Pub Date : 2023-08-27DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092246
Yujiang He, Xianwen Li, M. Jin
Flood irrigation is often applied in the arid regions of Northwest China to facilitate the leaching of salts accumulated in the soil during cotton growth in the previous season. This will, in turn, affect the temporal and spatial patterns of soil salinity, and thus cotton germination. To reveal the salinity of the two soil layers (0–20 cm and 20–60 cm), so as to determine the optimal cotton sowing timing, an electronic ground conductivity meter (EM38-MK2) was employed to measure the soil apparent electrical-conductivity (ECa) on different days: 4 days prior to flood irrigation, and, respectively, 6, 10, 15, 20, and 45 days after flood irrigation. Moreover, geostatistical analysis and block kriging interpolation were employed to analyze the spatial-temporal variations of soil salinity introduced by flood irrigation. Our results indicate that: (1) soil salinity in the two layers on different days can be well inverted from binary first-order equations of ECa at two coils (i.e., ECa1.0 and ECa0.5), demonstrating the feasibility of applying EM38-MK2 to estimate soil salinity in the field; and (2) soil salinity in the 0–20 cm layer significantly decreased during the first 15 days after flood irrigation with the greatest leaching rate of 88.37%, but tended to increase afterwards. However, the salinity in the 20–60 cm layer was persistently high before and after flood irrigation, with merely a brief decrease during the first 10 days after flood irrigation at the highest leaching rate of 40.74%. (3) The optimal semi-variance models illustrate that, after flood irrigation, the sill value (C0 + C) in the 0–20 cm layer decreased sharply, but the 20–60 cm Range of the layer significantly increased, suggesting that flood irrigation not only reduces the spatial variability of surface soil salinity, but also enhances spatial dependence in the 20–60 cm layer. (4) The correlation of the soil salinity between the two soil layers was very poor before flood irrigation, but gradually enhanced during the first 15 days after flood irrigation. Overall, for the study year, the first 15 days after flood irrigation was an optimal timing for cotton sowing when the leaching effects during flood irrigation were most efficient, and overrode the effects of evaporation and microtopography. Although not directly applicable to other years or regions, the electromagnetic induction surveys and spatiotemporal analysis of soil salinity can provide a rapid and viable guide to help determine optimal cotton sowing timing.
{"title":"Temporal and Spatial Assessment of Soil Salinity Post-Flood Irrigation: A Guide to Optimal Cotton Sowing Timing","authors":"Yujiang He, Xianwen Li, M. Jin","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092246","url":null,"abstract":"Flood irrigation is often applied in the arid regions of Northwest China to facilitate the leaching of salts accumulated in the soil during cotton growth in the previous season. This will, in turn, affect the temporal and spatial patterns of soil salinity, and thus cotton germination. To reveal the salinity of the two soil layers (0–20 cm and 20–60 cm), so as to determine the optimal cotton sowing timing, an electronic ground conductivity meter (EM38-MK2) was employed to measure the soil apparent electrical-conductivity (ECa) on different days: 4 days prior to flood irrigation, and, respectively, 6, 10, 15, 20, and 45 days after flood irrigation. Moreover, geostatistical analysis and block kriging interpolation were employed to analyze the spatial-temporal variations of soil salinity introduced by flood irrigation. Our results indicate that: (1) soil salinity in the two layers on different days can be well inverted from binary first-order equations of ECa at two coils (i.e., ECa1.0 and ECa0.5), demonstrating the feasibility of applying EM38-MK2 to estimate soil salinity in the field; and (2) soil salinity in the 0–20 cm layer significantly decreased during the first 15 days after flood irrigation with the greatest leaching rate of 88.37%, but tended to increase afterwards. However, the salinity in the 20–60 cm layer was persistently high before and after flood irrigation, with merely a brief decrease during the first 10 days after flood irrigation at the highest leaching rate of 40.74%. (3) The optimal semi-variance models illustrate that, after flood irrigation, the sill value (C0 + C) in the 0–20 cm layer decreased sharply, but the 20–60 cm Range of the layer significantly increased, suggesting that flood irrigation not only reduces the spatial variability of surface soil salinity, but also enhances spatial dependence in the 20–60 cm layer. (4) The correlation of the soil salinity between the two soil layers was very poor before flood irrigation, but gradually enhanced during the first 15 days after flood irrigation. Overall, for the study year, the first 15 days after flood irrigation was an optimal timing for cotton sowing when the leaching effects during flood irrigation were most efficient, and overrode the effects of evaporation and microtopography. Although not directly applicable to other years or regions, the electromagnetic induction surveys and spatiotemporal analysis of soil salinity can provide a rapid and viable guide to help determine optimal cotton sowing timing.