Soil phosphorus (P) limitation in karst areas has severely constrained soil quality and land productivity. To enhance silage maize yield and quality and alleviate and/or balance the low phosphorus availability in the karst areas of China, the experiment investigated the effects of different tillage and residue retention practices on silage maize yield and quality and soil phosphorus in this region. The treatment set included: conventional tillage (CT), conventional tillage and root stubble retention (CTH), conventional tillage and mulch (CTM), conventional tillage and crushing and incorporation of hairy vetch by tillage (CTR), no tillage (NT), no tillage and root stubble retention (NTH), no tillage and mulch (NTM), and no tillage and living mulch (NTLM). The results showed that CTM, NTM, CTR, and NTLM significantly increased the height and LAI of silage maize compared with the CT, NT, and NTH treatments. CTM, CTR, and NTM significantly enhanced maize yield. Compared with conventional tillage, not tilling had a more pronounced improvement in silage quality, whereas residue retention hardly affected corn quality. In addition, although not tilling does not significantly increase acid phosphatase activity, it appeared to be advantageous in increasing soil microbial phosphorus and available phosphorus content when combined with cover crop measures. Ultimately, we concluded that NTM and NTLM are beneficial for silage maize yield and quality and soil phosphorus content in karst areas and verified the advantages of combining no tillage and residue retention practices for silage maize production and soil phosphorus improvement in the karst areas of China.
{"title":"Effects of Different Tillage and Residue Retention Measures on Silage Maize Yield and Quality and Soil Phosphorus in Karst Areas","authors":"Tao Wang, Wei Ren, Feng Yang, Lili Niu, Zhou Li, Mingjun Zhang","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092306","url":null,"abstract":"Soil phosphorus (P) limitation in karst areas has severely constrained soil quality and land productivity. To enhance silage maize yield and quality and alleviate and/or balance the low phosphorus availability in the karst areas of China, the experiment investigated the effects of different tillage and residue retention practices on silage maize yield and quality and soil phosphorus in this region. The treatment set included: conventional tillage (CT), conventional tillage and root stubble retention (CTH), conventional tillage and mulch (CTM), conventional tillage and crushing and incorporation of hairy vetch by tillage (CTR), no tillage (NT), no tillage and root stubble retention (NTH), no tillage and mulch (NTM), and no tillage and living mulch (NTLM). The results showed that CTM, NTM, CTR, and NTLM significantly increased the height and LAI of silage maize compared with the CT, NT, and NTH treatments. CTM, CTR, and NTM significantly enhanced maize yield. Compared with conventional tillage, not tilling had a more pronounced improvement in silage quality, whereas residue retention hardly affected corn quality. In addition, although not tilling does not significantly increase acid phosphatase activity, it appeared to be advantageous in increasing soil microbial phosphorus and available phosphorus content when combined with cover crop measures. Ultimately, we concluded that NTM and NTLM are beneficial for silage maize yield and quality and soil phosphorus content in karst areas and verified the advantages of combining no tillage and residue retention practices for silage maize production and soil phosphorus improvement in the karst areas of China.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45760727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-31DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092302
Shweta Pokhariyal, N. R. Patel, A. Govind
In India, agriculture serves as the backbone of the economy, and is a primary source of employment. Despite the setbacks caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the agriculture and allied sectors in India exhibited resilience, registered a growth of 3.4% during 2020–2121, even as the overall economic growth declined by 7.2% during the same period. The improvement of the agriculture sector holds paramount importance in sustaining the increasing population and safeguarding food security. Consequently, researchers worldwide have been concentrating on digitally transforming agriculture by leveraging advanced technologies to establish smart, sustainable, and lucrative farming systems. The advancement in remote sensing (RS) and machine learning (ML) has proven beneficial for farmers and policymakers in minimizing crop losses and optimizing resource utilization through valuable crop insights. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of studies dedicated to the application of RS and ML in addressing agriculture-related challenges in India. We conducted a systematic literature review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines and evaluated research articles published from 2015 to 2022. The objective of this study is to shed light on the application of both RS and ML technique across key agricultural domains, encompassing “crop management”, “soil management”, and “water management, ultimately leading to their improvement. This study primarily focuses on assessing the current status of using intelligent geospatial data analytics in Indian agriculture. Majority of the studies were carried out in the crop management category, where the deployment of various RS sensors led yielded substantial improvements in agricultural monitoring. The integration of remote sensing technology and machine learning techniques can enable an intelligent approach to agricultural monitoring, thereby providing valuable recommendations and insights for effective agricultural management.
