Pub Date : 2023-08-30DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092286
Raúl Ortega Pérez, José Carlos Nieto García, Victor M. Gallegos-Cedillo, Miguel Ángel Domene Ruiz, Mila Santos Hernández, C. Nájera, Isabel Miralles Mellado, Fernando Diánez Martínez
The use of microorganisms capable of promoting the growth and development of crops is generating interest at a global level as a sustainable technique in modern agriculture, especially in intensive farming systems, where the excessive use of synthetic fertilizers has led to environmental problems. The objective of this research was to evaluate the biofertilizing power of formulations enriched with plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) (Azotobacter spp. to fix N and strains of Bacillus spp. to solubilize P and K not bioavailable for plants) to improve the fertility, quality, and productivity of a tomato crop and their potential use as an alternative to conventional fertilizers. Thus, NPK levels in soils, leaves, and fruits were evaluated; various parameters of fruit quality were measured; and an exhaustive analysis of the production and economic yields of the harvest was carried out. The results showed that the periodic supply of biofertilizers based on PGPB increased the harvest yield (20–32%) and favored the development of larger fruit sizes, which are economically more valuable, and the incomes increased even more than production (32–52%). The biofertilizers also demonstrated a positive effect on the solubilization of P and K in the soil, and the levels of P in leaves were also promoted. The capacity to mobilize the nutrients from soil to fruits was clearly favored when PGPB were inoculated periodically, and a reduction of up to 20% in synthetic fertilizers was accomplished (16, 34, and 23% increases for N, P, and K, respectively, against the treatment without PGPB and no fertigation reduction). Finally, the use of PGPB did not show appreciable differences regarding fruit quality parameters.
{"title":"Biofertilizers Enriched with PGPB Improve Soil Fertility and the Productivity of an Intensive Tomato Crop","authors":"Raúl Ortega Pérez, José Carlos Nieto García, Victor M. Gallegos-Cedillo, Miguel Ángel Domene Ruiz, Mila Santos Hernández, C. Nájera, Isabel Miralles Mellado, Fernando Diánez Martínez","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092286","url":null,"abstract":"The use of microorganisms capable of promoting the growth and development of crops is generating interest at a global level as a sustainable technique in modern agriculture, especially in intensive farming systems, where the excessive use of synthetic fertilizers has led to environmental problems. The objective of this research was to evaluate the biofertilizing power of formulations enriched with plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) (Azotobacter spp. to fix N and strains of Bacillus spp. to solubilize P and K not bioavailable for plants) to improve the fertility, quality, and productivity of a tomato crop and their potential use as an alternative to conventional fertilizers. Thus, NPK levels in soils, leaves, and fruits were evaluated; various parameters of fruit quality were measured; and an exhaustive analysis of the production and economic yields of the harvest was carried out. The results showed that the periodic supply of biofertilizers based on PGPB increased the harvest yield (20–32%) and favored the development of larger fruit sizes, which are economically more valuable, and the incomes increased even more than production (32–52%). The biofertilizers also demonstrated a positive effect on the solubilization of P and K in the soil, and the levels of P in leaves were also promoted. The capacity to mobilize the nutrients from soil to fruits was clearly favored when PGPB were inoculated periodically, and a reduction of up to 20% in synthetic fertilizers was accomplished (16, 34, and 23% increases for N, P, and K, respectively, against the treatment without PGPB and no fertigation reduction). Finally, the use of PGPB did not show appreciable differences regarding fruit quality parameters.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49219186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-30DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092285
Jiangyue Lu, Z. Qu, Mingjia Li, Q. Wang
The application of ionized water to irrigation, as a new type of water treatment technology, can improve the spatial distribution of water in soil and increase water utilization efficiency, which may affect the microbiological processes involved in nitrogen transformation and alter soil nitrogen supply capability. However, the effects of ionized water technology on soil organic nitrogen mineralization are still in need of further research. In this study, we investigated the soil organic nitrogen mineralization process with four different water additions: non-ionized fresh water (CK), ionized fresh water (DE), non-ionized brackish water (BCK), and ionized brackish water (BDE). By using a short-term laboratory incubation method, we monitored the changes of the inorganic nitrogen concentration in each treatment during the incubation process. We compared the net nitrogen mineralization and nitrogen mineralization rates in different treatments, and fitted the organic nitrogen mineralization process with three models (One-pool model, Special model, and EATM model). We divided the whole incubation process into three periods based on the differences of the organic nitrogen mineralization trends. The results demonstrated that when DE was compared with CK, the net nitrogen mineralization increased by 21.97% and the nitrogen mineralization rate increased by 20.42% in the latter incubation period. When BDE was compared with BCK, the net nitrogen mineralization decreased by 3.63%, and the nitrogen mineralization rate increased by 21.86% in the latter incubation period. When BCK was compared with CK, brackish water irrigation reduced the organic nitrogen mineralization intensity to a certain extent, with the net nitrogen mineralization decreased by 11.62% and the nitrogen mineralization rate decreased by 41.07% in the whole incubation process. When BDE was compared with DE, the net nitrogen mineralization decreased by 30.09% and the nitrogen mineralization rate decreased by 53.39% in the whole incubation process. The simulation model of the soil organic nitrogen mineralization process showed that the special model and EATM model are superior to the One-pool model. This study provides a theoretical basis for the popularization and application of ionized water irrigation in agricultural production.