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43764502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-27DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092243
Yan Wang, Yifeng Feng, Min Yan, Xiaoqiu Pu, Dengyang Lu, Hengzhou Yuan, Cuiyun Wu
Saline–alkali stress is an important environmental factor affecting the growth and development of plants. Plants affected by saline–alkali stress can mitigate the damage by regulating the content of osmoregulatory substances such as soluble sugars. Elucidating the regulatory mechanism of the changes in sugar fractions in jujube fruits under saline–alkali stress is crucial for the development of the jujube fruit industry in saline areas. In this study, we investigated the effects of saline–alkali stress on the development and sugar contents of jujube fruits by subjecting jujube trees to low- and high-saline–alkali stress treatments. The result showed that low saline–alkali stress increased the content of each sugar component and total sugar, whereas high saline–alkali stress suppressed their contents. In the early developmental stage, the fruit mainly accumulated fructose and glucose, whereas in the late stage, it accumulated mainly sucrose. We screened various genes, namely trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase gene (LOC107418410), α-amylase gene (LOC107428855), α-glucosidase gene (LOC107418468), sucrose synthase gene (LOC107416188), and β-amylase gene (LOC107430415, LOC107406235), all of which were highly correlated with sucrose content in saline–alkali stress, indicating that the starch and sucrose metabolic pathways of jujube fruit are the key pathways regulating sugar accumulation in response to saline–alkali stress. To summarize, this study provides a system-level perspective on the dynamic transcriptional regulation of jujube fruits under saline–alkali stress. Additionally, the study preliminarily screened key differentially expressed genes that affect sugar accumulation in response to saline–alkali stress, providing a theoretical basis for the scientific regulation of jujube fruit quality.
{"title":"Transcriptome Analyses Reveal the Mechanism of Changes in the Sugar Constituents of Jujube Fruits under Saline–Alkali Stress","authors":"Yan Wang, Yifeng Feng, Min Yan, Xiaoqiu Pu, Dengyang Lu, Hengzhou Yuan, Cuiyun Wu","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092243","url":null,"abstract":"Saline–alkali stress is an important environmental factor affecting the growth and development of plants. Plants affected by saline–alkali stress can mitigate the damage by regulating the content of osmoregulatory substances such as soluble sugars. Elucidating the regulatory mechanism of the changes in sugar fractions in jujube fruits under saline–alkali stress is crucial for the development of the jujube fruit industry in saline areas. In this study, we investigated the effects of saline–alkali stress on the development and sugar contents of jujube fruits by subjecting jujube trees to low- and high-saline–alkali stress treatments. The result showed that low saline–alkali stress increased the content of each sugar component and total sugar, whereas high saline–alkali stress suppressed their contents. In the early developmental stage, the fruit mainly accumulated fructose and glucose, whereas in the late stage, it accumulated mainly sucrose. We screened various genes, namely trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase gene (LOC107418410), α-amylase gene (LOC107428855), α-glucosidase gene (LOC107418468), sucrose synthase gene (LOC107416188), and β-amylase gene (LOC107430415, LOC107406235), all of which were highly correlated with sucrose content in saline–alkali stress, indicating that the starch and sucrose metabolic pathways of jujube fruit are the key pathways regulating sugar accumulation in response to saline–alkali stress. To summarize, this study provides a system-level perspective on the dynamic transcriptional regulation of jujube fruits under saline–alkali stress. Additionally, the study preliminarily screened key differentially expressed genes that affect sugar accumulation in response to saline–alkali stress, providing a theoretical basis for the scientific regulation of jujube fruit quality.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41678099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-27DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092252
