Pub Date : 2023-09-06DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092329
L. Recuero, Lilian Maila, Víctor Cicuéndez, César Sáenz, J. Litago, Lucia Tornos, S. Merino-de-Miguel, A. Palacios-Orueta
Multiple cropping systems constitute an essential agricultural practice that will ensure food security within the increasing demand of basic cereals as a consequence of global population growth and climate change effects. In this regard, there is a need to develop new methodologies to adequately monitor cropland intensification. The main objective of this research was to assess cropland intensification by means of spectral analysis of MODIS NDVI time series in a high cloudiness tropical area such as Ecuador. A surface of 89,225 ha of the main staple crops in this country, which are rice and maize crops, was monitored to assess the evolution of the number of crop cycles. The 20-year period of NDVI time series was used to calculate the periodograms across four subperiods (2001–2005, 2006–2010, 2011–2015, 2016–2020). The maximum ordinate value of each periodogram was used as an indicator of the number of growing crop cycles per year identifying single-, double-, and triple-cropping systems in each subperiod. Cropland intensification was assessed by comparing the cropping system between the subperiods. Results reveal that more than half of the studied croplands experienced changes in the cropping systems, and 40% showed positive trends in terms of the number of growing crop cycles, being principally located near the main rivers where irrigation facilitates crop development during the dry season. Therefore, the area under single cropping decreased from over 60,000 ha in the first subperiod to less than 50,000 ha in the last two subperiods. The cropland surface subjected to multi-cropping practices increased during the second decade of the study period, with a double-cropping system being more widely used than growing three crops per year, reaching surfaces of 24,400 ha and 10,450 ha in the last subperiod, respectively. The robust results obtained in this research show the great potential of the periodogram approach for the discrimination of cropping systems and for mapping intensification areas in tropical regions where dealing with noisy remote sensing time series as a consequence of high cloudiness is a great challenge.
{"title":"Mapping Cropland Intensification in Ecuador through Spectral Analysis of MODIS NDVI Time Series","authors":"L. Recuero, Lilian Maila, Víctor Cicuéndez, César Sáenz, J. Litago, Lucia Tornos, S. Merino-de-Miguel, A. Palacios-Orueta","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092329","url":null,"abstract":"Multiple cropping systems constitute an essential agricultural practice that will ensure food security within the increasing demand of basic cereals as a consequence of global population growth and climate change effects. In this regard, there is a need to develop new methodologies to adequately monitor cropland intensification. The main objective of this research was to assess cropland intensification by means of spectral analysis of MODIS NDVI time series in a high cloudiness tropical area such as Ecuador. A surface of 89,225 ha of the main staple crops in this country, which are rice and maize crops, was monitored to assess the evolution of the number of crop cycles. The 20-year period of NDVI time series was used to calculate the periodograms across four subperiods (2001–2005, 2006–2010, 2011–2015, 2016–2020). The maximum ordinate value of each periodogram was used as an indicator of the number of growing crop cycles per year identifying single-, double-, and triple-cropping systems in each subperiod. Cropland intensification was assessed by comparing the cropping system between the subperiods. Results reveal that more than half of the studied croplands experienced changes in the cropping systems, and 40% showed positive trends in terms of the number of growing crop cycles, being principally located near the main rivers where irrigation facilitates crop development during the dry season. Therefore, the area under single cropping decreased from over 60,000 ha in the first subperiod to less than 50,000 ha in the last two subperiods. The cropland surface subjected to multi-cropping practices increased during the second decade of the study period, with a double-cropping system being more widely used than growing three crops per year, reaching surfaces of 24,400 ha and 10,450 ha in the last subperiod, respectively. The robust results obtained in this research show the great potential of the periodogram approach for the discrimination of cropping systems and for mapping intensification areas in tropical regions where dealing with noisy remote sensing time series as a consequence of high cloudiness is a great challenge.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45271797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-06DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092328
Umberto Anastasi, A. Scavo
Agriculture is facing the challenge of a transition to sustainability to meet the growing demands for food, feed, and several other renewable nonfood raw materials under a changing climatic scenario [...]
