cognitive map design research conducted since the middle of the last century and newer research in cartography on maps and emotion. Through semi-structured interviews with experts I illustrate how cartographers create persuasive maps that align with the definition of vividness and I argue that vividness is composed of the following elements in maps: (1) visual salience, (2) visible change over time, (3) congruent colour use, (4) projection choice, (5) symbolization, (6) legend design, (7) layout, and (8) novel designs.
{"title":"Elements of Vivid Cartography","authors":"C. Fish","doi":"10.1080/00087041.2020.1800160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2020.1800160","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT As maps become more common and popular in the media to illustrate large social and environmental problems such as climate change, cartographers who are given this task are searching for ways to present information to persuade readers to care and take action. Research has shown that simply presenting facts is often not enough for someone to take action to solve these types of socio-environmental problems; information must not only be presented accurately but also must connect with readers’ emotions. Indeed, cartographers have increasingly been interested in understanding not just the cognitive implications of map design but also both the persuasive nature of and affective responses to map design. Here I present the term vividness, a term used in other communication domains to describe content which attracts attention, evokes emotion, and makes distant topics proximate to readers. While this term is new to the cartographic realm it provides a framework by which to evaluate maps for their persuasiveness based in both cognitive map design research conducted since the middle of the last century and newer research in cartography on maps and emotion. Through semi-structured interviews with experts I illustrate how cartographers create persuasive maps that align with the definition of vividness and I argue that vividness is composed of the following elements in maps: (1) visual salience, (2) visible change over time, (3) congruent colour use, (4) projection choice, (5) symbolization, (6) legend design, (7) layout, and (8) novel designs.","PeriodicalId":55971,"journal":{"name":"Cartographic Journal","volume":"58 1","pages":"150 - 166"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00087041.2020.1800160","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45201902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2021.1953765
A. Kent
The year 1931 saw the inception of what has become arguably the world’s most successful cartographic design. Henry C. Beck, a technical draughtsman who had been laid off by the Underground Electric Railways of London (UERL), devised a new diagrammatic map of the network (Figure 1) in his spare time. Beck’s radical approach favoured topology over topography – connectivity over geographical fidelity – which he achieved primarily by straightening out the lines and limiting changes in their direction to 45° and 90°. Beck submitted a presentation copy (Figure 2) of his map to the board of the Publicity Office of the UERL that same year, and, although his solution was initially rejected as being too revolutionary (Garland, 1994), Beck re-submitted his design in 1932 and it was accepted. The map was eventually issued as a pocket edition in January 1933; its first print run of 750,000 copies reflecting the board’s new-found confidence in its design and an enthusiastic reception by the public secured a further printing of 100,000 copies in February and a poster edition in March (Dobbin, 2012).
{"title":"When Topology Trumped Topography: Celebrating 90 Years of Beck’s Underground Map","authors":"A. Kent","doi":"10.1080/00087041.2021.1953765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2021.1953765","url":null,"abstract":"The year 1931 saw the inception of what has become arguably the world’s most successful cartographic design. Henry C. Beck, a technical draughtsman who had been laid off by the Underground Electric Railways of London (UERL), devised a new diagrammatic map of the network (Figure 1) in his spare time. Beck’s radical approach favoured topology over topography – connectivity over geographical fidelity – which he achieved primarily by straightening out the lines and limiting changes in their direction to 45° and 90°. Beck submitted a presentation copy (Figure 2) of his map to the board of the Publicity Office of the UERL that same year, and, although his solution was initially rejected as being too revolutionary (Garland, 1994), Beck re-submitted his design in 1932 and it was accepted. The map was eventually issued as a pocket edition in January 1933; its first print run of 750,000 copies reflecting the board’s new-found confidence in its design and an enthusiastic reception by the public secured a further printing of 100,000 copies in February and a poster edition in March (Dobbin, 2012).","PeriodicalId":55971,"journal":{"name":"Cartographic Journal","volume":"58 1","pages":"1 - 12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42767501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2021.1879506
E. Liebenberg
ABSTRACT Although David Livingstone came to southern Africa in 1840 as a medical missionary, he soon succumbed to the lure of geographical discovery. Between 1849 and his death in 1873 he travelled widely in south-central Africa and managed to irreversibly change the map of this part of the continent. Although much has been written about his character, adventures and travels, little has been said about the maps he compiled and even less about how he made those maps. This article is an attempt to elucidate this rather unknown facet of his legacy by referring to the instruments, methods and techniques he used to collect his data and the high premium he put on the accuracy of his observations. Attention is also given to his life-long friendship with HM Astronomer at the Cape, Sir Thomas Maclear to whom he regularly sent his observations to be checked and his occasionally tempestuous relationship with the official cartographer of the Royal Geographical Society, John Arrowsmith.
