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A novel industrial load scheduling model to balance scheduling with virtual power plant regulation requirements 一种新的工业负荷调度模型，以平衡调度与虚拟电厂的调节需求

IF 5.6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Energy Grids & Networks

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.segan.2025.102109

Sheng Xian Cao, Lin Yue, Gong Wang, Gui Chao Duan, Kun Li, Jun Li, Ying Zhe Kang, Hui Jing Sun

Within virtual power plants (VPPs), large industrial loads function as key controllable loads (CL), and precise load quantification is pivotal to achieving efficient VPP operation. For industrial loads subject to heterogeneous scheduling problem (SP) constraints alongside uncertain renewable outputs, production scheduling and energy use decisions are strongly coupled, and demand response (DR) execution can conflict with pre-established production plans. There is an urgent need to establish a VPP-oriented unified constraint set and feasible region. However, the coordination challenges of production scheduling optimization, economic performance improvement, and flexible participation in VPP operation remain insufficiently addressed. Accordingly, this paper proposes an industrial load scheduling model for virtual power plants (ILS-VPP), an industrial load scheduling model that reconciles factory-level scheduling with VPP-level regulation requirements. First, to address the difficulty of VPP participation under flexible job shop scheduling problem (FJSSP) constraints, we embed FJSSP into the optimization framework and unify the feasible region with participation constraints. Second, to overcome the limited adaptability of DR responses, we design a co-optimization mechanism that integrates production scheduling with DR. Third, to balance economic benefits and completion deadlines under high uncertainty, we develop a three-stage robust optimization (RO) strategy grounded in multi-polyhedral uncertainty sets, chance-constrained programming, and the

ϵ

-constraint method. An improved football team training algorithm (FTTA) is employed to solve the model, enhancing convergence stability and solution-set quality. A case study over a 90-day operating horizon shows that the proposed model improves economic performance by 21.3 %, can supply 11,003 kWh of energy to the VPP, achieves a load flexibility index (LFI) of 79.8 %, and increases the load factor (LF) from 0.708 to 0.807.

在虚拟电厂（VPP）中，大型工业负荷是关键可控负荷（CL），而精确的负荷量化是实现VPP高效运行的关键。对于受异构调度问题（SP）约束以及不确定可再生输出约束的工业负荷，生产调度和能源使用决策是强耦合的，并且需求响应（DR）的执行可能与预先建立的生产计划相冲突。迫切需要建立面向vpp的统一约束集和可行域。然而，在VPP操作中，优化生产调度、提高经济效益和灵活参与的协调挑战仍然没有得到充分解决。在此基础上，提出了虚拟电厂工业负荷调度模型（ILS-VPP），这是一种协调工厂级调度和vpp级调节需求的工业负荷调度模型。首先，针对柔性作业车间调度问题（FJSSP）约束下VPP参与困难的问题，将FJSSP嵌入到优化框架中，统一了具有参与约束的可行域；其次，为了克服生产调度响应的有限适应性，设计了一种集成生产调度和生产调度的协同优化机制。第三，为了平衡高不确定性下的经济效益和完工期限，我们开发了基于多多面体不确定性集、机会约束规划和ϵ-constraint方法的三阶段鲁棒优化（RO）策略。采用改进的足球队训练算法（FTTA）对模型进行求解，提高了收敛稳定性和解集质量。90天运行周期的实例研究表明，该模型提高了21.3%的经济效益，可为VPP提供11,003千瓦时的能源，实现了79.8%的负荷灵活性指数（LFI），并将负荷系数（LF）从0.708提高到0.807。

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引用次数: 0

Risk-based industrial load management with integrated distributed energy resources to enhance grid flexibility and market participation 基于风险的工业负荷管理与集成分布式能源资源，以提高电网灵活性和市场参与

IF 5.6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Energy Grids & Networks

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.segan.2025.102115

Nasim Eslaminia , Sina Ghaemi , Amjad Anvari-Moghaddam

Industrial loads, with their inherent flexibility and growing integration of energy storage systems (ESSs) and photovoltaic (PV) generation, present a significant opportunity to enhance grid stability through ancillary services (ASs) and unlock financial benefits. However, uncertainties in renewable generation and market prices can complicate decision-making, particularly for risk-averse industrial entities. To address these challenges, this study develops a risk-based, mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) optimization model for day-ahead scheduling. This model leverages flexible assets and incorporates the Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) technique to evaluate how risk preferences impact participation in energy and AS markets. Moreover, the proposed model integrates a detailed characterization of industrial sub-loads, assesses load flexibility, and accounts for the combined effects of renewable energy sources (RESs) and ESSs. Four case studies are used to analyze the participation of industrial loads, PV, and ESS in AS markets, investigating the influence of risk preferences and AS participation strategies. The case studies demonstrate that engaging in AS markets yields financial gains regardless of risk preference. The results emphasize the critical role of flexible assets in enhancing system flexibility, promoting greater involvement in energy and AS markets, and improving grid support capabilities.