{"title":"Cropping Systems and Agronomic Management Practices of Field Crops","authors":"Umberto Anastasi, A. Scavo","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092328","url":null,"abstract":"Agriculture is facing the challenge of a transition to sustainability to meet the growing demands for food, feed, and several other renewable nonfood raw materials under a changing climatic scenario [...]","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45462680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-06DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092331
A. Gavrila, C. Chisega-Negrila, Laura Maholea, Mircea L. Gavrila, O. Pârvulescu, Ioana Popa
In this paper, the essential oil (EO) extraction from thyme by the consecutive use of ultrasound and microwave treatments is presented. The aim of this study was to apply an ultrasound pre-treatment of thyme leaves to enhance the thymol content and the extraction yield of the EO obtained by microwave-assisted hydro-distillation (MWHD). Compared with conventional hydro-distillation (CHD), the consecutive use of ultrasound pre-treatment and microwave extraction resulted in a 72% lower extraction time. When the ultrasound pre-treatment (using the ultrasonic processor with an amplitude of 70%) was applied, the EO content was 23% higher compared to the extraction without pre-treatment (2.67 ± 0.06 g EO/100 g DM for the MWHD with ultrasound pre-treatment compared with 2.18 ± 0.07 g EO/100 g DM for the MWHD without pre-treatment). The EO samples were analyzed by GC/MS. The results showed that the major component, thymol, varied from 43.54% (by CHD) to 65.94% (by the consecutive use of ultrasound and microwave treatments).
本文介绍了连续使用超声波和微波处理从百里香中提取精油的方法。本研究的目的是对百里香叶进行超声预处理，以提高微波辅助加氢蒸馏（MWHD）获得的EO的百里酚含量和提取率。与传统的加氢蒸馏（CHD）相比，连续使用超声波预处理和微波提取使提取时间减少了72%。当应用超声预处理（使用振幅为70%的超声处理器）时，EO含量比未经预处理的提取高23%（超声预处理的MWHD为2.67±0.06 g EO/100 g DM，而未经预治疗的MWHD则为2.18±0.07 g EO/100g DM）。EO样品通过GC/MS进行分析。结果表明，主要成分百里香酚的含量从43.54%（CHD）到65.94%（连续使用超声波和微波治疗）不等。
{"title":"Enhancing the Extraction Process Efficiency of Thyme Essential Oil by Combined Ultrasound and Microwave Techniques","authors":"A. Gavrila, C. Chisega-Negrila, Laura Maholea, Mircea L. Gavrila, O. Pârvulescu, Ioana Popa","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092331","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the essential oil (EO) extraction from thyme by the consecutive use of ultrasound and microwave treatments is presented. The aim of this study was to apply an ultrasound pre-treatment of thyme leaves to enhance the thymol content and the extraction yield of the EO obtained by microwave-assisted hydro-distillation (MWHD). Compared with conventional hydro-distillation (CHD), the consecutive use of ultrasound pre-treatment and microwave extraction resulted in a 72% lower extraction time. When the ultrasound pre-treatment (using the ultrasonic processor with an amplitude of 70%) was applied, the EO content was 23% higher compared to the extraction without pre-treatment (2.67 ± 0.06 g EO/100 g DM for the MWHD with ultrasound pre-treatment compared with 2.18 ± 0.07 g EO/100 g DM for the MWHD without pre-treatment). The EO samples were analyzed by GC/MS. The results showed that the major component, thymol, varied from 43.54% (by CHD) to 65.94% (by the consecutive use of ultrasound and microwave treatments).","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48448124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Improving agricultural energy efficiency is essential in reducing energy consumption and achieving agricultural sustainable development. This paper aims to measure the agricultural total-factor energy efficiency in China rather than the partial-factor energy efficiency while taking full account of regional heterogeneity and to investigate the driving factors of agricultural total-factor energy efficiency. The empirical results showed that the average value of agricultural total-factor energy efficiency is 0.814 in China, and the technological gap ratio is 0.853. The regional difference in agricultural total-factor energy efficiency was quite obvious. Higher agricultural energy inputs are associated with higher agricultural total-factor productivity. The total value of potential agricultural energy savings in 30 provinces of China reached 1704.41 billion tons of standard coal. In terms of the absolute amount of agricultural energy saving, the amount was largest in the low-energy-input area, which was 113.87 million tons of standard coal, accounting for 66.81% of the total potential saving amount. Furthermore, we used the Tobit model to analyze the influencing factors of agricultural total-factor energy efficiency. We found that the proportion of agriculture to GDP has a positive impact on agricultural total-factor energy efficiency, while the per capita income of farmers, fiscal support for agriculture, the illiteracy rate of farmers, agricultural labor input, and agricultural capital stock have a negative impact on agricultural total-factor energy efficiency. Finally, we proposed policy implications in terms of agricultural technological progress, agricultural infrastructure, technical training, etc.