{"title":"Machine Learning-Driven Remote Sensing Applications for Agriculture in India—A Systematic Review","authors":"Shweta Pokhariyal, N. R. Patel, A. Govind","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092302","url":null,"abstract":"In India, agriculture serves as the backbone of the economy, and is a primary source of employment. Despite the setbacks caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the agriculture and allied sectors in India exhibited resilience, registered a growth of 3.4% during 2020–2121, even as the overall economic growth declined by 7.2% during the same period. The improvement of the agriculture sector holds paramount importance in sustaining the increasing population and safeguarding food security. Consequently, researchers worldwide have been concentrating on digitally transforming agriculture by leveraging advanced technologies to establish smart, sustainable, and lucrative farming systems. The advancement in remote sensing (RS) and machine learning (ML) has proven beneficial for farmers and policymakers in minimizing crop losses and optimizing resource utilization through valuable crop insights. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of studies dedicated to the application of RS and ML in addressing agriculture-related challenges in India. We conducted a systematic literature review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines and evaluated research articles published from 2015 to 2022. The objective of this study is to shed light on the application of both RS and ML technique across key agricultural domains, encompassing “crop management”, “soil management”, and “water management, ultimately leading to their improvement. This study primarily focuses on assessing the current status of using intelligent geospatial data analytics in Indian agriculture. Majority of the studies were carried out in the crop management category, where the deployment of various RS sensors led yielded substantial improvements in agricultural monitoring. The integration of remote sensing technology and machine learning techniques can enable an intelligent approach to agricultural monitoring, thereby providing valuable recommendations and insights for effective agricultural management.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45112822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The KNOX transcription factor plays crucial roles in regulating fiber growth in plants. Although the genome of ramie, an important fiber crop in China, is available, knotted related homeobox (KNOX) genes have not been systematically explored in this crop. In this study, seven members of the KNOX gene from the ramie genome were identified and assigned to two groups, Class I and II. The intron–exon structure, conserved domain architecture, cis-regulating elements, and expression pattern showed distinct differences among the seven KNOX regulators. One of the genes, Bnt07G011994, encodes an ortholog of Arabidopsis fiber-growth-related KNAT7, and is differentially expressed among barks undergoing different stages of fiber growth. The overexpression of Bnt07G011994 dramatically decreases the fiber number in transgenic Arabidopsis, indicating a negative role played by this gene in modulating fiber growth. Further transcriptome analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis revealed that the overexpression of Bnt07G011994 resulted in an expression change in 14 pectin biosynthesis-/metabolism-related genes. These findings provide a useful foundation for further investigating the function of KNOX genes in ramie, and provide an important insight into the involvement of the ramie KNOX gene in fiber growth.