工业负荷具有固有的灵活性，并且越来越多地集成了储能系统（ess）和光伏发电（PV），这为通过辅助服务（ASs）提高电网稳定性和释放经济效益提供了一个重要的机会。然而，可再生能源发电和市场价格的不确定性可能使决策复杂化，特别是对于厌恶风险的工业实体。为了解决这些挑战，本研究开发了一种基于风险的混合整数线性规划（MILP）优化模型，用于日前调度。该模型利用灵活资产并结合条件风险价值（CVaR）技术来评估风险偏好如何影响能源和AS市场的参与。此外，所提出的模型集成了工业子负荷的详细特征，评估了负荷灵活性，并考虑了可再生能源（RESs）和ess的综合影响。本文采用四个案例研究分析了工业负荷、光伏和ESS在AS市场中的参与情况，调查了风险偏好和AS参与策略的影响。案例研究表明，无论风险偏好如何，参与AS市场都能产生财务收益。研究结果强调了灵活资产在增强系统灵活性、促进更多地参与能源和AS市场以及提高电网支持能力方面的关键作用。

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引用次数: 0

The overvoltage-driven blackout of the Iberian Peninsula on 28th April 2025 2025年4月28日伊比利亚半岛的过电压驱动停电

IF 5.6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Energy Grids & Networks

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.segan.2026.102125

L. Rouco, F.M. Echavarren, E. Lobato

The Iberian Peninsula blackout on 28th April 2025 occurred due to cascading disconnection of renewable generation with power factor control, triggered by overvoltage generation protections. This paper describes a conceptual model to explain the primary phenomenon that occurred, which we have called an overvoltage-driven blackout. While the phenomenon of voltage collapse, or more precisely undervoltage collapse, is widely discussed in the scientific literature, the phenomenon of an overvoltage-driven blackout is new. An illustrative 3-bus small-scale power system is provided to better understand the evolution of bus voltages in an overvoltage-driven blackout, identifying the critical factors that can lead a power system to a blackout caused by overvoltage. The conceptual model is applied to the state of the Iberian Peninsula electricity system at 12:30 on 28th April 2025, preceding the blackout. The paper will show how, with the loss of renewable generation, the growth of bus voltages exhibits the same pattern as the one identified in the 3-bus small-scale system. A new safety metric (margin to overvoltage-driven blackout) is defined and computed. The paper will demonstrate how the system operated with an insufficient safety margin, leading to an overvoltage-driven blackout, due to a lack of sufficient synchronous reactive power absorption capacity in the central and southern parts of Spain, as well as the low-loaded transmission grid in those regions.

2025年4月28日，伊比利亚半岛发生大停电，原因是由过压发电保护触发的具有功率因数控制的可再生能源发电级联断开。本文描述了一个概念模型来解释发生的主要现象，我们称之为过电压驱动停电。虽然电压崩溃现象，或者更准确地说是欠压崩溃现象在科学文献中被广泛讨论，但过电压驱动的停电现象是新的。为了更好地理解在过电压驱动的停电中母线电压的演变，提供了一个说明性的3母线小型电力系统，确定了可能导致电力系统由过电压引起的停电的关键因素。该概念模型应用于2025年4月28日12:30的伊比利亚半岛电力系统状态，即大停电之前。本文将展示，随着可再生能源发电的损失，母线电压的增长如何呈现出与3母线小规模系统中确定的相同模式。定义并计算了一种新的安全度量（过电压驱动停电余量）。本文将展示由于西班牙中部和南部缺乏足够的同步无功吸收能力以及这些地区的低负荷输电网，该系统如何在安全裕度不足的情况下运行，从而导致过压驱动的停电。