{"title":"Total-Factor Energy Efficiency and Its Driving Factors in China’s Agricultural Sector: An Empirical Analysis of the Regional Differences","authors":"Jianxu Liu, Shutong Liu, Jiande Cui, Xuefei Kang, Qing Lin, Rossarin Osathanunkul, Changrui Dong","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092332","url":null,"abstract":"Improving agricultural energy efficiency is essential in reducing energy consumption and achieving agricultural sustainable development. This paper aims to measure the agricultural total-factor energy efficiency in China rather than the partial-factor energy efficiency while taking full account of regional heterogeneity and to investigate the driving factors of agricultural total-factor energy efficiency. The empirical results showed that the average value of agricultural total-factor energy efficiency is 0.814 in China, and the technological gap ratio is 0.853. The regional difference in agricultural total-factor energy efficiency was quite obvious. Higher agricultural energy inputs are associated with higher agricultural total-factor productivity. The total value of potential agricultural energy savings in 30 provinces of China reached 1704.41 billion tons of standard coal. In terms of the absolute amount of agricultural energy saving, the amount was largest in the low-energy-input area, which was 113.87 million tons of standard coal, accounting for 66.81% of the total potential saving amount. Furthermore, we used the Tobit model to analyze the influencing factors of agricultural total-factor energy efficiency. We found that the proportion of agriculture to GDP has a positive impact on agricultural total-factor energy efficiency, while the per capita income of farmers, fiscal support for agriculture, the illiteracy rate of farmers, agricultural labor input, and agricultural capital stock have a negative impact on agricultural total-factor energy efficiency. Finally, we proposed policy implications in terms of agricultural technological progress, agricultural infrastructure, technical training, etc.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41771766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-05DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092326
P. Peltonen-Sainio, L. Jauhiainen, H. Känkänen
In Finland, there is an ongoing adoption and learning process considering the cultivation of cover crops (CCs). The primary aim is to claim the benefits of CCs for agricultural production and ecosystems, which are both appreciated by Finnish farmers. A farmer survey with 1130 respondents was carried out to build an up-to-date understanding of how farmers have succeeded with CCs and whether they intend to continue with the use of CCs and to collect farmers’ views on knowledge gaps that should be filled by research or better knowledge sharing. The studied groups were farmers who had selected CCs as a registered measure in 2020 to receive agricultural payments. Data came from the Finnish Food Authority. Organic farmers were slightly more positive: they have had longer experience with CCs, but organic production is also more dependent on the ecosystem services provided by CCs. A high share of respondents agreed that their experiences with CCs have improved over time and were confident that CCs had become a permanent element of their production systems. Most of the farmers also agreed that the area under CCs would expand significantly in Finland and considered the cultivation of CCs as an effective measure to improve soil conditions. They often considered that challenges in adopting CCs were exaggerated and disagreed that bad experiences prevented them from expanding or continuing the use of CCs. The agricultural payment available for Finnish farmers to support the cultivation of CCs is quite reasonable (EUR 97 + EUR 50 per hectare) to compensate for any economic risks of CCs. Free word answers from the farmers highlighted research needs (in descending order) in the following areas: crop protection, sowing practices, the use of diverse CCs and their mixtures, and impacts on yield and profitability. Many of these are universal, i.e., have been reported elsewhere. Younger farmers (≤50 years) highlighted profitability, which is, in many European countries, a key barrier to the deployment of CCs. Farmers from the east and north regions, where the growing season is short, highlighted alternative CC choices as a knowledge gap.