{"title":"Effects of Ionized Water Irrigation on Organic Nitrogen Mineralization in Saline-Alkali Soil in China","authors":"Jiangyue Lu, Z. Qu, Mingjia Li, Q. Wang","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092285","url":null,"abstract":"The application of ionized water to irrigation, as a new type of water treatment technology, can improve the spatial distribution of water in soil and increase water utilization efficiency, which may affect the microbiological processes involved in nitrogen transformation and alter soil nitrogen supply capability. However, the effects of ionized water technology on soil organic nitrogen mineralization are still in need of further research. In this study, we investigated the soil organic nitrogen mineralization process with four different water additions: non-ionized fresh water (CK), ionized fresh water (DE), non-ionized brackish water (BCK), and ionized brackish water (BDE). By using a short-term laboratory incubation method, we monitored the changes of the inorganic nitrogen concentration in each treatment during the incubation process. We compared the net nitrogen mineralization and nitrogen mineralization rates in different treatments, and fitted the organic nitrogen mineralization process with three models (One-pool model, Special model, and EATM model). We divided the whole incubation process into three periods based on the differences of the organic nitrogen mineralization trends. The results demonstrated that when DE was compared with CK, the net nitrogen mineralization increased by 21.97% and the nitrogen mineralization rate increased by 20.42% in the latter incubation period. When BDE was compared with BCK, the net nitrogen mineralization decreased by 3.63%, and the nitrogen mineralization rate increased by 21.86% in the latter incubation period. When BCK was compared with CK, brackish water irrigation reduced the organic nitrogen mineralization intensity to a certain extent, with the net nitrogen mineralization decreased by 11.62% and the nitrogen mineralization rate decreased by 41.07% in the whole incubation process. When BDE was compared with DE, the net nitrogen mineralization decreased by 30.09% and the nitrogen mineralization rate decreased by 53.39% in the whole incubation process. The simulation model of the soil organic nitrogen mineralization process showed that the special model and EATM model are superior to the One-pool model. This study provides a theoretical basis for the popularization and application of ionized water irrigation in agricultural production.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46782005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-30DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092291
Chunguo Huang, Xiaoli Han, Qian Luo, Yu‐Min Nie, Min Kang, Yongjie Chen, Miaomiao Tang, Yayu Fu, Xiaoliang Li, Yinglong Chen
Spent mushroom compost (SMC) substrates are commonly used as growth media for greenhouse crops and horticulture production. This study aimed to investigate the responses of physiochemical soil properties, enzyme activities, and microbial community compositions to different cultivation durations and SMC soil treatments on tomatoes. The experiment included the following treatments: SMC substrate and the surrounding soil after planting at 1, 3, and 7 years and comparing control treatments including non-planting SMC substrates and continuous mono-cropping soil. The results revealed that the SMC substrates had higher contents of total N P and organic C nutrients than the surrounding soil treatments. The physicochemical soil properties and soil enzyme activities of the SMC substrates were significantly decreased with longer cultivation duration. Microbial alpha diversity was higher in the SMC substrates regardless of cultivation duration than in the control treatments. It was observed that many beneficial microbes, such as bacteria of the Deinococcus-Thermus, Halanaerobiaeota, and Nitrospirae phyla, and the fungi of the Basidiomycota, Mortierellomycota, and Chytridiomycota phyla were enriched in the SMC substrates. The SMC substrate and surrounding soil had enriched several potentially beneficial microorganism genera such as the bacterial Saccharimonadales, Gaiella, Bacillus, and the fungal Thermomyces, Kernia, and Mortierella. Therefore, the agro-based SMC substrate grooved cultivation system is recommended as an environmentally compatible practice for tomato growth in the greenhouse.