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引用次数: 0

A multi-objective approach for integrated energy hub with waste incineration plants integrating carbon capture technology, and electric vehicle parking lots under uncertainties 不确定条件下垃圾焚烧厂集成碳捕集技术和电动汽车停车场的综合能源枢纽多目标研究

IF 5.6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Energy Grids & Networks

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.segan.2026.102121

Phan Thanh Vinh , Truong Hoang Bao Huy , Pham Van Phu , Namchul Cho , Daehee Kim

The rapid growth of municipal solid waste (MSW) and the urgent need for carbon emissions reduction present major challenges in sustainable energy system design. Waste incineration plants (WIPs), a key component of waste-to-energy (WtE) systems, convert MSW into usable energy. However, they generate considerable carbon emissions during the combustion process. Addressing these issues, this paper explores the potential of WtE technologies coupled with carbon capture (CC) and electric vehicle infrastructure within an integrated energy hub (IEH). A multi-objective mixed-integer linear programming paradigm for an IEH model is proposed where WIP-CC collaboration, renewable energy sources, power conversion components, storage system and electric vehicle parking lots are fully utilized. The augmented

ε

-constraint approach is employed for effectively solving the multi-objective IEH problem. In the proposed model, three objective functions are investigated: operation cost, emission tax, and export index (EI). The proposed IEH achieves an operation cost of $13,370.25, emission tax of $128.89, and an EI of 0 in the deterministic case. When considering uncertainties, the hybrid stochastic-IGDT model is applied to choose an optimal plan based on the characteristics of the uncertain parameters. Both risk-averse and risk-seeking strategies are studied to evaluate the trade-offs between solution robustness and performance, enabling more informed decision-making under varying levels of uncertainty.

城市固体废物的快速增长和碳减排的迫切需要对可持续能源系统的设计提出了重大挑战。垃圾焚烧厂（wip）是垃圾发电（WtE）系统的关键组成部分，将城市生活垃圾转化为可用的能源。然而，它们在燃烧过程中会产生相当多的碳排放。为了解决这些问题，本文探讨了在综合能源枢纽（IEH）中，WtE技术与碳捕获（CC）和电动汽车基础设施相结合的潜力。提出了一种充分利用WIP-CC协作、可再生能源、电力转换组件、存储系统和电动汽车停车场的IEH模型多目标混合整数线性规划范式。采用增广ε约束方法有效地解决了多目标IEH问题。在该模型中，研究了三个目标函数：运营成本、排放税和出口指数。在确定性情况下，所提出的IEH的运营成本为13370.25美元，排放税为128.89美元，EI为0。在考虑不确定性时，采用混合随机- igdt模型，根据不确定参数的特点选择最优方案。研究了风险规避和风险寻求策略，以评估解决方案鲁棒性和性能之间的权衡，从而在不同程度的不确定性下实现更明智的决策。

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引用次数: 0

Optimal dispatch and impact analysis of power–heat–gas integrated energy systems considering carbon pricing schemes 考虑碳定价方案的电-热-气综合能源系统优化调度及影响分析

IF 5.6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Energy Grids & Networks

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.segan.2025.102079

Seoeun Rho , Hee Seung Moon , Won Young Park , Dongjun Won

With the global shift toward carbon neutrality and the implementation of emissions trading systems, the interaction between emission allowance allocation scheme and the operation of sector-coupled integrated energy systems becomes increasingly important. This paper develops a linearized optimal dispatch strategy for an power–heat–gas integrated energy systems with renewable energy that considers allocation schemes to evaluate the impact of carbon pricing on economic outcomes and emission decrease. The model analyzes how system marginal prices are determined under different allocation schemes and quantifies trade-offs between carbon and cost under various policy and market conditions. Sensitivity analyses are conducted considering advances in cross-sectoral technologies and various energy and carbon prices. The results show that, unless the dispatch approach is properly aligned with the allocation scheme, improvements in the efficiency of combined heat and power units beyond a certain point can unintentionally increase both indirect emissions and operating costs. Through case studies under diverse scenarios, the study provides practical recommendations for system operators, investors, and policymakers to support affordable and low-carbon energy transitions. The findings underscore the importance of well-designed emission allocation policies and cost-effective investment strategies in achieving climate and energy transition goals.