{"title":"Finnish Farmers Feel They Have Succeeded in Adopting Cover Crops but Need Down-to-Earth Support from Research","authors":"P. Peltonen-Sainio, L. Jauhiainen, H. Känkänen","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092326","url":null,"abstract":"In Finland, there is an ongoing adoption and learning process considering the cultivation of cover crops (CCs). The primary aim is to claim the benefits of CCs for agricultural production and ecosystems, which are both appreciated by Finnish farmers. A farmer survey with 1130 respondents was carried out to build an up-to-date understanding of how farmers have succeeded with CCs and whether they intend to continue with the use of CCs and to collect farmers’ views on knowledge gaps that should be filled by research or better knowledge sharing. The studied groups were farmers who had selected CCs as a registered measure in 2020 to receive agricultural payments. Data came from the Finnish Food Authority. Organic farmers were slightly more positive: they have had longer experience with CCs, but organic production is also more dependent on the ecosystem services provided by CCs. A high share of respondents agreed that their experiences with CCs have improved over time and were confident that CCs had become a permanent element of their production systems. Most of the farmers also agreed that the area under CCs would expand significantly in Finland and considered the cultivation of CCs as an effective measure to improve soil conditions. They often considered that challenges in adopting CCs were exaggerated and disagreed that bad experiences prevented them from expanding or continuing the use of CCs. The agricultural payment available for Finnish farmers to support the cultivation of CCs is quite reasonable (EUR 97 + EUR 50 per hectare) to compensate for any economic risks of CCs. Free word answers from the farmers highlighted research needs (in descending order) in the following areas: crop protection, sowing practices, the use of diverse CCs and their mixtures, and impacts on yield and profitability. Many of these are universal, i.e., have been reported elsewhere. Younger farmers (≤50 years) highlighted profitability, which is, in many European countries, a key barrier to the deployment of CCs. Farmers from the east and north regions, where the growing season is short, highlighted alternative CC choices as a knowledge gap.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45817252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-05DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092325
Feihu Liu, Jianming Hu, Yating Zhang, Xuan Li, Yang Yang, Guanghui Du, Kailei Tang
The world’s arable land has been contaminated by heavy metals to a large extent, which has led to the decreasing availability of farmland. Thus, the remediation of heavy metal pollution deserves due attention, and phytoremediation is preferred. Hemp has been proposed as an ideal alternative crop for remediating heavy-metal-contaminated soil, owing to its well-developed roots, large biomass, and tolerance to heavy metals. Chelators can activate heavy metals to enhance plant absorption, but they may cause stress to plant growth. Therefore, it is very important to optimize the combination of chelator and plant (cultivar) for efficacious phytoremediation. The effects of different concentrations (2, 5, 10, 15, and 25 mmol·L−1) of the chelators disodium ethylene diamine tetra-acetate (EDTA) and citric acid (CA) on the seed germination and plant growth of hemp cultivars were investigated. Triple application of increasing concentrations of EDTA or CA two days apart gradually reduced the germination potential, germination rate, radicle length, and embryonic shoot length of hemp seed, although 2 mmol·L−1 of CA could even promote seed germination. Distinct varietal differences were found in the response of hemp to chelator stress. Under the scheme of four-time uses one week apart, both chelators caused a concentration-dependent linear decrease in the plant height, stem diameter, and biomass of hemp plants, but the growth inhibition due to CA was relatively milder. This could be partially explained by the change in tested physiological indices in hemp leaf. In conclusion, 2 mmol·L−1 of CA helped with seed germination and was almost nontoxic to plant growth; cultivar BM was more tolerant to the chelators than cultivar Y1.