{"title":"Genome-Wide Investigation of Knotted Related Homeobox Genes and Identification of a Fiber-Growth-Repressed Knotted Related Homeobox Gene in Ramie","authors":"Jianrong Chen, Xueyu Zhang, Fang Liu, Chang Liu, Yinghong Tang, Chunyan Li, Yuan Gong, Xiaojiang Xu, Yanzhou Wang, Toumin Liu","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092297","url":null,"abstract":"The KNOX transcription factor plays crucial roles in regulating fiber growth in plants. Although the genome of ramie, an important fiber crop in China, is available, knotted related homeobox (KNOX) genes have not been systematically explored in this crop. In this study, seven members of the KNOX gene from the ramie genome were identified and assigned to two groups, Class I and II. The intron–exon structure, conserved domain architecture, cis-regulating elements, and expression pattern showed distinct differences among the seven KNOX regulators. One of the genes, Bnt07G011994, encodes an ortholog of Arabidopsis fiber-growth-related KNAT7, and is differentially expressed among barks undergoing different stages of fiber growth. The overexpression of Bnt07G011994 dramatically decreases the fiber number in transgenic Arabidopsis, indicating a negative role played by this gene in modulating fiber growth. Further transcriptome analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis revealed that the overexpression of Bnt07G011994 resulted in an expression change in 14 pectin biosynthesis-/metabolism-related genes. These findings provide a useful foundation for further investigating the function of KNOX genes in ramie, and provide an important insight into the involvement of the ramie KNOX gene in fiber growth.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43675490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-31DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092301
W. Soufan
Securing good feed and sustaining production is one of the main pillars of the livestock production sector. However, this is difficult to achieve in many different environments or circumstances. The production of fodder in a hydroponic system allows for sustainable production throughout the year and provides many benefits to the animal. However, ways must be found to improve the quality of hydroponic fodder and extend its shelf life. In this study, hydroponic barley fodder was produced by mixing it with mung bean seeds at different mixing ratios. In addition, silage was prepared from the resulting fodder by mixing it with barley straw to reduce the high moisture. The results of this study showed that the proportions of the components of nutritional value in the produced fodder were increased, especially the proportion of proteins, when the percentage of mung beans in the mixture was increased. In addition, the preservation of hydroponic fodder using the silage method resulted in obtaining a higher percentage of dry matter compared to fresh fodder and increased the preservation time. This brings many advantages to farmers and livestock producers, as well as researchers in the field, to expand the scope of experiments to other fodder mixtures and the sustainable production of good fodder in hydroponic systems.
{"title":"The Effect of the Mixing Ratio of Barley and Mung Bean Seeds on the Quality of Sprouted Green Fodder and Silage in a Hydroponic System","authors":"W. Soufan","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092301","url":null,"abstract":"Securing good feed and sustaining production is one of the main pillars of the livestock production sector. However, this is difficult to achieve in many different environments or circumstances. The production of fodder in a hydroponic system allows for sustainable production throughout the year and provides many benefits to the animal. However, ways must be found to improve the quality of hydroponic fodder and extend its shelf life. In this study, hydroponic barley fodder was produced by mixing it with mung bean seeds at different mixing ratios. In addition, silage was prepared from the resulting fodder by mixing it with barley straw to reduce the high moisture. The results of this study showed that the proportions of the components of nutritional value in the produced fodder were increased, especially the proportion of proteins, when the percentage of mung beans in the mixture was increased. In addition, the preservation of hydroponic fodder using the silage method resulted in obtaining a higher percentage of dry matter compared to fresh fodder and increased the preservation time. This brings many advantages to farmers and livestock producers, as well as researchers in the field, to expand the scope of experiments to other fodder mixtures and the sustainable production of good fodder in hydroponic systems.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49344586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-31DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092303
N. Slimani, S. Arraouadi, H. Hajlaoui, M. A. Borgi, Nour El Houda Boughattas, V. De Feo, Mejdi Snoussi
Quinoa’s exceptional capacity to tolerate high salt levels presents a promising solution to the agricultural challenges posed by salt stress. This study aimed to explore salt stress effects on three quinoa accessions (18 GR, R-132, and DE-1) and to compare the influence of greenhouse and field growing conditions on their salinity tolerance. The plants were irrigated by 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM NaCl concentrations. The results showed that quinoa plants’ response to morphological, physiological, biochemical, and enzymatic parameters was influenced by NaCl concentration, accession, growing conditions, and their interactions. As salinity irrigation increased, aerial part length and leaf area decreased significantly (p < 0.05) for all studied accessions, correlating with plant photosynthetic parameters. Greenhouse conditions promote faster and more vigorous growth with a larger leaf area compared to field cultivation. Furthermore, at 200 mM concentration, the DE-1 accession displayed greater photosynthetic activity, recording values of 195.66 ± 3.56 and 120 ± 1.13 µmol·m−2·s−1 for greenhouse and open field conditions, respectively. NaCl stimulated MDA and H2O2 in both conditions for all accessions, and the DE-1 accession displayed the lowest levels. Proteins, sugars, proline, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and catalase were stimulated by salt stress, except in the R-132 accession. Field cultivation resulted in a more severe salinity response. Greenhouse conditions may enhance quinoa’s salt tolerance due to the less demanding growth conditions. DE-1 exhibited the highest salt tolerance, while R-132 showed the lowest. This study sets the stage for further research into the genetic basis of salt tolerance in various quinoa accessions, optimizing growth in salty regions through farming practices, and confirming the obtained results in real-world conditions for sustainable agriculture.