V. V. Nokhsorov, L. Dudareva, N. Semenova, K. A. Petrov
Mowing the plant shoots under hot, sunny, and dry conditions severely traumatizes the entire vegetative body, and the overall life cycle of the plant is altered. The purpose of the present research was to investigate the effects of mowing and drying on lipids, fatty acids (FA), sterols, and the systemic responses in leaves of plant material at three time points (24 h, 72 h, and leaves of new shoots after traumatic mowing in summer (1 July) and those subjected to cold hardening by autumn temperatures in September (aftergrass)) were analyzed for the first time. The leaves of five species of herbaceous plants growing in permafrost ecosystems were analyzed by HPTLC and GC-MS. It was established that fatty acids in the tissues of aftergrass leaves were characterized by higher values of the n-6/n-3 ratio than in summer grasses. It was demonstrated that exposure of leaves for 72 h in natural conditions in summer and at low temperatures in autumn in leaves of aftergrass resulted in significant changes in the composition of membrane phospholipids. The obtained findings indicate that leaves of aftergrass are the most valuable plant raw material in terms of FAs and phytosterols content compared to hay mowed in summer.
{"title":"Study of the Effect of Mowing and Drying on the Lipid Composition of Grass Leaves in Permafrost Ecosystems","authors":"V. V. Nokhsorov, L. Dudareva, N. Semenova, K. A. Petrov","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092252","url":null,"abstract":"Mowing the plant shoots under hot, sunny, and dry conditions severely traumatizes the entire vegetative body, and the overall life cycle of the plant is altered. The purpose of the present research was to investigate the effects of mowing and drying on lipids, fatty acids (FA), sterols, and the systemic responses in leaves of plant material at three time points (24 h, 72 h, and leaves of new shoots after traumatic mowing in summer (1 July) and those subjected to cold hardening by autumn temperatures in September (aftergrass)) were analyzed for the first time. The leaves of five species of herbaceous plants growing in permafrost ecosystems were analyzed by HPTLC and GC-MS. It was established that fatty acids in the tissues of aftergrass leaves were characterized by higher values of the n-6/n-3 ratio than in summer grasses. It was demonstrated that exposure of leaves for 72 h in natural conditions in summer and at low temperatures in autumn in leaves of aftergrass resulted in significant changes in the composition of membrane phospholipids. The obtained findings indicate that leaves of aftergrass are the most valuable plant raw material in terms of FAs and phytosterols content compared to hay mowed in summer.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47422358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prunella vulgaris, a medicinal plant with antioxidant capacity, was investigated for its response to varying intensities of far-red light and nutrient levels. Plantlets were cultured for 30 d under low far-red light (LFR) or high far-red light (HFR) conditions and different nutrient levels (full, half, and quarter). HFR reduced leaf and branch number, dry weight, and accumulation of chlorophylls (Chl) and carotenoids (Car), while increasing plant height. Lower nutrient levels increased plant height and leaf number, but decreased branch number, Chl, and Car. HFR significantly increased total phenolic content (TPC), rutin, and rosmarinic acid levels, while total flavonoid content decreased. As nutrient levels decreased, TPC and rosmarinic acid declined. HFR induced significant DPPH scavenging activity, while reducing power increased with higher far-red light and nutrient levels. The ferrous ion chelating effect under LFR reduced with lower nutrient levels. There were strong correlations among TPC, rosmarinic acid, DPPH scavenging activity, and reducing power. In conclusion, HFR inhibited plantlet growth but enhanced secondary metabolite accumulation and antioxidant capacity. Different nutrient levels stimulated diverse growth responses, while elevated nutrient levels promoted secondary metabolite production. This study demonstrated the responses of growth, secondary metabolite accumulation, and antioxidant activity in the in vitro cultured P. vulgaris to supplemental far-red light and various nutrient levels.