{"title":"Agro-Based Spent Mushroom Compost Substrates Improve Soil Properties and Microbial Diversity in Greenhouse Tomatoes","authors":"Chunguo Huang, Xiaoli Han, Qian Luo, Yu‐Min Nie, Min Kang, Yongjie Chen, Miaomiao Tang, Yayu Fu, Xiaoliang Li, Yinglong Chen","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092291","url":null,"abstract":"Spent mushroom compost (SMC) substrates are commonly used as growth media for greenhouse crops and horticulture production. This study aimed to investigate the responses of physiochemical soil properties, enzyme activities, and microbial community compositions to different cultivation durations and SMC soil treatments on tomatoes. The experiment included the following treatments: SMC substrate and the surrounding soil after planting at 1, 3, and 7 years and comparing control treatments including non-planting SMC substrates and continuous mono-cropping soil. The results revealed that the SMC substrates had higher contents of total N P and organic C nutrients than the surrounding soil treatments. The physicochemical soil properties and soil enzyme activities of the SMC substrates were significantly decreased with longer cultivation duration. Microbial alpha diversity was higher in the SMC substrates regardless of cultivation duration than in the control treatments. It was observed that many beneficial microbes, such as bacteria of the Deinococcus-Thermus, Halanaerobiaeota, and Nitrospirae phyla, and the fungi of the Basidiomycota, Mortierellomycota, and Chytridiomycota phyla were enriched in the SMC substrates. The SMC substrate and surrounding soil had enriched several potentially beneficial microorganism genera such as the bacterial Saccharimonadales, Gaiella, Bacillus, and the fungal Thermomyces, Kernia, and Mortierella. Therefore, the agro-based SMC substrate grooved cultivation system is recommended as an environmentally compatible practice for tomato growth in the greenhouse.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46412742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-30DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092284
J. Tyburski, Natalia Mucha
Callus cultures initiated from red beet tubers were acclimated to 75 or 100 mM NaCl salinity by exposing them to gradually increasing NaCl concentrations. The acclimated callus lines displayed growth rates comparable to the control culture cultivated on the NaCl-free medium. Several antioxidant system components were analyzed to assess the role of the antioxidant defense in the acclimated callus’s ability to proliferate on salt-supplemented media. It was found that proline and ascorbate concentrations were increased in salt-acclimated callus lines with respect to the control line. On the other hand, glutathione concentration was unchanged in all tested callus lines. Total activities of the antioxidant enzymes, namely superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), and class III peroxidase (POX, EC 1.11.1.7) were increased in salt-acclimated cultures. The enzymatic components of the antioxidant systems were upregulated in a coordinated manner during the initial phases of the culture cycle when the increase in callus fresh mass occurs.