{"title":"The Impact of Greenhouse and Field Growth Conditions on Chenopodium quinoa Willd Accessions’ Response to Salt Stress: A Comparative Approach","authors":"N. Slimani, S. Arraouadi, H. Hajlaoui, M. A. Borgi, Nour El Houda Boughattas, V. De Feo, Mejdi Snoussi","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092303","url":null,"abstract":"Quinoa’s exceptional capacity to tolerate high salt levels presents a promising solution to the agricultural challenges posed by salt stress. This study aimed to explore salt stress effects on three quinoa accessions (18 GR, R-132, and DE-1) and to compare the influence of greenhouse and field growing conditions on their salinity tolerance. The plants were irrigated by 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM NaCl concentrations. The results showed that quinoa plants’ response to morphological, physiological, biochemical, and enzymatic parameters was influenced by NaCl concentration, accession, growing conditions, and their interactions. As salinity irrigation increased, aerial part length and leaf area decreased significantly (p < 0.05) for all studied accessions, correlating with plant photosynthetic parameters. Greenhouse conditions promote faster and more vigorous growth with a larger leaf area compared to field cultivation. Furthermore, at 200 mM concentration, the DE-1 accession displayed greater photosynthetic activity, recording values of 195.66 ± 3.56 and 120 ± 1.13 µmol·m−2·s−1 for greenhouse and open field conditions, respectively. NaCl stimulated MDA and H2O2 in both conditions for all accessions, and the DE-1 accession displayed the lowest levels. Proteins, sugars, proline, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and catalase were stimulated by salt stress, except in the R-132 accession. Field cultivation resulted in a more severe salinity response. Greenhouse conditions may enhance quinoa’s salt tolerance due to the less demanding growth conditions. DE-1 exhibited the highest salt tolerance, while R-132 showed the lowest. This study sets the stage for further research into the genetic basis of salt tolerance in various quinoa accessions, optimizing growth in salty regions through farming practices, and confirming the obtained results in real-world conditions for sustainable agriculture.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42891417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-30DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092294
Xinlong Li, Junli Tan, Hong Li, Lili Wang, Guo-quan Niu, Xi’na Wang
Sensitivity analysis, calibration, and verification of crop model parameters improve crop model efficiency and accuracy, facilitating its application. This study selected five sites within the Ningxia Yellow River Irrigation Area. Using meteorological data, soil data, and field management information, the EFAST (Extended Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test) method was used to conduct first-order and global sensitivity analyses of spring wheat parameters in the WOFOST (World Food Studies Simulation) Model. A Structural Equation Model (SEM) analyzed the contribution of crop parameters to different simulation indices, with parameter sensitivity rankings being discussed under varying water supply and climate conditions. Finally, the adapted WOFOST model was employed to assess its applicability in the Ningxia Yellow River Irrigation Area. TMNFTB3.0 (correction factor of total assimilation rate at 3 °C), SPAN (life span of leaves growing at 35 °C), SLATB0 (specific leaf area in the initial period), and CFET (correction factor transpiration rate) showed higher sensitivity index for most simulation indices. Under the same meteorological conditions, different water supply conditions have a limited impact on crop parameter sensitivity, mainly affecting leaf senescence, leaf area, and assimilate conversion to storage organs. The corrected crop parameters significantly enhanced the wheat yield simulation accuracy by the WOFOST model (ME = 0.9964; RMSE = 0.2516; MBE = 0.1392; R2 = 0.0331). The localized WOFOST model can predict regional crop yield, with this study providing a theoretical foundation for its regional application, adjustment, and optimization.