{"title":"The Effect of Far-Red Light and Nutrient Level on the Growth and Secondary Metabolites of the In Vitro Culture of Prunella vulgaris","authors":"Caiyun Chen, Jing-Ping Yang, Wen-Dar Huang, Chang-Chang Chen","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092250","url":null,"abstract":"Prunella vulgaris, a medicinal plant with antioxidant capacity, was investigated for its response to varying intensities of far-red light and nutrient levels. Plantlets were cultured for 30 d under low far-red light (LFR) or high far-red light (HFR) conditions and different nutrient levels (full, half, and quarter). HFR reduced leaf and branch number, dry weight, and accumulation of chlorophylls (Chl) and carotenoids (Car), while increasing plant height. Lower nutrient levels increased plant height and leaf number, but decreased branch number, Chl, and Car. HFR significantly increased total phenolic content (TPC), rutin, and rosmarinic acid levels, while total flavonoid content decreased. As nutrient levels decreased, TPC and rosmarinic acid declined. HFR induced significant DPPH scavenging activity, while reducing power increased with higher far-red light and nutrient levels. The ferrous ion chelating effect under LFR reduced with lower nutrient levels. There were strong correlations among TPC, rosmarinic acid, DPPH scavenging activity, and reducing power. In conclusion, HFR inhibited plantlet growth but enhanced secondary metabolite accumulation and antioxidant capacity. Different nutrient levels stimulated diverse growth responses, while elevated nutrient levels promoted secondary metabolite production. This study demonstrated the responses of growth, secondary metabolite accumulation, and antioxidant activity in the in vitro cultured P. vulgaris to supplemental far-red light and various nutrient levels.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44080948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-27DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092253
Junjie Liu, Zhang Xiao, Yu Tan, Erjie Sun, Bin He, Guoning Ma
During the replanting operation of a seedling tray, the end-effector needs to repeatedly grab the qualified plug seedlings in the supply tray and release them to the target tray for replanting, and in the process of grasping, the end-effector may cause some mechanical damage to the plug seedlings, thus affecting their quality. Therefore, in order to be able to adjust the position of the hand claw grasping point according to the morphological characteristics of the plug seedlings and select the optimal grasping point, this paper proposes research on the optimal grasping angle algorithm for plug seedlings based on machine vision. Firstly, a rotatable three-jaw end-effector is designed, which uses a three-jaw structure for grasping the burrowing seedlings. The three claws are driven with a telescopic cylinder to carry out clamping and relaxing actions. The rotation of the three claws is controlled with the stepper motor to adjust the optimal grasping position. Secondly, based on the pre-processing of an image of the hole tray seedling, the extraction of feature points in the region of interest, and the calculation of localization, the angle between the angular bisector of the cotyledon leaf blade of the hole tray seedling and the horizontal positive direction is solved. In this paper, two methods are designed to calculate the coordinates of feature points: one is the geometric method and the other is the center-of-mass method. Finally, the optimal grasping angle is calculated by analyzing the angle between the angular bisector of the cotyledon leaf blade and the horizontal positive direction of the cavity seedlings. According to the test, the average calculation error of the proposed algorithm is 3.12 degrees, and the average calculation time is 0.512 sec/sheet, which meet the requirements of the replanting operation.
