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The British Cartographic Society Annual Report for the Year Ended 30th June 2020 英国制图学会截至2020年6月30日的年度报告
IF 1 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2020.1884449
The British Cartographic Society, c/o Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) 1 Kensington Gore, London, SW7 2AR, is registered with the Charity Commission (No.240034). The Society was founded on 28th September 1963 as a Learned Society and the Constitution and By-Laws adopted in September 1964. The Charity is administered by the Council of the Society, who are the Trustees, comprising:
英国地图学会,由皇家地理学会(与英国地理学家研究所)1 Kensington Gore, London, sw72ar,在慈善委员会注册(No.240034)。协会于1963年9月28日成立,是一个学术团体,并于1964年9月通过了章程和细则。慈善机构由校董会管理,校董会是受托人,包括:
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引用次数: 1
Enlightened Mapping? Maps in the Europe of the Enlightenment 开明的映射?启蒙运动时期的欧洲地图
IF 1 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2020.1884448
P. Barber
ABSTRACT This paper presents an overview of West and Central European mapping between 1650 and 1800. The period was marked by the emergence of distinctive types of mapping, influenced by the spirit of the Enlightenment, particularly its adoption of consciously scientific methods and reliance on direct observation, the acceptance of geography as an academic discipline and a questioning attitude towards previously accepted authority. Such maps were expensive to create and relied on sponsorship by the state and/or academies and, in their published form, on collaboration of both with the map trade. ‘Enlightenment Maps’ are far from being a homogeneous group, however, are of varying quality, and were less prevalent than generally assumed: many traditional types of map continued to be created, published and purchased by an ever-widening public readership.
本文概述了1650年至1800年间西欧和中欧的地图绘制。这一时期的特点是,受启蒙运动精神的影响,出现了不同类型的制图,特别是有意识地采用科学方法和依赖直接观察,接受地理学作为一门学科,并对先前公认的权威持质疑态度。这样的地图制作成本高昂,依赖于国家和(或)学院的赞助,而在出版形式上,则需要两者与地图行业的合作。然而,“启蒙地图”远不是一个同质化的群体,它们的质量参差不齐,而且并不像通常认为的那样普遍:许多传统类型的地图继续被不断扩大的公众读者创造、出版和购买。
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引用次数: 1
Charting Newly Created Statehood: A Maritime Survey of the Adriatic by the Joint Forces of the Austro-Hungarian and Italian Hydrographic Offices 绘制新创建的国家:奥匈和意大利水文局联合部队对亚得里亚海的海上调查
IF 1 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2019.1685288
Mirela Altic
ABSTRACT The process of political and territorial unification of the Kingdom of Italy (1860) and Austria-Hungary (1867) highlighted the issues of territoriality both on land and at sea. As a part of that effort, a need of maritime survey of the Adriatic conducted by the joint forces of the Austro-Hungarian and Italian hydrographic offices appeared. The purpose of this endeavour was to enable the production of modern charts based on a comprehensive survey covering the whole sea surface area, from coast to coast. Under the supervision of Commander Tobias Ritter von Oesterreicher and Counter-Admiral Duke Antonio Imbert, the survey started in 1866 and, by the end of 1873, resulted in a general chart of the Adriatic, 4 course charts of the Adriatic Sea, 55 coastal charts as well as number of harbour plans. This paper presents an analysis of the course of the survey, its products as well as its impact on the subsequent cartography of the Adriatic Sea.