{"title":"Sensitivity Analysis of the WOFOST Crop Model Parameters Using the EFAST Method and Verification of Its Adaptability in the Yellow River Irrigation Area, Northwest China","authors":"Xinlong Li, Junli Tan, Hong Li, Lili Wang, Guo-quan Niu, Xi’na Wang","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092294","url":null,"abstract":"Sensitivity analysis, calibration, and verification of crop model parameters improve crop model efficiency and accuracy, facilitating its application. This study selected five sites within the Ningxia Yellow River Irrigation Area. Using meteorological data, soil data, and field management information, the EFAST (Extended Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test) method was used to conduct first-order and global sensitivity analyses of spring wheat parameters in the WOFOST (World Food Studies Simulation) Model. A Structural Equation Model (SEM) analyzed the contribution of crop parameters to different simulation indices, with parameter sensitivity rankings being discussed under varying water supply and climate conditions. Finally, the adapted WOFOST model was employed to assess its applicability in the Ningxia Yellow River Irrigation Area. TMNFTB3.0 (correction factor of total assimilation rate at 3 °C), SPAN (life span of leaves growing at 35 °C), SLATB0 (specific leaf area in the initial period), and CFET (correction factor transpiration rate) showed higher sensitivity index for most simulation indices. Under the same meteorological conditions, different water supply conditions have a limited impact on crop parameter sensitivity, mainly affecting leaf senescence, leaf area, and assimilate conversion to storage organs. The corrected crop parameters significantly enhanced the wheat yield simulation accuracy by the WOFOST model (ME = 0.9964; RMSE = 0.2516; MBE = 0.1392; R2 = 0.0331). The localized WOFOST model can predict regional crop yield, with this study providing a theoretical foundation for its regional application, adjustment, and optimization.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48355756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-30DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092283
A. Ribeiro, R. Edvan, Layne da Silva Vieira, Keurin Terezinha Bezerra Roder, D. M. Barros, André Pereira Batista, Rodolfo Molinário de Souza, Vanessa Paraguai, Emídio Neves de Moraes, A. C. Ferraz Filho
A trial was conducted to investigate the growth and production characteristics of four plant species, marking the initiation of research on roadside revegetation processes in the southern region of Piauí state, Brazil. The trial was conducted in greenhouse conditions to evaluate the response of the species—two native legumes (Arachis pintoi and Stylosanthes macrocephala) and two grasses (Brachiaria humidicula—non-native and Paspalum notatum—native)—under different fertilization and irrigation treatments. Data were collected in two harvest operations, measuring the following variables: total plant height, population density per pot, number of live leaves, plant moisture content, total forage biomass, and root biomass. The results suggested that fertilization and irrigation caused no significant effect on the major species development characteristics that allay with the highway agency interests. Arachis pintoi showed the best results with the lowest height (24.1 cm in Experiment 1 and 19.2 cm in Experiment 2) and the greatest total forage biomass yield (6.4 g plant−1 in Experiment 1 and 4.1 g plant−1 in Experiment 2). Thus, we recommend that the results found in this study should be extended to field experiments and long-term research. Because our study did not explore mixed-species designs, adopting such evaluation could offer advantages in achieving more comprehensive and resilient revegetation outcomes and help decision-making regarding target species to compose the roadside revegetation operations.