{"title":"A Study on the Optimal Grasping Angle Algorithm for Plug Seedlings Based on Machine Vision","authors":"Junjie Liu, Zhang Xiao, Yu Tan, Erjie Sun, Bin He, Guoning Ma","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092253","url":null,"abstract":"During the replanting operation of a seedling tray, the end-effector needs to repeatedly grab the qualified plug seedlings in the supply tray and release them to the target tray for replanting, and in the process of grasping, the end-effector may cause some mechanical damage to the plug seedlings, thus affecting their quality. Therefore, in order to be able to adjust the position of the hand claw grasping point according to the morphological characteristics of the plug seedlings and select the optimal grasping point, this paper proposes research on the optimal grasping angle algorithm for plug seedlings based on machine vision. Firstly, a rotatable three-jaw end-effector is designed, which uses a three-jaw structure for grasping the burrowing seedlings. The three claws are driven with a telescopic cylinder to carry out clamping and relaxing actions. The rotation of the three claws is controlled with the stepper motor to adjust the optimal grasping position. Secondly, based on the pre-processing of an image of the hole tray seedling, the extraction of feature points in the region of interest, and the calculation of localization, the angle between the angular bisector of the cotyledon leaf blade of the hole tray seedling and the horizontal positive direction is solved. In this paper, two methods are designed to calculate the coordinates of feature points: one is the geometric method and the other is the center-of-mass method. Finally, the optimal grasping angle is calculated by analyzing the angle between the angular bisector of the cotyledon leaf blade and the horizontal positive direction of the cavity seedlings. According to the test, the average calculation error of the proposed algorithm is 3.12 degrees, and the average calculation time is 0.512 sec/sheet, which meet the requirements of the replanting operation.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42223020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-27DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092244
Qianqian Li, Shuang Liu, Xuxia He, Hai-yun Li, S. Lyu, Yinglun Fan
Limonium bicolor is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the Plumbaginaceae family. It can be used as a dried flower or in cut flower arrangements and serves as a model recretohalophyte. Its genome sequencing has been recently completed. However, the research on L. bicolor is limited by the absence of a highly efficient genetic transformation system. In this study, we established a highly efficient Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated L. bicolor genetic transformation method. The transgenic hairy roots were induced from the hypocotyl of L. bicolor using A. rhizogenes strain K599 harboring pRdGa4Cas9 plasmid (which carries an expression cassette of 35S::DsRed2). The transgenic shoots were regenerated from hairy root segments (~0.1 cm diameter), and induction efficiency was achieved at 100%. The transgenic shoots with 4–5 rosette leaves were directly planted into the soil to induce the transgenic roots. Therefore, transgenic plantlets were produced. The DsRed2 can be used as a reliable reporter gene in screening transgenic plantlets. Furthermore, we also established a CRISPR/Cas9 system in L. bicolor employing the A. rhizogenes-mediated genetic transformation approach. The highly efficient transformation method and CRIPSP/Cas9 system established will provide a valuable tool for functional genomics investigation and trait improvement in L. bicolor.
{"title":"Agrobacterium rhizogenes-Mediated Genetic Transformation and Establishment of CRISPR/Cas9 Genome-Editing Technology in Limonium bicolor","authors":"Qianqian Li, Shuang Liu, Xuxia He, Hai-yun Li, S. Lyu, Yinglun Fan","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092244","url":null,"abstract":"Limonium bicolor is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the Plumbaginaceae family. It can be used as a dried flower or in cut flower arrangements and serves as a model recretohalophyte. Its genome sequencing has been recently completed. However, the research on L. bicolor is limited by the absence of a highly efficient genetic transformation system. In this study, we established a highly efficient Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated L. bicolor genetic transformation method. The transgenic hairy roots were induced from the hypocotyl of L. bicolor using A. rhizogenes strain K599 harboring pRdGa4Cas9 plasmid (which carries an expression cassette of 35S::DsRed2). The transgenic shoots were regenerated from hairy root segments (~0.1 cm diameter), and induction efficiency was achieved at 100%. The transgenic shoots with 4–5 rosette leaves were directly planted into the soil to induce the transgenic roots. Therefore, transgenic plantlets were produced. The DsRed2 can be used as a reliable reporter gene in screening transgenic plantlets. Furthermore, we also established a CRISPR/Cas9 system in L. bicolor employing the A. rhizogenes-mediated genetic transformation approach. The highly efficient transformation method and CRIPSP/Cas9 system established will provide a valuable tool for functional genomics investigation and trait improvement in L. bicolor.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45769516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-27DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092251
Jie Zhang, D. Tan, Hiba Shaghaleh, Tingting Chang, Yousef Alhaj Hamoud
High temperature has seriously impacted the production of wheat in many countries. We examined four wheat cultivars (PBW343, Berkurt, Janz, and Attila) under heat stress (35/25 °C) and control treatments (23/15 °C) for 3 days at the meiosis and anthesis stages to evaluate the response and recovery of the four cultivars to heat stress and the relationship between photosynthetic parameters related to heat tolerance. Photosynthetic activity in all cultivars declined in plants that were treated at 35 °C, even for only 1 d compared with control plants. However, the differences among the four cultivars were obvious in net photosynthetic rate (Pn). At meiosis, the reduction of Pn in Berkut and PBW343 was lower and could nearly fully recover after 3 d of recovery and showed higher heat tolerance characteristics. The highest reduction in Pn occurred in Janz, which did not recover completely after 3 d of recovery. The same trend was observed at the anthesis stage, but Pn in all cultivars could not fully recover. Taking transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), and limitation of stomatal conductance (Ls) into account, results suggested the decline in Pn under heat stress was mainly caused by non-stomatal restriction. In parallel with the decline in Pn, the maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) decreased. In addition, both the maximum rate of net photosynthesis (Pmax) and the light saturation point declined after heat stress in all cultivars. However, the relevant photosynthetic parameters of PBW343 and Berkut recovered more quickly at both the meiotic and flowering stages. In summary, there were significant differences in the adaptability of different cultivars to high temperatures, with Berkut and PBW343 being more adaptable to heat stress than Janz and Attila. These may be used as valuable resources for further studies in breeding to understand the physiological mechanisms of heat sensitivity. This paper provides detailed information on the ecophysiological responses of wheat under heat stress.