摘要意大利王国(1860年)和奥匈帝国(1867年)的政治和领土统一进程突出了陆地和海上的领土问题。作为这项工作的一部分,似乎需要由奥匈帝国和意大利水文局的联合部队对亚得里亚海进行海上调查。这项工作的目的是在对从海岸到海岸的整个海面进行全面调查的基础上制作现代海图。在指挥官Tobias Ritter von Oestreicher和海军中将Duke Antonio Imbert的监督下,调查始于1866年,到1873年底,得出了亚得里亚海总图、4个亚得里亚海道图、55个海岸图以及一些港口规划。本文分析了此次调查的过程、结果及其对随后亚得里亚海制图的影响。
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引用次数: 2
Charting and Knowledge in Enlightened Empires: The Case of Tierra del Fuego in Anson’s Voyage Round the World (1748) 开明帝国的制图与知识:安森环球航行中的火地岛(1748)
IF 1 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2020.1884431
Katherine Parker
ABSTRACT As argued by Philip Stern, exploration and Enlightenment were mutually influential, suggesting that the charting performed on exploratory voyages is a particularly apt knowledge practice around which to frame an investigation of the validity and depth of the contradictions and challenges of Enlightenment. This paper uses the charting of Tierra del Fuego by George Anson in the 1740s as a case study for discussing one specific tension in both exploration and Enlightenment: the role of the national and of the universal in the creation of geographic knowledge. It will discuss Anson’s charting process, the publication of his ideas, and the clash his publication caused when planning later voyages. Charting could not only legitimate participation in Enlightenment networks of knowledge-making, but also mask imperial motives and biases in the language of intellectual criticism.
摘要正如菲利普·斯特恩(Philip Stern)所言,探索和启蒙是相互影响的,这表明在探索航行中进行的制图是一种特别恰当的知识实践,可以围绕它来调查启蒙的矛盾和挑战的有效性和深度。本文以乔治·安森在17世纪40年代绘制的火地岛地图为例,讨论了探索和启蒙运动中的一个特定张力:国家和世界在创造地理知识中的作用。它将讨论安生的制图过程、他的想法的发表,以及他的出版在计划以后的航行时引起的冲突。制图不仅可以合法地参与启蒙运动的知识制造网络,还可以掩盖帝国主义的动机和智力批评语言中的偏见。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial Preface 编辑前言
IF 1 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2020.1884414
A. Kent
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引用次数: 0
Writing Cartography’s Enlightenment 制图写作的启示
IF 1 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2020.1884428
M. Edney, M. Pedley
ABSTRACT The Enlightenment poses a particular problem for map history. The period acquired a special significance as the historical fulcrum in the narrative of the history of cartography. This essay provides an historiographical summary of how the Enlightenment was accorded this significance, how it was called into question with the development of sociocultural approaches to maps and mapping, and how a comprehensive history of mapping in the period 1650–1800 – undertaken as Volume Four of the multi-volume series The History of Cartography – requires a completely restructured approach to map history.
摘要启蒙运动给地图史带来了一个特殊的问题。这一时期作为地图学史叙事的历史支点,具有特殊的意义。本文对启蒙运动是如何被赋予这一意义的,它是如何随着地图和制图的社会文化方法的发展而受到质疑的,以及1650年至1800年期间的全面地图史——作为多卷本系列《制图史》的第四卷——需要对地图史进行完全重组。
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引用次数: 2
Detection of Pictorial Map Objects with Convolutional Neural Networks 用卷积神经网络检测图形地图对象
IF 1 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2020-09-11 DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2020.1738112
R. Schnürer, R. Sieber, Jost Schmid-Lanter, A. C. Öztireli, L. Hurni
ABSTRACT In this work, realistically drawn objects are identified on digital maps by convolutional neural networks. For the first two experiments, 6200 images were retrieved from Pinterest. While alternating image input options, two binary classifiers based on Xception and InceptionResNetV2 were trained to separate maps and pictorial maps. Results showed that the accuracy is 95–97% to distinguish maps from other images, whereas maps with pictorial objects are correctly classified at rates of 87–92%. For a third experiment, bounding boxes of 3200 sailing ships were annotated in historic maps from different digital libraries. Faster R-CNN and RetinaNet were compared to determine the box coordinates, while adjusting anchor scales and examining configurations for small objects. A resulting average precision of 32% was obtained for Faster R-CNN and of 36% for RetinaNet. Research outcomes are relevant for trawling map images on the Internet and for enhancing the advanced search of digital map catalogues.