{"title":"‘I Will Open a Path into the Interior (of Africa), or Perish’: David Livingstone and the Mapping of Africa","authors":"E. Liebenberg","doi":"10.1080/00087041.2021.1879506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2021.1879506","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Although David Livingstone came to southern Africa in 1840 as a medical missionary, he soon succumbed to the lure of geographical discovery. Between 1849 and his death in 1873 he travelled widely in south-central Africa and managed to irreversibly change the map of this part of the continent. Although much has been written about his character, adventures and travels, little has been said about the maps he compiled and even less about how he made those maps. This article is an attempt to elucidate this rather unknown facet of his legacy by referring to the instruments, methods and techniques he used to collect his data and the high premium he put on the accuracy of his observations. Attention is also given to his life-long friendship with HM Astronomer at the Cape, Sir Thomas Maclear to whom he regularly sent his observations to be checked and his occasionally tempestuous relationship with the official cartographer of the Royal Geographical Society, John Arrowsmith.","PeriodicalId":55971,"journal":{"name":"Cartographic Journal","volume":"58 1","pages":"29 - 49"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00087041.2021.1879506","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48272364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-06DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2020.1714277
Gaëlle Seffers, J. Åhlén, S. Seipel, Kristien Ooms
ABSTRACT The goal of this study is to investigate how efficiently and effectively collapsed buildings – due to the occurrence of a disaster – can be localized by a general crowd. Two types of visualization parameters are evaluated in an online user study: (1) greyscale images (indicating height information) versus true colours; (2) variation in the vertical viewing angle (0°, 30° and 60°). Additionally, the influence of map use expertise on how the visualizations are interpreted, is investigated. The results indicate that the use of the greyscale image helps to locate collapsed buildings in an efficient and effective manner. The use of the viewing angle of 60° is the least appropriate. A person with a map use expertise will prefer the greyscale image over the colour image. To confirm the benefits of the use of three-dimensional visualizations and the use of the colour image, more research is needed.
{"title":"Assessing Damage – Can the Crowd Interpret Colour and 3D Information?","authors":"Gaëlle Seffers, J. Åhlén, S. Seipel, Kristien Ooms","doi":"10.1080/00087041.2020.1714277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2020.1714277","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The goal of this study is to investigate how efficiently and effectively collapsed buildings – due to the occurrence of a disaster – can be localized by a general crowd. Two types of visualization parameters are evaluated in an online user study: (1) greyscale images (indicating height information) versus true colours; (2) variation in the vertical viewing angle (0°, 30° and 60°). Additionally, the influence of map use expertise on how the visualizations are interpreted, is investigated. The results indicate that the use of the greyscale image helps to locate collapsed buildings in an efficient and effective manner. The use of the viewing angle of 60° is the least appropriate. A person with a map use expertise will prefer the greyscale image over the colour image. To confirm the benefits of the use of three-dimensional visualizations and the use of the colour image, more research is needed.","PeriodicalId":55971,"journal":{"name":"Cartographic Journal","volume":"58 1","pages":"69 - 82"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00087041.2020.1714277","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45602650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2020.1884432
Yannan Ding
ABSTRACT This paper describes the survey of the Paracels organized by the British East India Company (EIC) in 1808 in the context of the late Enlightenment. It documents the preparatory work for and execution of the survey to show that it overturned the erroneous representations of the Paracels on maps and charts from the sixteenth to the early nineteenth century. Using new archival material, including ship’s journals, memoirs, and private letters, this paper examines details of this survey, including patronage networks and the role played by institutions to argue that the late Enlightenment was a period of transformation in the epistemology and methodology of geography.
{"title":"A Late Enlightenment Enterprise: The British East India Company’s Survey of the Paracels in 1808","authors":"Yannan Ding","doi":"10.1080/00087041.2020.1884432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2020.1884432","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper describes the survey of the Paracels organized by the British East India Company (EIC) in 1808 in the context of the late Enlightenment. It documents the preparatory work for and execution of the survey to show that it overturned the erroneous representations of the Paracels on maps and charts from the sixteenth to the early nineteenth century. Using new archival material, including ship’s journals, memoirs, and private letters, this paper examines details of this survey, including patronage networks and the role played by institutions to argue that the late Enlightenment was a period of transformation in the epistemology and methodology of geography.","PeriodicalId":55971,"journal":{"name":"Cartographic Journal","volume":"57 1","pages":"366 - 378"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00087041.2020.1884432","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47769376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2020.1721765
J. Wabiński, A. Mościcka, M. Kuźma
ABSTRACT Visually impaired people use tactile maps that can be read by the sense of touch or, to a limited extent, with their eyes. This article concerns the methods of assessing tactile maps in terms of their information value. In the research, methods used to assess traditional maps have been adopted to assess tactile maps. Tactile elements of two maps – one developed with the use of traditional methods and the second developed with the use of 3D printing – have been compared. Structural measures of information as well as the information efficiency coefficient of each map have been determined to assess whether new cartographic symbols proposed on a multi-level 3D printed map can increase its information value.
