Trends in Environmental Analytical Chemistry最新文献

Ionic liquid mediated carbon dots (IL-CDs) are being emerged as new sensing probe for the detection of various chemical entities. Their unique features i.e. physical, chemical and optical properties along with their eco-friendly nature are the main sources of attraction for researchers. The induction of ionic moieties in addition to their naturally existing surface functionalities such as ―OH, ―COOH, ―NH₂ on CDs make them a good option for sensing applications. This review focuses on a systematic literature related to the employment of IL-CDs as sensing probes for various chemical species. Moreover, IL-CDs have been critically evaluated compared to ordinary CDs in terms of structural difference, versatility in mode of sensing, types of entities being sensed and performance efficiency to highlight the spaces which have to address in near future.

Extraordinary features of carbon dots (CDs) including their biocompatibility, water solubility, stability, tunability, low cost and scalability make them as promising nanomaterials for a number of application areas such as fluorescent nanosensors. Combination of these superiorities with the advantages of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) such as high affinity, selectivity, robustness and reusability provides the development of novel fluorescent nanosensors with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity towards the target compounds. This paper provides an overview of green approaches for the synthesis of CDs, integration of CDs with MIPs and recent developments on the design and construction of sensitive green CDs/MIPs-based fluorescent nanosensors for the detection of various pollutants (i.e. antibiotics, pesticides, heavy metals and explosive compounds etc.) in environmental samples.

Molecular-level investigation of crude oil has become an essential part of oil spill research, It facilitates the assessment of oil behavior, fate, impacts, as well as the evaluation of oil spill origins, toxic substances, and the effect of such incidents. Notable oil spill incidents, such as the Deepwater Horizon, have emphasized the need for molecular-level information on spilled oil to evaluate and monitor environmental damage. In this study, the term 'Environmental Petroleomics' is defined. During the weathering of spilled oil, various effects can alter the oil's chemical composition, including evaporation, dispersion, photo-oxidation, and microbial degradation. The major toxic compounds in the spilled oil are aromatic compounds, followed by polar oxygenated aromatic compounds. Although gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is an effective approach for compositional analysis of crude oil, it falls short in its ability to separate individual compounds in the weathered oil. This is particularly challenging when dealing with weathered oil enriched with polar oxygen- and sulfur-containing compounds that emerge during the weathering process . Ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHR-MS) has played a key role in the development of Environmental Petroleomics, proving effective in characterizing various polar species. This review explores the application of ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry for oil spill research. The study concludes that the toxicity of weathered crude oils results from the photo-oxidation of crude oil molecules into highly oxygenated, water-soluble species. Prospective research in environmental petroleomics concerning the analysis of oil spills may direct its attention towards innovating novel methodologies. These could encompass high-resolution imaging of oil spills, time-resolved analysis of spill dynamics, integration of ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHR-MS) with complementary techniques, and the utilization of UHR-MS for biomarker analysis.

Ozone (O₃) is not only an environment pollutant at tropospheric or ground-level that poses a potential threat to human health, but it also belongs to the class of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which has been demonstrated to be deeply involved in significant physiological and pharmacological functions. Additionally, this reactive molecule has been widely applied in modern society, for example in air sterilization, and in both food and medical disinfection. Hence, effective detection methods for ozone in both the environment and in biological systems are a necessity. In recent years, the detection systems based on fluorescent strategy have manifested as promising methods for rapid, effective, and quantitative detection, specifically for the spatial and temporal sampling for in vivo bioimaging analysis. Despite a huge surge in the rationally-designed fluorescent probes for specific ROS, relatively limited attention has been paid to the fluorescent recognition of O₃. Particularly, there is no systematic summarization for O₃-specific fluorescent probes. In this review, a general overview was provided with the aim of summarizing the progress made so far in this subject. The chemical structures of the probes, and their sensing mechanisms with O₃ and application in biological and environmental science are discussed in detail. Hopefully, this timely review can give useful information to the researchers in this field, resulting in this emerging area gaining more traction.

Green chemistry principles have been incorporated into various disciplines of chemistry, including analytical chemistry, as an ongoing awareness and interest in the state of the ecosystem. The negative impacts of analytical procedures may cause environmental damage and pose major threats to operators. Therefore, it is critical to consider the consequences and the implications of researchers' and users' activities of analytical techniques. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the history of Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) and the existing greenness assessment metric tools, including criteria, concepts, principles, fundamentals, strengths, and weaknesses (merits and demerits). Additionally, a comparison between the metric tools is given, and their relevance in various analytical approaches is explored. For the first time, ten greenness appraisal approaches are thoroughly investigated, conveyed, and implemented. These ten approaches comprise the following: National Environmental Method Index (NEMI), Modified NEMI, analytical Eco-Scale, HPLC-EAT (Environmental Assessment Tool), Analytical Method Volume Intensity (AMVI), Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), Complementary Green Analytical Procedure Index (ComplexGAPI), Analytical Method Greenness Score (AMGS) Calculator, Analytical Greenness (AGREE), Analytical Greenness for sample preparation (AGREEprep), and other assessment tools. Furthermore, the applicability of the discussed assessment tools is examined by evaluating some research articles for determining pharmaceutical residues in water as a case study. With this review, researchers' knowledge to comprehend and remain fully up-to-date with the current greenness evaluation tools is expanded, and selecting and applying the most appropriate approach through a realistic appraisal and comparison of the tools are realized.