{"title":"Response of Photosynthesis in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars to Moderate Heat Stress at Meiosis and Anthesis Stages","authors":"Jie Zhang, D. Tan, Hiba Shaghaleh, Tingting Chang, Yousef Alhaj Hamoud","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092251","url":null,"abstract":"High temperature has seriously impacted the production of wheat in many countries. We examined four wheat cultivars (PBW343, Berkurt, Janz, and Attila) under heat stress (35/25 °C) and control treatments (23/15 °C) for 3 days at the meiosis and anthesis stages to evaluate the response and recovery of the four cultivars to heat stress and the relationship between photosynthetic parameters related to heat tolerance. Photosynthetic activity in all cultivars declined in plants that were treated at 35 °C, even for only 1 d compared with control plants. However, the differences among the four cultivars were obvious in net photosynthetic rate (Pn). At meiosis, the reduction of Pn in Berkut and PBW343 was lower and could nearly fully recover after 3 d of recovery and showed higher heat tolerance characteristics. The highest reduction in Pn occurred in Janz, which did not recover completely after 3 d of recovery. The same trend was observed at the anthesis stage, but Pn in all cultivars could not fully recover. Taking transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), and limitation of stomatal conductance (Ls) into account, results suggested the decline in Pn under heat stress was mainly caused by non-stomatal restriction. In parallel with the decline in Pn, the maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) decreased. In addition, both the maximum rate of net photosynthesis (Pmax) and the light saturation point declined after heat stress in all cultivars. However, the relevant photosynthetic parameters of PBW343 and Berkut recovered more quickly at both the meiotic and flowering stages. In summary, there were significant differences in the adaptability of different cultivars to high temperatures, with Berkut and PBW343 being more adaptable to heat stress than Janz and Attila. These may be used as valuable resources for further studies in breeding to understand the physiological mechanisms of heat sensitivity. This paper provides detailed information on the ecophysiological responses of wheat under heat stress.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45389629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-27DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092245
Andrés Pérez-San Martín, F. Marhuenda-Egea, M. Bustamante, G. Curaqueo
Composting is described as a sustainable alternative to organic waste reuse from the agricultural and household sectors. The organic matter degradation and stabilization product presents great variability due to the waste composition used. Thus, the use of techniques that allow the monitoring of the decomposition process is necessary to determine the quality of the final product. Therefore, this review critically analyzes and updates the chemical spectroscopy methods described for the evaluation of the organic matter transformation in the composting process to optimize and generate amendments for agricultural use. This review examines spectroscopic techniques such as ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), infrared (IR), fluorescence, and 13C NMR reported for the evolution and maturation of carbonate structures in composting. In addition, they are used in the study of indicators for monitoring the degradation of complex structures, such as sugars and proteins, for the formation of precursors that are responsible for the formation of highly stabilized substances such as humic and fulvic compounds. Finally, these parameters may be used to elucidate organic matter degradation and its stabilization process, establish patterns that characterize each stage of composting along with its physicochemical characteristics, and monitor potential phytotoxicity levels.