{"title":"Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Tolerates Chelator Stress Showing Varietal Differences and Concentration Dependence","authors":"Feihu Liu, Jianming Hu, Yating Zhang, Xuan Li, Yang Yang, Guanghui Du, Kailei Tang","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092325","url":null,"abstract":"The world’s arable land has been contaminated by heavy metals to a large extent, which has led to the decreasing availability of farmland. Thus, the remediation of heavy metal pollution deserves due attention, and phytoremediation is preferred. Hemp has been proposed as an ideal alternative crop for remediating heavy-metal-contaminated soil, owing to its well-developed roots, large biomass, and tolerance to heavy metals. Chelators can activate heavy metals to enhance plant absorption, but they may cause stress to plant growth. Therefore, it is very important to optimize the combination of chelator and plant (cultivar) for efficacious phytoremediation. The effects of different concentrations (2, 5, 10, 15, and 25 mmol·L−1) of the chelators disodium ethylene diamine tetra-acetate (EDTA) and citric acid (CA) on the seed germination and plant growth of hemp cultivars were investigated. Triple application of increasing concentrations of EDTA or CA two days apart gradually reduced the germination potential, germination rate, radicle length, and embryonic shoot length of hemp seed, although 2 mmol·L−1 of CA could even promote seed germination. Distinct varietal differences were found in the response of hemp to chelator stress. Under the scheme of four-time uses one week apart, both chelators caused a concentration-dependent linear decrease in the plant height, stem diameter, and biomass of hemp plants, but the growth inhibition due to CA was relatively milder. This could be partially explained by the change in tested physiological indices in hemp leaf. In conclusion, 2 mmol·L−1 of CA helped with seed germination and was almost nontoxic to plant growth; cultivar BM was more tolerant to the chelators than cultivar Y1.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44663968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-05DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092321
Getrude Okutoyi Alworah, J. Ogendo, J. Mafurah, E. Gichuru, D. Miano, O. Okumu
Fusarium bark disease (FBD) of coffee caused by Fusarium stilboides Steyaert has been associated with yield losses and tree death in coffee-growing countries, including Kenya. Varietal resistance is of utmost importance in managing the disease, and the continued increase in host resistance is considered sufficient to control the disease. Therefore, this study investigated the response of four coffee cultivars to F. stilboides. Fifteen hypocotyls from Coffea arabica (Ruiru 11, Batian and SL 28), plus two other coffee species, Coffea canephora (Robusta coffee) and Coffea liberica (Liberica coffee), were inoculated with various concentrations of three F. stilboides isolates (NRF 930/18, TN002B (I), BS008B (A)) using both the injection and drenching methods. The stem injection method was performed by injecting one microliter of the F. stilboides spore solution into the hypocotyl. In the drenching method, coffee seedlings had their roots cut and transplanted in a transplanting mixture, after which 10 mL of the F. stilboides spore solution was applied to the soil surface in each pot. The inoculated hypocotyls were incubated at 24 ± 2 °C for 105 days. The plants were watered regularly as necessary while the development of symptoms was observed and assessed weekly. Disease severity was evaluated using a modified scale of 0–4, while incidence was scored as a percentage of infected seedlings. Coffee seedlings inoculated with F. stilboides developed symptoms such as wilting, stunted growth and defoliation. In the first season, the coffee cultivars of Ruiru 11 and Liberica inoculated with Fusarium stilboides had pronounced severity compared to other cultivars. In the second season, the coffee cultivars Batian and Ruiru 11 had pronounced severity compared to other cultivars. The isolate TN002B (I) was observed to be highly virulent as compared to other isolates. The variation in response to disease infection exhibited by the four cultivars presents a key input in breeding programs for resistance to F. stilboides.