在这项工作中,通过卷积神经网络在数字地图上识别真实绘制的物体。在前两个实验中,从Pinterest上检索了6200张图片。在交替图像输入选项的同时,训练了两个基于Xception和InceptionResNetV2的二元分类器来分离地图和图形地图。结果表明,该方法区分地图与其他图像的准确率为95-97%,而带有图像对象的地图的分类准确率为87-92%。在第三个实验中,3200艘帆船的边界框被标注在来自不同数字图书馆的历史地图上。比较更快的R-CNN和RetinaNet来确定盒子坐标,同时调整锚定尺度并检查小物体的配置。结果显示,Faster R-CNN的平均精度为32%,RetinaNet的平均精度为36%。研究成果与互联网上的拖网地图图像和加强数字地图目录的高级搜索有关。
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引用次数: 10
Cartographic Design as Visual Storytelling: Synthesis and Review of Map-Based Narratives, Genres, and Tropes 作为视觉故事讲述的地图设计:基于地图的叙述、流派和奖杯的综合与回顾
IF 1 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2020-09-02 DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2019.1633103
R. Roth
ABSTRACT In this article, I review considerations and techniques for approaching cartographic design as visual storytelling. Stories, like maps, are a method for documenting and explaining, for meaningfully abstracting our experiences, for communicating and sharing, and for asserting a particular worldview. I argue that visual storytelling offers an entry point for hybridization in cartography, uniting technology with praxis, product with process, and design with critique while opening rich new avenues for transdisciplinary research and design. I begin by introducing influences on map-based visual storytelling and review ten recurring themes that make visual storytelling different from traditional perspectives on cartographic design. I then offer three of potentially many ways to articulate and organize the design space for map-based visual storytelling: foundational narrative elements and their adaptation to geographic phenomena and processes, visual storytelling genres delineating different story experiences, and visual storytelling tropes used to advance narratives across text, maps, images, and other multimedia. I conclude with a call for future research on visual storytelling in cartography, including visual design, visual ethics, and visual literacy.
在本文中,我回顾了将地图设计视为视觉叙事的考虑因素和技术。故事,就像地图一样,是一种记录和解释的方法,是一种有意义地抽象我们的经历的方法,是一种交流和分享的方法,也是一种主张特定世界观的方法。我认为,视觉叙事为制图学的混合提供了一个切入点,将技术与实践、产品与过程、设计与批评结合起来,同时为跨学科研究和设计开辟了丰富的新途径。我首先介绍了对基于地图的视觉叙事的影响,并回顾了10个反复出现的主题,这些主题使视觉叙事与传统的地图设计观点不同。然后,我提供了三种潜在的方法来表达和组织基于地图的视觉叙事设计空间:基本叙事元素及其对地理现象和过程的适应,描绘不同故事体验的视觉叙事类型,以及用于跨文本、地图、图像和其他多媒体推进叙事的视觉叙事修辞。最后,我呼吁未来对制图中的视觉叙事进行研究,包括视觉设计、视觉伦理和视觉素养。
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引用次数: 58
Quadrature Rules to Calculate Distortions of Map Projections 计算地图投影畸变的正交规则
IF 1 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2020.1714278
Krisztián Kerkovits
ABSTRACT In map projection theory, it is usual to utilize numerical quadrature rules to estimate the overall map distortion. However, it is not known which method is the most efficient to approximate this integral. In this paper, overall map distortion is calculated analytically by a computer algebra system. Various integration methods are compared to the exact results. Some calculations are also performed on irregular spherical polygons. Considering the experiments, the author suggests utilizing the first-order Gaussian quadrature as it always gave reasonable results, although it is not the best for all cases.
在地图投影理论中,通常使用数值正交规则来估计地图的整体畸变。然而,我们不知道哪种方法是最有效的近似这个积分。本文用计算机代数系统解析地计算了整个地图的变形。比较了各种积分方法的精确结果。对不规则球面多边形也进行了一些计算。考虑到实验,作者建议使用一阶高斯正交,因为它总是给出合理的结果,尽管它不是对所有情况都是最好的。
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引用次数: 4
Mapping the Great Game: Explorers, Spies and Maps in 19th Century Asia 绘制大游戏地图:19世纪亚洲的探险家、间谍和地图
IF 1 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2020.1790881
Joy Slappnig
In the opening pages of his first book, a popular history of ‘The Great Game’ in nineteenth-century central Asia, Riaz Dean expresses regret that ‘the effort of native Asians (…) are less well ackn...
Riaz Dean在他的第一本书《19世纪中亚的伟大游戏》(the Great Game)的开头几页中对“亚裔原住民的努力(…)没有得到很好的认可…”表示遗憾。。。
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引用次数: 2
期刊
Cartographic Journal
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