{"title":"Spectroscopy Techniques for Monitoring the Composting Process: A Review","authors":"Andrés Pérez-San Martín, F. Marhuenda-Egea, M. Bustamante, G. Curaqueo","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092245","url":null,"abstract":"Composting is described as a sustainable alternative to organic waste reuse from the agricultural and household sectors. The organic matter degradation and stabilization product presents great variability due to the waste composition used. Thus, the use of techniques that allow the monitoring of the decomposition process is necessary to determine the quality of the final product. Therefore, this review critically analyzes and updates the chemical spectroscopy methods described for the evaluation of the organic matter transformation in the composting process to optimize and generate amendments for agricultural use. This review examines spectroscopic techniques such as ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), infrared (IR), fluorescence, and 13C NMR reported for the evolution and maturation of carbonate structures in composting. In addition, they are used in the study of indicators for monitoring the degradation of complex structures, such as sugars and proteins, for the formation of precursors that are responsible for the formation of highly stabilized substances such as humic and fulvic compounds. Finally, these parameters may be used to elucidate organic matter degradation and its stabilization process, establish patterns that characterize each stage of composting along with its physicochemical characteristics, and monitor potential phytotoxicity levels.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47039329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the bio-accumulation of different soil-crop systems (SCSs) for heavy metals (HMs) and the geo-accumulation of different agricultural growing regions. The ecological risk (ER) assessment was conducted to understand the impact of intensive agricultural production on the environment. To achieve this aim, four typical crops, wheat, corn, potatoes, and leeks grown in the Jiao River Basin (JRB), were selected as the research objects. The concentrations of eight HMs, including copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and mercury (Hg) in crop tissue and soil were detected. The statistical analysis, including the geo-accumulation index (Igeo), geostatistical analysis, correlation and cluster analysis were then used to evaluate soil contamination and determine the source types of HMs. The results show that the average concentrations of eight HMs in the soil follow the order: Zn > Cr > Ni > Pb > Cu > As > Cd > Hg and the calculated concentration coefficients (K) vary from 0.41–1.12, indicating relative scarcity in sources of HMs. All the Igeo values of HMs are less than 0 except the Igeo of Cr within potato-farmland is from 0 to 1, illustrating that the soil in JRB is uncontaminated. The correlation and cluster analysis reveal that Cu, Zn, and Cd have a strong relationship with each other and the relationship between Pb, Ni, and Cr is general. The content of eight HMs in different crops varies greatly and most of them are within the scope of National Food Safety Standards—Limit of Pollutants in food of China. The bioconcentration factors (BCF) indicate that wheat, corn, potato, and leek have strong bio-accumulation ability of Cu, Zn, and Cd. The ecological risk factor (Er) shows that JRB is in low risk of Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr, and As; however, the risk of Cr and Hg are mostly low, characterized by partially dotted moderate risk. The risk index (RI) is mainly moderate with partially low risk distributed in planar and high risk distributed in point.