{"title":"Preliminary Evaluation of Four Legume and Grass Species to Compose Roadside Revegetation in Piauí, Brazil","authors":"A. Ribeiro, R. Edvan, Layne da Silva Vieira, Keurin Terezinha Bezerra Roder, D. M. Barros, André Pereira Batista, Rodolfo Molinário de Souza, Vanessa Paraguai, Emídio Neves de Moraes, A. C. Ferraz Filho","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092283","url":null,"abstract":"A trial was conducted to investigate the growth and production characteristics of four plant species, marking the initiation of research on roadside revegetation processes in the southern region of Piauí state, Brazil. The trial was conducted in greenhouse conditions to evaluate the response of the species—two native legumes (Arachis pintoi and Stylosanthes macrocephala) and two grasses (Brachiaria humidicula—non-native and Paspalum notatum—native)—under different fertilization and irrigation treatments. Data were collected in two harvest operations, measuring the following variables: total plant height, population density per pot, number of live leaves, plant moisture content, total forage biomass, and root biomass. The results suggested that fertilization and irrigation caused no significant effect on the major species development characteristics that allay with the highway agency interests. Arachis pintoi showed the best results with the lowest height (24.1 cm in Experiment 1 and 19.2 cm in Experiment 2) and the greatest total forage biomass yield (6.4 g plant−1 in Experiment 1 and 4.1 g plant−1 in Experiment 2). Thus, we recommend that the results found in this study should be extended to field experiments and long-term research. Because our study did not explore mixed-species designs, adopting such evaluation could offer advantages in achieving more comprehensive and resilient revegetation outcomes and help decision-making regarding target species to compose the roadside revegetation operations.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48778736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-30DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092293
L. Hlisnikovský, L. Menšík, P. Barłóg, E. Kunzová
We evaluated the impact of weather and fertilization treatments (Control, PK, NPK1, NPK2, and NPK3) on winter wheat grain yields in a long-term trial in Ivanovice, Czech Republic, established in 1956. A total of 15 seasons were evaluated. The mean, maximal, and minimal temperatures in Ivanovice have been significantly increasing since 1961, with annual increases of 0.04 °C, 0.03 °C, and 0.05 °C, respectively. Precipitation has been decreasing annually by −0.54 mm (trend is insignificant). Four significant correlations between weather and grain yield were recorded. There were positive correlations between mean (r = 0.7) and minimal (r = 0.5) temperatures in November and negative correlations between mean temperatures in May (r = −0.6) and June (r = −0.6). The combination of naturally fertile chernozem soil and a beneficial preceding crop (alfalfa) enables sustainable cultivation of wheat, even without mineral fertilizers. The application of mineral nitrogen (N) significantly increases wheat grain yield and yield stability. Without mineral N or with high doses of mineral N, yield stability decreases. According to two response models (quadratic and quadratic-plateau), a reasonable dose of fertilizer is 107 kg ha−1 N for modern wheat varieties, corresponding to a yield of 8.1 t ha−1.