随着全球向碳中和的转变和排放权交易制度的实施，排放配额分配方案与行业耦合综合能源系统运行之间的相互作用变得越来越重要。本文提出了一种考虑分配方案的可再生能源电-热-气集成能源系统的线性最优调度策略，以评估碳定价对经济效益和减排的影响。该模型分析了在不同分配方案下系统边际价格是如何确定的，并量化了在不同政策和市场条件下碳和成本之间的权衡。考虑到跨部门技术的进步以及各种能源和碳价格，进行了敏感性分析。结果表明，除非调度方式与分配方案相匹配，否则热电联产机组效率提高到一定程度后，会在无意中增加间接排放和运行成本。通过不同情景下的案例研究，本研究为系统运营商、投资者和政策制定者提供了切实可行的建议，以支持可负担的低碳能源转型。研究结果强调了精心设计的排放分配政策和具有成本效益的投资战略对实现气候和能源转型目标的重要性。

{"title":"Optimal dispatch and impact analysis of power–heat–gas integrated energy systems considering carbon pricing schemes","authors":"Seoeun Rho , Hee Seung Moon , Won Young Park , Dongjun Won","doi":"10.1016/j.segan.2025.102079","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.segan.2025.102079","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the global shift toward carbon neutrality and the implementation of emissions trading systems, the interaction between emission allowance allocation scheme and the operation of sector-coupled integrated energy systems becomes increasingly important. This paper develops a linearized optimal dispatch strategy for an power–heat–gas integrated energy systems with renewable energy that considers allocation schemes to evaluate the impact of carbon pricing on economic outcomes and emission decrease. The model analyzes how system marginal prices are determined under different allocation schemes and quantifies trade-offs between carbon and cost under various policy and market conditions. Sensitivity analyses are conducted considering advances in cross-sectoral technologies and various energy and carbon prices. The results show that, unless the dispatch approach is properly aligned with the allocation scheme, improvements in the efficiency of combined heat and power units beyond a certain point can unintentionally increase both indirect emissions and operating costs. Through case studies under diverse scenarios, the study provides practical recommendations for system operators, investors, and policymakers to support affordable and low-carbon energy transitions. The findings underscore the importance of well-designed emission allocation policies and cost-effective investment strategies in achieving climate and energy transition goals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56142,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy Grids & Networks","volume":"45 ","pages":"Article 102079"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145738370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

BESS and PV systems application for optimal microgrid operation with frequency security constraints BESS和PV系统在具有频率安全约束的微电网优化运行中的应用

IF 5.6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Energy Grids & Networks

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.segan.2025.102103

Mehrdad Bagheri-Sanjareh, Marjan Popov

Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) have been used in AC Microgrids (AMGs) for frequency control (FC) and energy management (EM). AMGs with low inertia might suffer large frequency deviations with high rates without the required reserve power for FC. This paper proposes a linear model for the optimal operation of grid-connected AMGs considering frequency security constraints. BESS and photovoltaic systems both participate in primary FC (PFC) and EM. PVSs can decrease their generation in power surplus conditions. They can release the energy of their DC-link capacitors in power shortage conditions. Through coordinated use of BESS and PVSs, the required BESS power for PFC decreases considerably, which allows the BESS to participate in EM more effectively and hence reduces the AMG operational cost. Frequency simulation studies show that PVSs can considerably assist BESS for PFC. Moreover, the optimization results show that without PVSs' support, load shedding is unavoidable which increases the AMG operation cost significantly. In this regard, deterministic and stochastic optimization show that PVSs' participation in PFC results in 24 % and 24.2 % reduction in the AMG operation cost compared to those when BESS is only used for PFC. Therefore, the PVSs' assist in PFC, even though short, has large impact on the optimal operation of the AMG.

电池储能系统（bess）已在交流微电网（amg）中用于频率控制（FC）和能量管理（EM）。低惯性的amg在没有FC所需的备用功率的情况下，可能会遭受高速率的大频率偏差。本文提出了考虑频率安全约束的并网AMGs优化运行的线性模型。BESS和光伏系统都参与初级FC （PFC）和EM。PFC可以在电力剩余条件下减少其发电量。它们可以在电力短缺的情况下释放直流链路电容器的能量。通过协调使用BESS和pss， PFC所需的BESS功率大大降低，这使得BESS能够更有效地参与EM，从而降低AMG的运行成本。频率仿真研究表明，PVSs对pfc的BESS有很大的辅助作用，优化结果表明，没有PVSs的支持，系统的减载不可避免，大大增加了AMG的运行成本。因此，确定性优化和随机优化表明，与BESS仅用于PFC相比，pfs参与PFC可使AMG运行成本降低24% %和24.2% %。因此，pfs参与PFC的时间虽短，但对AMG的优化运行影响较大。