{"title":"The Information Value of Tactile Maps: A Comparison of Maps Printed with the Use of Different Techniques","authors":"J. Wabiński, A. Mościcka, M. Kuźma","doi":"10.1080/00087041.2020.1721765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2020.1721765","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Visually impaired people use tactile maps that can be read by the sense of touch or, to a limited extent, with their eyes. This article concerns the methods of assessing tactile maps in terms of their information value. In the research, methods used to assess traditional maps have been adopted to assess tactile maps. Tactile elements of two maps – one developed with the use of traditional methods and the second developed with the use of 3D printing – have been compared. Structural measures of information as well as the information efficiency coefficient of each map have been determined to assess whether new cartographic symbols proposed on a multi-level 3D printed map can increase its information value.","PeriodicalId":55971,"journal":{"name":"Cartographic Journal","volume":"58 1","pages":"123 - 134"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00087041.2020.1721765","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44496330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2020.1884430
Vanessa Collingridge
ABSTRACT This paper examines the relationship between the press and the construction of ‘enlightened’ public knowledge about – and imaginaries for – the emerging south in the period 1760–1777. It analyses the construction, nature, and forms of the putative Great Southern Continent in contemporary British newspapers and magazines, and offers some suggestions for how knowledge from navigators such as James Cook was given credence in the public domain back home. It draws parallels between the ‘new media’ of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment and those of the twenty-first century with their similar debates over who controls public (geographical) information, whom and how to trust, and why.
{"title":"Mapping the Fantastic Great Southern Continent, 1760–1777: A Study in Enlightenment Geography","authors":"Vanessa Collingridge","doi":"10.1080/00087041.2020.1884430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2020.1884430","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper examines the relationship between the press and the construction of ‘enlightened’ public knowledge about – and imaginaries for – the emerging south in the period 1760–1777. It analyses the construction, nature, and forms of the putative Great Southern Continent in contemporary British newspapers and magazines, and offers some suggestions for how knowledge from navigators such as James Cook was given credence in the public domain back home. It draws parallels between the ‘new media’ of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment and those of the twenty-first century with their similar debates over who controls public (geographical) information, whom and how to trust, and why.","PeriodicalId":55971,"journal":{"name":"Cartographic Journal","volume":"57 1","pages":"335 - 352"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00087041.2020.1884430","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43581648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2020.1884418
Elizabeth Baigent, N. Millea
On 28th May 1855, the council of the Royal Geographical Society (RGS) reported that the Society’s Map Room was ‘daily visited by intelligent strangers as well as by members [of the Society]’ and that its premises ‘afford[ed] facilities not before possessed for the collection and diffusion of geographical information’. There were two things going on here. First, professional geographers – members of the society – were meeting to consult maps and to contribute and share geographical information orally, and second, discerning members of the public – intelligent strangers – were seeking geographical information in the maps and in the persons of the geographers with whom they mixed. Both processes were making geography as a discipline. Although the RGS was 25 years old at this point, there were 32 years to go before an enduring university position in the discipline was established (Clout, 2003 and 2020 discounts a brief earlier personal position at University College London in that department’s centenary volume), and the subject’s place in the school curriculum was patchy at best. Establishing geography in the minds of a discerning public as a discipline with specialist practitioners and expertise was an important step in its professional maturation, and personal encounter and conversation had important parts to play in the process. It was, after all, non-geographers’ presence in the RGS and their chance to secure geographical information there from maps and people which substantiated the RGS’s claim to be the ‘Map Office of the Nation’ and it was to secure non-geographers’ access that the map room received an annual government grant (Anon, 1855: v–vi; Crone and Day, 1960: 12; Baigent, 2006; Herbert, 2018: 150). This report prompts the two themes for the introduction to this Special Issue of The Cartographic Journal on Enlightening Maps, an editorial which marks 25 years of The Oxford Seminars in Cartography (TOSCA), and introduces papers given at TOSCA’s 25th anniversary conference. The themes are first, the social spaces for conversation which circulates knowledge, and second, the political, particularly national, quality of that conversation. We discuss these primarily in connection with spaces for conversation in the history of cartography in Britain, and primarily since 1990, but we note earlier map exhibitions – also spaces for cartographic conversations – and finally and briefly mention cartographic conversations in the Enlightenment which are considered in detail in the papers which follow. Conversations in closed, dedicated, professionalized cartographic spaces, such as offices of government mapmaking organizations, are not our concern. Rather we consider conversations in spaces which are liminal in institutional terms, since historians of cartography in modern Britain are institutionally rather rootless, and liminal because they occur on the boundary between amateur and professional worlds: in the open map room of a learned society otherwise
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