1956年，在捷克共和国伊万诺维奇建立了一项长期试验，评估了天气和施肥处理(Control、PK、NPK1、NPK2和NPK3)对冬小麦产量的影响。共评估了15个季节。1961年以来，伊万诺维奇的平均气温、最高气温和最低气温呈显著上升趋势，年平均上升幅度分别为0.04℃、0.03℃和0.05℃。年降水量减少- 0.54 mm(趋势不显著)。记录了天气与粮食产量之间的四个显著相关性。11月平均气温(r = 0.7)与最低气温(r = 0.5)呈正相关，5月平均气温(r = - 0.6)与6月平均气温(r = - 0.6)呈负相关。天然肥沃的黑钙土和有益的前茬作物(紫花苜蓿)相结合，即使没有矿物肥料，也能实现小麦的可持续种植。施用矿质氮可显著提高小麦籽粒产量和产量稳定性。不施用无机氮或施用高剂量无机氮，产量稳定性下降。根据两种响应模型(二次和二次高原)，现代小麦品种的合理施肥剂量为107 kg ha - 1 N，对应的产量为8.1 t ha - 1。
{"title":"How Weather and Fertilization Affected Grain Yield and Stability of Winter Wheat in a Long-Term Trial in the South Moravian Region, Czech Republic","authors":"L. Hlisnikovský, L. Menšík, P. Barłóg, E. Kunzová","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092293","url":null,"abstract":"We evaluated the impact of weather and fertilization treatments (Control, PK, NPK1, NPK2, and NPK3) on winter wheat grain yields in a long-term trial in Ivanovice, Czech Republic, established in 1956. A total of 15 seasons were evaluated. The mean, maximal, and minimal temperatures in Ivanovice have been significantly increasing since 1961, with annual increases of 0.04 °C, 0.03 °C, and 0.05 °C, respectively. Precipitation has been decreasing annually by −0.54 mm (trend is insignificant). Four significant correlations between weather and grain yield were recorded. There were positive correlations between mean (r = 0.7) and minimal (r = 0.5) temperatures in November and negative correlations between mean temperatures in May (r = −0.6) and June (r = −0.6). The combination of naturally fertile chernozem soil and a beneficial preceding crop (alfalfa) enables sustainable cultivation of wheat, even without mineral fertilizers. The application of mineral nitrogen (N) significantly increases wheat grain yield and yield stability. Without mineral N or with high doses of mineral N, yield stability decreases. According to two response models (quadratic and quadratic-plateau), a reasonable dose of fertilizer is 107 kg ha−1 N for modern wheat varieties, corresponding to a yield of 8.1 t ha−1.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44847406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-30DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092289
Yiyang Yang, Siyu Cai, Hao Wang, Ping Wang, Wei Li
Hydrological conditions are key factors in the evaluation of water resources and ecosystems. The Yongding River Basin has many irrigated areas, and excessive agricultural water consumption has led to serious water shortages and ecosystem damage. To investigate the evolution of ecohydrological conditions and their driving factors in the Yongding River basin in a changing environment, this study combines indicators of hydrologic alteration with the range of variability approach (IHA-RVA) to identify the most ecologically relevant hydrological indicators (ERHIs) and to determine the periods of hydrological variability in the basin, using the Xiangshuipu section on the Yang River as the study area. By calculating the degree of hydrological alteration, the evolutionary pattern of ecohydrological conditions in the basin was analyzed, and the WetSpa model was used to quantitatively identify the contributions of climate change, reservoir storage, and irrigation water withdrawal to the alteration of hydrological conditions. The results showed that the rise and fall rate; maximum and minimum 1 day flows; dates of maximum flow; and July flows were the most ecologically relevant hydrological indicators for the Xiangshuipu section. Variability of this section occurred between 1982 and 1988; except for the annual maximum 1 day flows and fall rate, which underwent moderate changes; all other indicators exhibited small changes and the overall hydrological alteration of the Xiangshuipu section was low. The most influential change in the hydrological conditions was irrigation water withdrawal (from specific irrigation); followed by climate change and reservoir storage. The results of this study provide an important basis for water resources utilization and ecological management in the Yongding River basin.