{"title":"A Method for Selection of Coffee Varieties Resistant to Fusarium stilboides","authors":"Getrude Okutoyi Alworah, J. Ogendo, J. Mafurah, E. Gichuru, D. Miano, O. Okumu","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092321","url":null,"abstract":"Fusarium bark disease (FBD) of coffee caused by Fusarium stilboides Steyaert has been associated with yield losses and tree death in coffee-growing countries, including Kenya. Varietal resistance is of utmost importance in managing the disease, and the continued increase in host resistance is considered sufficient to control the disease. Therefore, this study investigated the response of four coffee cultivars to F. stilboides. Fifteen hypocotyls from Coffea arabica (Ruiru 11, Batian and SL 28), plus two other coffee species, Coffea canephora (Robusta coffee) and Coffea liberica (Liberica coffee), were inoculated with various concentrations of three F. stilboides isolates (NRF 930/18, TN002B (I), BS008B (A)) using both the injection and drenching methods. The stem injection method was performed by injecting one microliter of the F. stilboides spore solution into the hypocotyl. In the drenching method, coffee seedlings had their roots cut and transplanted in a transplanting mixture, after which 10 mL of the F. stilboides spore solution was applied to the soil surface in each pot. The inoculated hypocotyls were incubated at 24 ± 2 °C for 105 days. The plants were watered regularly as necessary while the development of symptoms was observed and assessed weekly. Disease severity was evaluated using a modified scale of 0–4, while incidence was scored as a percentage of infected seedlings. Coffee seedlings inoculated with F. stilboides developed symptoms such as wilting, stunted growth and defoliation. In the first season, the coffee cultivars of Ruiru 11 and Liberica inoculated with Fusarium stilboides had pronounced severity compared to other cultivars. In the second season, the coffee cultivars Batian and Ruiru 11 had pronounced severity compared to other cultivars. The isolate TN002B (I) was observed to be highly virulent as compared to other isolates. The variation in response to disease infection exhibited by the four cultivars presents a key input in breeding programs for resistance to F. stilboides.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45370825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-05DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092323
A. D’Alessandro, Roberta Savina Dibenedetto, Ioannis Skoufos, G. Martemucci
Two experiments were conducted to investigate the chemical and fermentative characteristics of by-product-mixed silages consisting of wheat straw (WS), grape pomace (GP), olive mill wastewater (OMWW) and cheese whey (CW) at 7, 30 and 90 days. The silage formulations were based on a ratio of 60% solids (WS + GP) and 40% liquids (CW + OMWW), with the addition of water (W) where necessary to achieve 40% of liquids. In experiment 1, the effects of the inclusion of GP or CW in a mixture of WS and OMWW were studied according to two silage formulations: SIL-A, WS40% + OMWW5% + GP20% + W35%; SIL-B, WS60% + OMWW5% + CW35%. In experiment 2, the effects of two levels of CW and the inclusion of OMWW in mixed silages based on WS, GP, and CW were studied according to four silage formulations: SIL-C, WS40% + GP20% + CW20% + W20%; SIL-D, WS40% + GP20% + CW20% + OMWW5% + W15%; SIL-E, WS40% + GP20% + CW35% + W5%; SIL-F, WS40% + GP20% + CW35% + OMWW5%. In experiment 1, the silage formulation affected the chemical composition showing a greater (p < 0.05) content of DM in SIL-B; crude protein, ether extract and ADL contents were higher (p < 0.05) in SIL-A. In experiment 2, no differences (p > 0.05) in the chemical characteristics of the silages were found. In both of the experiments, the chemical composition and total phenol content did not change (p > 0.05) during the ensiling period. Fermentative characteristics were not affected (p > 0.05) by the by-product combination nor the ensiling period and proved to be adequate for good-quality silages. The Flieg’s scores at D30 and D90 were greater than a 100 score in all the experimental silages, leading to the conclusion that WS, GP, OMWW and CW can be effective for producing silage.