{"title":"Study on the Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Different Soil-Crop Systems and Ecological Risk Assessment: A Case Study of Jiao River Basin","authors":"Hongzhi Dong, Zong-jun Gao, Jiutan Liu, Bing Jiang","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092238","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is to evaluate the bio-accumulation of different soil-crop systems (SCSs) for heavy metals (HMs) and the geo-accumulation of different agricultural growing regions. The ecological risk (ER) assessment was conducted to understand the impact of intensive agricultural production on the environment. To achieve this aim, four typical crops, wheat, corn, potatoes, and leeks grown in the Jiao River Basin (JRB), were selected as the research objects. The concentrations of eight HMs, including copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and mercury (Hg) in crop tissue and soil were detected. The statistical analysis, including the geo-accumulation index (Igeo), geostatistical analysis, correlation and cluster analysis were then used to evaluate soil contamination and determine the source types of HMs. The results show that the average concentrations of eight HMs in the soil follow the order: Zn > Cr > Ni > Pb > Cu > As > Cd > Hg and the calculated concentration coefficients (K) vary from 0.41–1.12, indicating relative scarcity in sources of HMs. All the Igeo values of HMs are less than 0 except the Igeo of Cr within potato-farmland is from 0 to 1, illustrating that the soil in JRB is uncontaminated. The correlation and cluster analysis reveal that Cu, Zn, and Cd have a strong relationship with each other and the relationship between Pb, Ni, and Cr is general. The content of eight HMs in different crops varies greatly and most of them are within the scope of National Food Safety Standards—Limit of Pollutants in food of China. The bioconcentration factors (BCF) indicate that wheat, corn, potato, and leek have strong bio-accumulation ability of Cu, Zn, and Cd. The ecological risk factor (Er) shows that JRB is in low risk of Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr, and As; however, the risk of Cr and Hg are mostly low, characterized by partially dotted moderate risk. The risk index (RI) is mainly moderate with partially low risk distributed in planar and high risk distributed in point.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46817601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-26DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092234
M. Massimi, L. Radócz, B. Kabashi
Studies have shown that applying specific solutions to the leaves of tomato and pepper plants can boost their output by enhancing nutrient absorption. The factorial analysis of two factors was used in data collection and statistical analysis in this experiment. The first factor was the cultivar (Mobil, Korall, and Tyking F1 for tomatoes, and while cultivars of Carma, Fokusz, and Bobita F1 for sweet pepper), and the second was the spray treatment. Sprays used were sodium bicarbonate (0.52%), 50 mg·L−1 salicylic acid, and distilled water. The parameters collected were the SPAD index of chlorophyll and the plant sap’s content of calcium, potassium, and nitrates, with five observations for each record. Salicylic acid 50 mg·L−1 caused the highest multiple contents, particularly in the tomato cultivar Korall. The lowest multiple contents were for the Mobil cultivar. Spraying Mobil with salicylic acid (50 mg·L−1) and sodium bicarbonate (0.52%) produced the lowest chlorophyll and ionic content. Salicylic acid 50 mg·L−1 also led to the highest multiple values, particularly in the Carma pepper cultivar. The results revealed the multiple lowest contents of measured parameters were for the Bobita F1 cultivar. Finally, gardeners should consider growing Korall tomato and Carma pepper with a supportive spraying application of salicylic acid 50 mg·L−1 before seedlings are transferred to an open-air garden. Gardeners should consider the additional production-improving aspects described in existing research and seed manufacturer recommendations.
{"title":"The Response of Chlorophyll Content and Ionic Composition in Tomato and Pepper Seedlings to Foliar Nutrition in Growing Chambers","authors":"M. Massimi, L. Radócz, B. Kabashi","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092234","url":null,"abstract":"Studies have shown that applying specific solutions to the leaves of tomato and pepper plants can boost their output by enhancing nutrient absorption. The factorial analysis of two factors was used in data collection and statistical analysis in this experiment. The first factor was the cultivar (Mobil, Korall, and Tyking F1 for tomatoes, and while cultivars of Carma, Fokusz, and Bobita F1 for sweet pepper), and the second was the spray treatment. Sprays used were sodium bicarbonate (0.52%), 50 mg·L−1 salicylic acid, and distilled water. The parameters collected were the SPAD index of chlorophyll and the plant sap’s content of calcium, potassium, and nitrates, with five observations for each record. Salicylic acid 50 mg·L−1 caused the highest multiple contents, particularly in the tomato cultivar Korall. The lowest multiple contents were for the Mobil cultivar. Spraying Mobil with salicylic acid (50 mg·L−1) and sodium bicarbonate (0.52%) produced the lowest chlorophyll and ionic content. Salicylic acid 50 mg·L−1 also led to the highest multiple values, particularly in the Carma pepper cultivar. The results revealed the multiple lowest contents of measured parameters were for the Bobita F1 cultivar. Finally, gardeners should consider growing Korall tomato and Carma pepper with a supportive spraying application of salicylic acid 50 mg·L−1 before seedlings are transferred to an open-air garden. Gardeners should consider the additional production-improving aspects described in existing research and seed manufacturer recommendations.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41782470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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