{"title":"Antioxidant Response in the Salt-Acclimated Red Beet (Beta vulgaris) Callus","authors":"J. Tyburski, Natalia Mucha","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092284","url":null,"abstract":"Callus cultures initiated from red beet tubers were acclimated to 75 or 100 mM NaCl salinity by exposing them to gradually increasing NaCl concentrations. The acclimated callus lines displayed growth rates comparable to the control culture cultivated on the NaCl-free medium. Several antioxidant system components were analyzed to assess the role of the antioxidant defense in the acclimated callus’s ability to proliferate on salt-supplemented media. It was found that proline and ascorbate concentrations were increased in salt-acclimated callus lines with respect to the control line. On the other hand, glutathione concentration was unchanged in all tested callus lines. Total activities of the antioxidant enzymes, namely superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), and class III peroxidase (POX, EC 1.11.1.7) were increased in salt-acclimated cultures. The enzymatic components of the antioxidant systems were upregulated in a coordinated manner during the initial phases of the culture cycle when the increase in callus fresh mass occurs.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48231934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-30DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092290
Yuchen Xiao, Yueli Tang, Xianhui Huang, Lingjiang Zeng, Z. Liao
Catharanthus roseus exhibits vibrant petals and displays robust resistance to disease and drought, making it highly valuable for ornamental and gardening applications. While the application of C. roseus as a source of anticancer drugs has gained considerable attention in recent years, there has been limited investigation into the regulatory mechanism underlying anthocyanin accumulation in the petals of C. roseus. This study comprehensively analyzed the metabolome and transcriptome of three distinct C. roseus varieties exhibiting different petal colors. Out of the 39 identified flavonoids, 10 anthocyanins exhibited significant variations in accumulation, directly contributing to the diverse coloration of C. roseus petals. Among them, malvidin 3-O-glucoside and petunidin 3-O-glucoside were identified as primary contributors to the purple petal phenotype, while peonidin 3-O-glucoside and delphinidin 3-O-glucoside exhibited the highest contribution rates to the red petals. Additionally, the variation content of cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside, delphinidin 3-O-glucoside, and petunidin 3-O-rutinoside also influenced the color transformation of C. roseus petals. RNA sequencing identified a total of 4173 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 1003 overlapping DEGs. A combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis showed that the coordinately regulated anthocyanin biosynthetic genes including chalcone isomerase (CHS), flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H), and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) played critical roles in the formation of the anthocyanins. MYB and bHLH transcription factors were also found to be significantly correlated with differences in flower color. These results serve as a foundation for future investigations into anthocyanin biosynthesis and regulatory mechanisms in C. roseus.
Catharanthus rosesa具有鲜艳的花瓣，具有很强的抗病性和抗旱性，具有很高的观赏和园艺应用价值。近年来，玫瑰花作为抗癌药物的应用受到了广泛的关注，但对玫瑰花花瓣花青素积累的调控机制的研究却很少。本研究综合分析了三种不同花瓣颜色的蔷薇品种的代谢组和转录组。39种黄酮类化合物中，10种花青素的积累有显著差异，这直接导致了玫瑰花瓣的不同颜色。其中，茉莉苷3- o -葡萄糖苷和矮牵牛花苷3- o -葡萄糖苷是紫色花瓣表型的主要贡献者，而牡丹苷3- o -葡萄糖苷和飞鸽苷3- o -葡萄糖苷对红色花瓣的贡献率最高。此外，花青素3- o -芦丁苷、飞燕草苷3- o -葡萄糖苷和矮牵牛花苷3- o -芦丁苷含量的变化也影响了玫瑰花瓣的颜色转化。RNA测序共鉴定出4173个差异表达基因(deg)，包括1003个重叠的deg。转录组学和代谢组学分析表明，查尔酮异构酶(CHS)、类黄酮3′-羟化酶(f3′)和二氢黄酮醇4-还原酶(DFR)等协同调控的花青素生物合成基因在花青素的形成过程中发挥了关键作用。MYB和bHLH转录因子也与花色差异显著相关。这些结果为进一步研究玫瑰花青素的合成及其调控机制奠定了基础。
{"title":"Integrated Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Analysis Reveal Anthocyanin Biosynthesis for Petal Color Formation in Catharanthus roseus","authors":"Yuchen Xiao, Yueli Tang, Xianhui Huang, Lingjiang Zeng, Z. Liao","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092290","url":null,"abstract":"Catharanthus roseus exhibits vibrant petals and displays robust resistance to disease and drought, making it highly valuable for ornamental and gardening applications. While the application of C. roseus as a source of anticancer drugs has gained considerable attention in recent years, there has been limited investigation into the regulatory mechanism underlying anthocyanin accumulation in the petals of C. roseus. This study comprehensively analyzed the metabolome and transcriptome of three distinct C. roseus varieties exhibiting different petal colors. Out of the 39 identified flavonoids, 10 anthocyanins exhibited significant variations in accumulation, directly contributing to the diverse coloration of C. roseus petals. Among them, malvidin 3-O-glucoside and petunidin 3-O-glucoside were identified as primary contributors to the purple petal phenotype, while peonidin 3-O-glucoside and delphinidin 3-O-glucoside exhibited the highest contribution rates to the red petals. Additionally, the variation content of cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside, delphinidin 3-O-glucoside, and petunidin 3-O-rutinoside also influenced the color transformation of C. roseus petals. RNA sequencing identified a total of 4173 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 1003 overlapping DEGs. A combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis showed that the coordinately regulated anthocyanin biosynthetic genes including chalcone isomerase (CHS), flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H), and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) played critical roles in the formation of the anthocyanins. MYB and bHLH transcription factors were also found to be significantly correlated with differences in flower color. These results serve as a foundation for future investigations into anthocyanin biosynthesis and regulatory mechanisms in C. roseus.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43902842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-30DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092295