{"title":"Potential Use of Wheat Straw, Grape Pomace, Olive Mill Wastewater and Cheese Whey in Mixed Formulations for Silage Production","authors":"A. D’Alessandro, Roberta Savina Dibenedetto, Ioannis Skoufos, G. Martemucci","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092323","url":null,"abstract":"Two experiments were conducted to investigate the chemical and fermentative characteristics of by-product-mixed silages consisting of wheat straw (WS), grape pomace (GP), olive mill wastewater (OMWW) and cheese whey (CW) at 7, 30 and 90 days. The silage formulations were based on a ratio of 60% solids (WS + GP) and 40% liquids (CW + OMWW), with the addition of water (W) where necessary to achieve 40% of liquids. In experiment 1, the effects of the inclusion of GP or CW in a mixture of WS and OMWW were studied according to two silage formulations: SIL-A, WS40% + OMWW5% + GP20% + W35%; SIL-B, WS60% + OMWW5% + CW35%. In experiment 2, the effects of two levels of CW and the inclusion of OMWW in mixed silages based on WS, GP, and CW were studied according to four silage formulations: SIL-C, WS40% + GP20% + CW20% + W20%; SIL-D, WS40% + GP20% + CW20% + OMWW5% + W15%; SIL-E, WS40% + GP20% + CW35% + W5%; SIL-F, WS40% + GP20% + CW35% + OMWW5%. In experiment 1, the silage formulation affected the chemical composition showing a greater (p < 0.05) content of DM in SIL-B; crude protein, ether extract and ADL contents were higher (p < 0.05) in SIL-A. In experiment 2, no differences (p > 0.05) in the chemical characteristics of the silages were found. In both of the experiments, the chemical composition and total phenol content did not change (p > 0.05) during the ensiling period. Fermentative characteristics were not affected (p > 0.05) by the by-product combination nor the ensiling period and proved to be adequate for good-quality silages. The Flieg’s scores at D30 and D90 were greater than a 100 score in all the experimental silages, leading to the conclusion that WS, GP, OMWW and CW can be effective for producing silage.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45366142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-05DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092322
Rodrigo S. Araújo, Gisele C. Silva, Itamar Rosa Teixeira, Guilherme R. Silva, Bruna Mayara F. Souza, I. A. Devilla, M. E. Araujo, Paulo C. Corrêa
Inoculants containing strains of bacteria that fix atmospheric N that are tolerant or resistant to chemical products commonly used in seed treatment are classified as long-life inoculants, which contribute to improving the efficiency of nodulating bacteria in soybean crops. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of applying commonly used pesticides in seed treatment and a long-life inoculant, alone or in combination, on the nodulation process and seed quality of soybeans during storage. The first experiment was carried out in a greenhouse using a completely randomized design, in an 8 × 2 factorial arrangement, with three replications. The treatments consisted of applications of industrial seed treatments: control, MaximAdvanced, Fortenza, long-life inoculant, MaximAdvanced + Fortenza, MaximAdvanced + long-life inoculant, Fortenza + long-life inoculant, and MaximAdvanced + Fortenza + long-life inoculant. The seeds were sown in pots containing soils from two crop areas. The second experiment was carried out in a laboratory, using a completely randomized design in an 8 × 7 factorial arrangement, with four replications. The treatments consisted of the same eight treatments used in the greenhouse experiment, which were applied before packaging and storing the seeds for two months. The industrial seed treatment with the mixture of fungicide, insecticide, and inoculants improved the soybean photosynthesis and nodulation processes, regardless of the history of the area. Soybean seeds can be stored for commercial purposes for up to 40 days, regardless of the seed treatment with fungicide, insecticide, and long-life inoculant applied alone or in combination.