In recent decades, much attention has been paid to using nanomaterials in the development of highly-sensitive sensors for environmental monitoring. This review describes how nanomaterials are being used to develop electrochemical sensing platforms for environmental analysis (air pollution, water quality, soil nutrients, and soil pathogens). In particular, we discuss the use of nanofabrication techniques (e.g., monolayer self-assembly, drop-casting, molecular imprinting, electrodeposition, in situ polymerization, hydrogenation, and 3D printing) in the fabrication of high-sensitive electrodes is addressed. The potential use of carbon, organic, inorganic, and hybrid nanomaterials in electrochemical sensing platforms and to enable automation, real-time detection, and multiplexed test development are also addressed. Recent applications of mobile, disposable, wearable, implantable, and self-powered electrochemical sensors for monitoring ions, particles, compounds, nutrients, microorganisms, and contaminants in real environmental samples are covered. Finally, the opportunities and challenges in nanofabrication high-performance electrochemical sensors and optimizing their performance in testing real samples are highlighted.

The prevalence of microplastics has heightened awareness of cross-contamination concerns in recent years, making quality control and assurance critical for the quantitative assessment of microplastics. Environmental scientists dealing with microplastics employ both field and laboratory blanks to determine the extent of cross-contamination in unknown samples (samples of interest) in their analyses, but this source of uncertainty has yet to be assessed and is being overlooked. This paper intends to present: (1) an overview of the approaches for monitoring external contamination; (2) issues related to unwanted variation or bias introduced into the results; and (3) strategies for improving quality assessment procedures. Our analysis of existing evaluations of blanks in the literature revealed that methods for designing, assessing, and correcting blanks, as well as the expression of results, are likely to be inconsistent. From it, we found that blank data are potentially biased and introduce unwanted variation in unknown sample measurements, which is mostly impacted by the method of sampling, type of matrix material and extraction protocol, approximations in the observation operators used to obtain the data, limitations in characterization, and the correction itself. These findings have broad implications for implementing significant changes in future microplastic investigations, emphasizing the necessity of reducing bias in blank settings as early as the protocol design stage.

Research into wearable electrochemical sensors based on two- and three-dimensional nanomaterials is urgently needed for clinical monitoring and analysis in health care. Among various materials available, Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have a huge surface vicinity, a managed variable porous structure, enhanced capability, and a wonderful catalytic property; accordingly, they may be feasible contenders to be effectively utilised as electrochemical sensors to detect analytes. They, in particular, offer up new possibilities for enhancing the functionality of wearable electrochemical sensors. This article reviews the synthesis and analysis of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), as well as their use as electrochemical sensors in the medical field. It concludes with a viewpoint and constraints that are expected to arise in this field.

Recently, the importance of sample preparation methods has been increasing due to the fact that more complex experiments take place in the extraction and determination processes and the need for advanced results. Several sample preparation techniques, such as solid-phase extraction (SPE) and associated procedures, such as solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE), provide analyte concentration, matrix effect elimination, sample media stabilization, and sample clean-up. To improve sample extraction efficiency, there is a need for suitable sorbents. Molecular imprinting technology and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are used to develop highly selective sorbents, thanks to their specially designed binding sites. Additionally, the high preferability of MIPs is related to their affordability, simplicity, and stability. MIPs-based sample preparation can be integrated with various methods and applied to numerous samples (environmental, biological, food, etc.). This review study overviews the latest applications and new trends in MIPs-based sample preparation in environmental water samples covering the last five years.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives are legislated contaminants ubiquitous in the environment with well-established determination analytical schemes. However, the determination of PAHs is not exempt from being improved by the application of newly developed methods and therefore needs to be reviewed periodically to establish the state of the art. Thus, in this article, we critically review the sample preparation and instrumental methods for determining PAHs in air, water, sediment, soil, biota and microplastics developed in the last 10 years. The advantages and challenges of different analytical techniques, including classical and innovative approaches used to quantify and characterize PAHs are discussed. To conclude, future trends and challenges to be overcome are examined.