Isabel Rodríguez-Carretero, R. Canet, A. Quiñones, Ana Pérez-Piqueres
Composting is an interesting option to recycle big quantities of organic waste because it helps to mitigate different environmental problems. Complementary characteristics of rice straw (RS) and sewage sludge (SS) create a suitable mixture to be used in a composting process. This work studies industrial-scale RS and SS composting to assess both its viability and optimization. Windrow composting was conducted during two seasons. The complete characterisation (moisture, pH, electrical conductivity, total, oxidisable and water-soluble organic carbon, humic substances, organic and mineral nitrogen, macronutrients, micronutrients, heavy metals) of starting materials, samples taken periodically and final composts were carried out. During the first season, an RS:SS ratio of 1:8 (w:w fresh weight) was used, which led to a process with adequate temperatures for biodegradation, but not for ensuring materials’ sanitation. During the second season, the RS:SS ratio was increased (1:6) to enhance the energy process and, thus, temperatures. Although this increase took place, degradation slowed down as oxidisable organic carbon and water-soluble organic carbon indicated. During both seasons, final composts presented adequate pH, high N-richness, and interesting macro- and micronutrient values. Notwithstanding, they also presented certain salinity and high ammonium contents, which must be considered for their field application. The obtained composts have interesting agronomic characteristics, which suggest their potential as an alternative to conventional fertilisers.
{"title":"Industrial-Scale Composting of Rice Straw and Sewage Sludge","authors":"Isabel Rodríguez-Carretero, R. Canet, A. Quiñones, Ana Pérez-Piqueres","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092295","url":null,"abstract":"Composting is an interesting option to recycle big quantities of organic waste because it helps to mitigate different environmental problems. Complementary characteristics of rice straw (RS) and sewage sludge (SS) create a suitable mixture to be used in a composting process. This work studies industrial-scale RS and SS composting to assess both its viability and optimization. Windrow composting was conducted during two seasons. The complete characterisation (moisture, pH, electrical conductivity, total, oxidisable and water-soluble organic carbon, humic substances, organic and mineral nitrogen, macronutrients, micronutrients, heavy metals) of starting materials, samples taken periodically and final composts were carried out. During the first season, an RS:SS ratio of 1:8 (w:w fresh weight) was used, which led to a process with adequate temperatures for biodegradation, but not for ensuring materials’ sanitation. During the second season, the RS:SS ratio was increased (1:6) to enhance the energy process and, thus, temperatures. Although this increase took place, degradation slowed down as oxidisable organic carbon and water-soluble organic carbon indicated. During both seasons, final composts presented adequate pH, high N-richness, and interesting macro- and micronutrient values. Notwithstanding, they also presented certain salinity and high ammonium contents, which must be considered for their field application. The obtained composts have interesting agronomic characteristics, which suggest their potential as an alternative to conventional fertilisers.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45438335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-30DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092296
Zongping Ren, Hailiang Qiao, Ping Xiong, Jianbo Peng, Bo Wang, Kaibo Wang
Understanding the characteristics of the precipitation-use efficiency (PUE) of grassland ecosystems and its drivers is critical for predicting how ecosystem functions will respond to future climate change. In this study, we investigated several covarying biotic and abiotic factors (e.g., biomass, coverage, diversity, precipitation, temperature, and humid index (HI)) of 81 sites across a broad natural grassland gradient in the Loess Plateau of China to determine how PUE changes along a precipitation gradient and to assess the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on PUE. Our results showed that HI, below-ground biomass (BGB), vegetation coverage, and species diversity were the most important biotic factors in controlling PUE. HI had a higher positive indirect effect on PUE mainly through its influence on community characteristics. Our results suggest that precipitation and community characteristics are both important for the precipitation-use efficiency of natural grasslands across the arid and semiarid areas of the Loess Plateau. Additionally, improving the vegetation structure and increasing species diversity can help enhance the adaptability of grassland ecosystems to climate change.