{"title":"Effect of Pesticides and a Long-Life Inoculant on Nodulation Process and Soybean Seed Quality during Storage","authors":"Rodrigo S. Araújo, Gisele C. Silva, Itamar Rosa Teixeira, Guilherme R. Silva, Bruna Mayara F. Souza, I. A. Devilla, M. E. Araujo, Paulo C. Corrêa","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092322","url":null,"abstract":"Inoculants containing strains of bacteria that fix atmospheric N that are tolerant or resistant to chemical products commonly used in seed treatment are classified as long-life inoculants, which contribute to improving the efficiency of nodulating bacteria in soybean crops. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of applying commonly used pesticides in seed treatment and a long-life inoculant, alone or in combination, on the nodulation process and seed quality of soybeans during storage. The first experiment was carried out in a greenhouse using a completely randomized design, in an 8 × 2 factorial arrangement, with three replications. The treatments consisted of applications of industrial seed treatments: control, MaximAdvanced, Fortenza, long-life inoculant, MaximAdvanced + Fortenza, MaximAdvanced + long-life inoculant, Fortenza + long-life inoculant, and MaximAdvanced + Fortenza + long-life inoculant. The seeds were sown in pots containing soils from two crop areas. The second experiment was carried out in a laboratory, using a completely randomized design in an 8 × 7 factorial arrangement, with four replications. The treatments consisted of the same eight treatments used in the greenhouse experiment, which were applied before packaging and storing the seeds for two months. The industrial seed treatment with the mixture of fungicide, insecticide, and inoculants improved the soybean photosynthesis and nodulation processes, regardless of the history of the area. Soybean seeds can be stored for commercial purposes for up to 40 days, regardless of the seed treatment with fungicide, insecticide, and long-life inoculant applied alone or in combination.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45699303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-05DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092324
Rehab R. S. Ali, Ibrahim N. Nassar, Ahmed Ghallab, E. Ali, Ahmad I. Alqubaie, M. Rady, A. Awad
Water deficit is one of the major limiting factors of seed crop germination and productivity. Consequently, superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) are among several technologies that enhance water use efficiency, leading to worthy seed germination. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential effect of three rates of SAPs (0.0%, 0.5%, and 1.0% w/w) on the seedling emergence of barley and fenugreek sown in a sandy soil using three replicates in a randomized complete block design. Outdoor pot experiments were conducted in Aswan Province, Egypt. The differences in the final germination percentages (FGPs) were not significant for both seeds, while the application of SAPs enhanced the seedling germination index (GI) with significant differences for both crop seeds. The application of SAP at 0.5% gave the highest GI for barley (2.47 day−1) and fenugreek (2.66 day−1) seeds. The sigmoidal function effectively described the cumulative germination percentage rates for both seeds as a function of time under the SAP levels with R2 greater than 0.992. The maximum rates were 69.4 and 64.6 day−1 for barley and fenugreek seeds at SAP 0.5%, respectively. The corresponding rates for 0.0% SAP were 11 and 12 day−1. The water germination efficiencies (WGE) were 27.76 and 30.04 cm−1 for 0.0% and 0.5% SAP for barley, while they were 23.07 and 29.9 cm−1 for fenugreek. Accordingly, SAPs could represent a promising solution for increasing moisture conservation for seed germination in a sand soil. For strategic management, barley is recommended for growth over fenugreek in a semidried soil.
{"title":"Alleviation of Water-Deficit Stress on Seed Germination of Barley and Fenugreek in a Sandy Soil Using Superabsorbent Polymer","authors":"Rehab R. S. Ali, Ibrahim N. Nassar, Ahmed Ghallab, E. Ali, Ahmad I. Alqubaie, M. Rady, A. Awad","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092324","url":null,"abstract":"Water deficit is one of the major limiting factors of seed crop germination and productivity. Consequently, superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) are among several technologies that enhance water use efficiency, leading to worthy seed germination. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential effect of three rates of SAPs (0.0%, 0.5%, and 1.0% w/w) on the seedling emergence of barley and fenugreek sown in a sandy soil using three replicates in a randomized complete block design. Outdoor pot experiments were conducted in Aswan Province, Egypt. The differences in the final germination percentages (FGPs) were not significant for both seeds, while the application of SAPs enhanced the seedling germination index (GI) with significant differences for both crop seeds. The application of SAP at 0.5% gave the highest GI for barley (2.47 day−1) and fenugreek (2.66 day−1) seeds. The sigmoidal function effectively described the cumulative germination percentage rates for both seeds as a function of time under the SAP levels with R2 greater than 0.992. The maximum rates were 69.4 and 64.6 day−1 for barley and fenugreek seeds at SAP 0.5%, respectively. The corresponding rates for 0.0% SAP were 11 and 12 day−1. The water germination efficiencies (WGE) were 27.76 and 30.04 cm−1 for 0.0% and 0.5% SAP for barley, while they were 23.07 and 29.9 cm−1 for fenugreek. Accordingly, SAPs could represent a promising solution for increasing moisture conservation for seed germination in a sand soil. For strategic management, barley is recommended for growth over fenugreek in a semidried soil.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42513322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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