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引用次数: 0

Assessing the role of flexible technologies in the Greek wholesale electricity market under National Energy and Climate Plan targets 根据国家能源和气候计划目标，评估灵活技术在希腊批发电力市场中的作用

IF 5.6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Energy Grids & Networks

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.segan.2025.102090

Panagiota T. Kyrimlidou , Christos K. Simoglou , Pandelis N. Biskas

This paper investigates the impact that the penetration of flexible resources, such as battery energy storage systems, cross-border capacity and the application of load shifting, may have on the Greek wholesale electricity market operation under the main provisions of the recent National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP). A thorough scenario-based analysis of the Greek day-ahead and real-time balancing markets for the year 2030 has been conducted using a specialized market simulation software under finest time granularity to evaluate critical market indicators, including the electricity generation mix, RES curtailments, wholesale market prices, revenues/profits of market participants and CO₂ emissions. Simulation results underscore the significant role that the adopted flexibility resources are expected to bring in the Greek electricity market and power system operation, since they are expected to effectively reduce RES curtailments up to 50 %, reduce conventional gas-fired units’ generation volumes up to 8 % and increase average day-ahead market clearing prices up to 6 %. The combined deployment of all examined flexibility options may improve the environmental footprint of the Greek power system by reducing the annual CO₂ emissions up to 2.9–3.8 %. The findings of this study also highlight the strategic importance of developing balanced flexibility portfolios that combine domestic flexibility resources with regional interconnection upgrades, while providing targeted financial support for newly invested, capital-intensive assets whose market revenues alone cannot ensure their economic viability.

本文研究了在最近的国家能源和气候计划（NECP）的主要规定下，电池储能系统、跨境容量和负荷转移应用等灵活资源的渗透可能对希腊批发电力市场运营产生的影响。对希腊2030年的日前和实时平衡市场进行了全面的基于场景的分析，使用专业的市场模拟软件，在最精细的时间粒度下评估关键市场指标，包括发电组合、可再生能源削减、批发市场价格、市场参与者的收入/利润和二氧化碳排放。模拟结果强调了所采用的灵活性资源有望在希腊电力市场和电力系统运行中发挥的重要作用，因为它们有望有效减少高达50% %的可再生能源削减，将传统燃气发电机组的发电量减少高达8% %，并将平均日前市场结算价格提高高达6% %。所有被检查的灵活性选项的联合部署可能会通过减少每年2.9 - 3.8% %的二氧化碳排放量来改善希腊电力系统的环境足迹。本研究的结果还强调了发展平衡的灵活性投资组合的战略重要性，将国内灵活性资源与区域互联互通升级相结合，同时为新投资的资本密集型资产提供有针对性的金融支持，这些资产仅靠市场收入无法确保其经济可行性。

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引用次数: 0

Reliability constrained optimization of virtual inertia and battery energy storage system sizing for frequency stability in low inertia power systems 低惯性电力系统频率稳定的虚拟惯性和电池储能系统尺寸可靠性约束优化

IF 5.6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Energy Grids & Networks

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.segan.2026.102130

S. Saha , M. Elliott , T.K. Roy , Amanullah M.T. Oo

Increased penetration of renewable energy is depleting grid inertia by replacing synchronous generators, making modern power systems more susceptible to frequency instability during generator outages or large load fluctuations. Virtual inertia support through battery energy storage systems has emerged as a potential solution to address this stability challenge. However, most existing approaches to virtual inertia allocation and BESS sizing are deterministic, relying on fixed parameters or heuristic assumptions that overlook the time-varying and uncertain nature of renewable generation, load demand, and system contingencies. This paper introduces a reliability-constrained stochastic framework to determine the virtual inertia and corresponding BESS capacity required to maintain frequency stability under such uncertainty. The framework integrates Monte Carlo simulation with

H_{\infty}

-norm minimization to ensure that frequency nadir and rate-of-change-of-frequency (RoCoF) limits are satisfied in a predefined proportion of operating scenarios. Reliability is incorporated as a probabilistic constraint, enabling operators to adjust inertia support in line with target reliability levels. A case study based on a modified IEEE 39-bus system demonstrates that the required BESS capacity varies dynamically with renewable output and system inertia, and that higher reliability enhances frequency resilience but with diminishing economic returns. This reliability-driven formulation advances existing practice by linking frequency security, uncertainty, and investment efficiency within a unified planning framework, providing system operators with a practical tool to balance stability assurance and economic viability in low-inertia grids.