{"title":"Characteristics and Driving Factors of Precipitation-Use Efficiency across Diverse Grasslands in Chinese Loess Plateau","authors":"Zongping Ren, Hailiang Qiao, Ping Xiong, Jianbo Peng, Bo Wang, Kaibo Wang","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092296","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the characteristics of the precipitation-use efficiency (PUE) of grassland ecosystems and its drivers is critical for predicting how ecosystem functions will respond to future climate change. In this study, we investigated several covarying biotic and abiotic factors (e.g., biomass, coverage, diversity, precipitation, temperature, and humid index (HI)) of 81 sites across a broad natural grassland gradient in the Loess Plateau of China to determine how PUE changes along a precipitation gradient and to assess the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on PUE. Our results showed that HI, below-ground biomass (BGB), vegetation coverage, and species diversity were the most important biotic factors in controlling PUE. HI had a higher positive indirect effect on PUE mainly through its influence on community characteristics. Our results suggest that precipitation and community characteristics are both important for the precipitation-use efficiency of natural grasslands across the arid and semiarid areas of the Loess Plateau. Additionally, improving the vegetation structure and increasing species diversity can help enhance the adaptability of grassland ecosystems to climate change.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47529897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-30DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092287
Hui Liu, Zechen Dou, Yong Ma, Linxi Pan, Hao Ren, Xuzhe Wang, C. Ma, Xiaoqiang Han
In the current study, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was selected for agricultural spraying, with two nozzles, two insecticides and three spraying volumes as the spraying variables; this paper explores the impact of spraying volume on the droplet deposition in alfalfa fields. Furthermore, by comparing the control effect of spraying insecticides on alfalfa leaf weevils and the safety of pasture by UAV, the aim is to establish efficient pesticide spraying techniques for pest control in alfalfa fields, providing guidance for the green control of alfalfa leaf weevils. The effective droplet proportion of the fan-shaped nozzle (SX11001VS) was higher than that of the hollow conical nozzle (TX-VK4), and increasing the spraying volume cannot significantly improve that situation. When the spraying volume increased from 22.5 L/ha to 45.0 L/ha, the average droplet coverage, density and deposition of the two types of nozzles increased with the spraying volume. However, when the spraying volume was 30.0 L/ha and 45.0 L/ha, the average deposition of the two types of nozzles was similar. The control effect of chlorantraniliprole on alfalfa leaf weevils sprayed by using a UAV was higher than that of spinosad. There was a positive correlation between the spraying volume and the control effect, and the prevention effect of the hollow conical nozzle was better than that of the fan-shaped nozzle. The residues of chlorantraniliprole in alfalfa plants after spraying increased with the spraying volume, whether a fan-shaped nozzle or a hollow conical nozzle was used.