{"title":"Evolution of Hydrological Conditions and Driving Factors Analysis of the Yongding River in a Changing Environment: A Case Study of the Xiangshuipu Section","authors":"Yiyang Yang, Siyu Cai, Hao Wang, Ping Wang, Wei Li","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092289","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrological conditions are key factors in the evaluation of water resources and ecosystems. The Yongding River Basin has many irrigated areas, and excessive agricultural water consumption has led to serious water shortages and ecosystem damage. To investigate the evolution of ecohydrological conditions and their driving factors in the Yongding River basin in a changing environment, this study combines indicators of hydrologic alteration with the range of variability approach (IHA-RVA) to identify the most ecologically relevant hydrological indicators (ERHIs) and to determine the periods of hydrological variability in the basin, using the Xiangshuipu section on the Yang River as the study area. By calculating the degree of hydrological alteration, the evolutionary pattern of ecohydrological conditions in the basin was analyzed, and the WetSpa model was used to quantitatively identify the contributions of climate change, reservoir storage, and irrigation water withdrawal to the alteration of hydrological conditions. The results showed that the rise and fall rate; maximum and minimum 1 day flows; dates of maximum flow; and July flows were the most ecologically relevant hydrological indicators for the Xiangshuipu section. Variability of this section occurred between 1982 and 1988; except for the annual maximum 1 day flows and fall rate, which underwent moderate changes; all other indicators exhibited small changes and the overall hydrological alteration of the Xiangshuipu section was low. The most influential change in the hydrological conditions was irrigation water withdrawal (from specific irrigation); followed by climate change and reservoir storage. The results of this study provide an important basis for water resources utilization and ecological management in the Yongding River basin.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43491226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-30DOI: 10.3390/agronomy13092288
Monserrat González-González, Beatriz Juliana Yerena-Prieto, C. Carrera, Mercedes Vázquez-Espinosa, A. V. González-de-Peredo, M. García-Alvarado, M. Palma, G. C. Rodríguez-Jimenes, G. F. Barbero
Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is a plant recognized for its pungent taste and aromatic qualities, primarily derived from its underground rhizome. Apart from its widespread culinary applications, ginger is valued for its potential health benefits attributed to the presence of gingerols and shogaols. For this reason, this work proposes the development of a microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method for the extraction of gingerols and shogaols present in ginger rhizomes. The influence of the extraction temperature (50–100 °C), the solvent composition (50–100% ethanol in water), and the sample-to-solvent ratio (0.3–0.7 g sample: 20 mL) on the extraction of these bioactive compounds has been studied. To this end, a Box–Behnken experimental design (BBD) in combination with a response surface methodology (RSM) has been applied. The optimum conditions for the total extraction of gingerols and shogaols were: 87% ethanol in water, 100 °C, and 0.431 g of ginger sample in 20 mL solvent. The developed method required short extraction times (5 min) and demonstrated favorable levels of repeatability and intermediate precision (CV < 5%). Finally, the MAE method was successfully used for the extraction of gingerols and shogaols from a variety of ginger samples.
{"title":"Determination of Gingerols and Shogaols Content from Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) through Microwave-Assisted Extraction","authors":"Monserrat González-González, Beatriz Juliana Yerena-Prieto, C. Carrera, Mercedes Vázquez-Espinosa, A. V. González-de-Peredo, M. García-Alvarado, M. Palma, G. C. Rodríguez-Jimenes, G. F. Barbero","doi":"10.3390/agronomy13092288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092288","url":null,"abstract":"Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is a plant recognized for its pungent taste and aromatic qualities, primarily derived from its underground rhizome. Apart from its widespread culinary applications, ginger is valued for its potential health benefits attributed to the presence of gingerols and shogaols. For this reason, this work proposes the development of a microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method for the extraction of gingerols and shogaols present in ginger rhizomes. The influence of the extraction temperature (50–100 °C), the solvent composition (50–100% ethanol in water), and the sample-to-solvent ratio (0.3–0.7 g sample: 20 mL) on the extraction of these bioactive compounds has been studied. To this end, a Box–Behnken experimental design (BBD) in combination with a response surface methodology (RSM) has been applied. The optimum conditions for the total extraction of gingerols and shogaols were: 87% ethanol in water, 100 °C, and 0.431 g of ginger sample in 20 mL solvent. The developed method required short extraction times (5 min) and demonstrated favorable levels of repeatability and intermediate precision (CV < 5%). Finally, the MAE method was successfully used for the extraction of gingerols and shogaols from a variety of ginger samples.","PeriodicalId":56066,"journal":{"name":"Agronomy-Basel","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41647366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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