{"title":"Effects of Nozzle Types and Spraying Volume on the Control of Hypera postica Gyllenhal by Using An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle","authors":"Hui Liu, Zechen Dou, Yong Ma, Linxi Pan, Hao Ren, Xuzhe Wang, C. Ma, Xiaoqiang Han","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092287","url":null,"abstract":"In the current study, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was selected for agricultural spraying, with two nozzles, two insecticides and three spraying volumes as the spraying variables; this paper explores the impact of spraying volume on the droplet deposition in alfalfa fields. Furthermore, by comparing the control effect of spraying insecticides on alfalfa leaf weevils and the safety of pasture by UAV, the aim is to establish efficient pesticide spraying techniques for pest control in alfalfa fields, providing guidance for the green control of alfalfa leaf weevils. The effective droplet proportion of the fan-shaped nozzle (SX11001VS) was higher than that of the hollow conical nozzle (TX-VK4), and increasing the spraying volume cannot significantly improve that situation. When the spraying volume increased from 22.5 L/ha to 45.0 L/ha, the average droplet coverage, density and deposition of the two types of nozzles increased with the spraying volume. However, when the spraying volume was 30.0 L/ha and 45.0 L/ha, the average deposition of the two types of nozzles was similar. The control effect of chlorantraniliprole on alfalfa leaf weevils sprayed by using a UAV was higher than that of spinosad. There was a positive correlation between the spraying volume and the control effect, and the prevention effect of the hollow conical nozzle was better than that of the fan-shaped nozzle. The residues of chlorantraniliprole in alfalfa plants after spraying increased with the spraying volume, whether a fan-shaped nozzle or a hollow conical nozzle was used.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47654250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-29DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092274
Kun Dang, Cheng Ran, Hao Tian, D. Gao, Jinmeng Mu, Zhenyu Zhang, Yanqiu Geng, Qiang Zhang, Xiwen Shao, Liying Guo
Soil salinization is a prevalent global environmental issue that significantly hampers crop growth and yield. However, there has been limited research on the impact of nitrogen fertilization and various management practices in alleviating saline-sodic stress in crops. In order to examine the impact of combined straw and nitrogen fertilizer application on the physiological and photosynthetic characteristics of rice in saline-sodic paddy fields, a three-year field experiment was conducted in Jilin Province, China. The experiment was conducted as a split-zone trial, where the main zone consisted of straw (S) and the secondary zone consisted of nitrogen fertilizer (N). Two levels of straw were 0 t ha−1 (B) and 7 t ha−1 (T). Four nitrogen treatments were applied: 0, 150, 250, and 350 kg ha−1, denoted as N0, N1, N2, and N3, respectively. The results show that the combination of straw and nitrogen fertilizer has been found to effectively reduce the Na+/K+ value, malondialdehyde content, and the relative electric leakage of rice leaves in saline-sodic soil. Furthermore, it increases leaf water potential, relative water content, and chlorophyll content, thereby promoting rice photosynthesis and improving rice yield. The rice yield exhibited the greatest positive effect when straw and nitrogen fertilizer were combined at a rate of 250 kg ha−1. The effectiveness of this combination improves over time. However, it is important to avoid excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer when using straw returning. This approach not only ensures stable rice yield in saline-sodic fields, but also has positive effects on the economic impact of fertilizer application and soil environment preservation.
土壤盐碱化是一个普遍存在的全球环境问题，严重阻碍了作物的生长和产量。然而，关于氮肥和各种管理措施对缓解作物盐碱胁迫的影响的研究有限。为了研究稻草和氮肥联合施用对盐碱稻田水稻生理和光合特性的影响，在吉林省进行了为期三年的田间试验。该试验是作为一个分裂区试验进行的，其中主要区由秸秆（S）组成，次要区由氮肥（N）组成。秸秆的两个水平分别为0 t ha−1（B）和7 t ha−2（t）。施用四种氮处理：0、150、250和350 kg ha−1，分别表示为N0、N1、N2和N3。结果表明，稻草与氮肥联合施用可有效降低盐碱地水稻叶片的Na+/K+值、丙二醛含量和相对漏电量。此外，它还能增加叶片水势、相对含水量和叶绿素含量，从而促进水稻光合作用，提高水稻产量。当秸秆和氮肥以250 kg ha−1的比例组合时，水稻产量表现出最大的正效应。这种组合的有效性会随着时间的推移而提高。然而，在使用秸秆还田时，避免过量施用氮肥是很重要的。这种方法不仅确保了盐碱地水稻的稳定产量，而且对施肥的经济影响和土壤环境保护也有积极影响。
{"title":"Combined Effects of Straw Return with Nitrogen Fertilizer on Leaf Ion Balance, Photosynthetic Capacity, and Rice Yield in Saline-Sodic Paddy Fields","authors":"Kun Dang, Cheng Ran, Hao Tian, D. Gao, Jinmeng Mu, Zhenyu Zhang, Yanqiu Geng, Qiang Zhang, Xiwen Shao, Liying Guo","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092274","url":null,"abstract":"Soil salinization is a prevalent global environmental issue that significantly hampers crop growth and yield. However, there has been limited research on the impact of nitrogen fertilization and various management practices in alleviating saline-sodic stress in crops. In order to examine the impact of combined straw and nitrogen fertilizer application on the physiological and photosynthetic characteristics of rice in saline-sodic paddy fields, a three-year field experiment was conducted in Jilin Province, China. The experiment was conducted as a split-zone trial, where the main zone consisted of straw (S) and the secondary zone consisted of nitrogen fertilizer (N). Two levels of straw were 0 t ha−1 (B) and 7 t ha−1 (T). Four nitrogen treatments were applied: 0, 150, 250, and 350 kg ha−1, denoted as N0, N1, N2, and N3, respectively. The results show that the combination of straw and nitrogen fertilizer has been found to effectively reduce the Na+/K+ value, malondialdehyde content, and the relative electric leakage of rice leaves in saline-sodic soil. Furthermore, it increases leaf water potential, relative water content, and chlorophyll content, thereby promoting rice photosynthesis and improving rice yield. The rice yield exhibited the greatest positive effect when straw and nitrogen fertilizer were combined at a rate of 250 kg ha−1. The effectiveness of this combination improves over time. However, it is important to avoid excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer when using straw returning. This approach not only ensures stable rice yield in saline-sodic fields, but also has positive effects on the economic impact of fertilizer application and soil environment preservation.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42480073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-29DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092281
Meng Lv, Ming Huang, Kainan Zhao, Xinxin Gu, Siqi Li, Jiangtao Wang, Fei Yin, Ling Liu, Nian-yuan Jiao, Guozhan Fu
Finding field management techniques that increase crop output while protecting soil sustainability is essential for maintaining a long-term food supply in a changing environment. However, comprehensive evaluation of the effects of nitrogen (N) reduction combined with organic fertilizer on grain yield, N use efficiency (NUE), water use efficiency (WUE), and soil organic carbon (SOC) and total N (TN) contents of winter wheat–summer maize double cropping systems in drought-prone areas remains limited. Therefore, a 3-year field experiment (2018–2021) was conducted in a winter wheat–summer maize double cropping system with five treatments: no N fertilizer (CK), conventional farmer fertilization (CF), recommended fertilization (R), organic N substitution of 20% of the recommended synthetic N (R20), and organic N substitution of 40% of the recommended synthetic N (R40). When results were averaged from 2018 to 2021, R20 had the highest annual grain yield, which increased by 42.15%, 7.69%, 7.58%, and 12.50% compared with CK, CF, R, and R40, respectively. Compared with CF, R20 increased winter wheat and summer maize NAE, NPFP, NUE, and WUE. In addition, the soil organic carbon content of R20 and R40 treatment increased with the increase in years. In conclusion, R20 was considered ideal for improving crop yield, promoting soil fertility, and increasing the fertilizer utilization rate in a semiarid winter wheat–summer maize rotation.
{"title":"Effects of Partial Substitution of Organic Fertilizer for Synthetic N Fertilizer on Yield and N Use Efficiencies in a Semiarid Winter Wheat–Summer Maize Rotation","authors":"Meng Lv, Ming Huang, Kainan Zhao, Xinxin Gu, Siqi Li, Jiangtao Wang, Fei Yin, Ling Liu, Nian-yuan Jiao, Guozhan Fu","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092281","url":null,"abstract":"Finding field management techniques that increase crop output while protecting soil sustainability is essential for maintaining a long-term food supply in a changing environment. However, comprehensive evaluation of the effects of nitrogen (N) reduction combined with organic fertilizer on grain yield, N use efficiency (NUE), water use efficiency (WUE), and soil organic carbon (SOC) and total N (TN) contents of winter wheat–summer maize double cropping systems in drought-prone areas remains limited. Therefore, a 3-year field experiment (2018–2021) was conducted in a winter wheat–summer maize double cropping system with five treatments: no N fertilizer (CK), conventional farmer fertilization (CF), recommended fertilization (R), organic N substitution of 20% of the recommended synthetic N (R20), and organic N substitution of 40% of the recommended synthetic N (R40). When results were averaged from 2018 to 2021, R20 had the highest annual grain yield, which increased by 42.15%, 7.69%, 7.58%, and 12.50% compared with CK, CF, R, and R40, respectively. Compared with CF, R20 increased winter wheat and summer maize NAE, NPFP, NUE, and WUE. In addition, the soil organic carbon content of R20 and R40 treatment increased with the increase in years. In conclusion, R20 was considered ideal for improving crop yield, promoting soil fertility, and increasing the fertilizer utilization rate in a semiarid winter wheat–summer maize rotation.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46733678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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