可再生能源的日益普及取代了同步发电机，从而消耗了电网的惯性，使现代电力系统在发电机停机或负荷大幅波动期间更容易受到频率不稳定的影响。通过电池储能系统的虚拟惯性支持已经成为解决这一稳定性挑战的潜在解决方案。然而，大多数现有的虚拟惯性分配和BESS分级方法都是确定性的，依赖于固定参数或启发式假设，忽略了可再生能源发电、负荷需求和系统偶然性的时变和不确定性。本文引入了一个可靠性约束的随机框架来确定在这种不确定性下保持频率稳定所需的虚拟惯性和相应的BESS容量。该框架将蒙特卡罗模拟与H∞范数最小化相结合，以确保在预定义比例的操作场景中满足频率最低点和频率变化率（RoCoF）限制。可靠性作为一种概率约束，使作业者能够根据目标可靠性水平调整惯性支撑。基于改进的IEEE 39总线系统的案例研究表明，所需的BESS容量随可再生输出和系统惯性动态变化，更高的可靠性增强了频率弹性，但经济回报递减。通过将频率安全性、不确定性和投资效率联系在一个统一的规划框架内，这种可靠性驱动的方案推进了现有的实践，为系统运营商提供了一种实用的工具，以平衡低惯性电网的稳定性保证和经济可行性。

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引用次数: 0

Evaluation of load-side flexibility supply capability considering source-load interaction in power system operation 电力系统运行中考虑源荷交互的负载侧柔性供电能力评价

IF 5.6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Energy Grids & Networks

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.segan.2026.102132

Jinghua Li, Long Luo, Jianfeng Chen, Shanyang Wei, Bo Li

The evaluation of load-side flexibility resources (FRs) plays a crucial role in coordinating generation-side variability with demand-side response potential, thereby improving the stability and operational efficiency of power systems with high renewable energy penetration. However, increasing generation uncertainty and heterogeneous load behaviors highlight the need for an integrated evaluation framework that explicitly considers source-load interaction. This paper proposes a comprehensive method for assessing the load-side flexibility supply capability based on coordinated source-load dynamics. A bidirectional interaction framework is first developed, coupling generation-side flexibility characteristics with a refined load response model to quantify the coordinated adjustment potential. An integrated indicator system is then established, covering both performance and economic dimensions. To address the uncertainty and randomness inherent in flexibility evaluation, a two-dimensional (2D) cloud model is introduced to characterize the relationship between flexibility performance and uncertainty under typical scenarios. Comparative experiments using four widely adopted multi-attribute decision-making methods verify that the proposed 2D cloud model exhibits superior discriminative and ranking capabilities. Results indicate that data centers (DCs) provide stable but limited flexibility; electric vehicles (EVs) offer high flexibility potential yet exhibit greater uncertainty; and variable-frequency air conditioners (VFACs) maintain reliable responsiveness but face constraints under high renewable penetration.

负荷侧灵活性资源评价对于协调发电侧变异性和需求侧响应潜力，从而提高可再生能源高渗透率电力系统的稳定性和运行效率具有重要作用。然而，不断增加的发电不确定性和异构负载行为突出了对明确考虑源-负载交互的集成评估框架的需求。提出了一种基于源-负荷协调动力学的负荷侧柔性供电能力综合评估方法。首先建立了双向交互框架，将发电侧柔性特性与精细化的负荷响应模型相结合，量化协调调节潜力。然后建立一个综合指标系统，包括业绩和经济两个方面。为了解决柔性评估固有的不确定性和随机性，引入二维云模型来表征典型场景下柔性性能与不确定性之间的关系。采用四种广泛采用的多属性决策方法进行对比实验，验证了所提出的二维云模型具有较强的判别和排序能力。结果表明，数据中心提供稳定但有限的灵活性；电动汽车具有很高的灵活性潜力，但也存在较大的不确定性；和变频空调（VFACs）保持可靠的响应，但面临高可再生能源渗透率的限制。

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引用次数: 0

Dynamic thermal impact of heatwaves on resilience of power system considering transmission line and generators capacities 考虑输电线路和发电机容量的热浪对电力系统弹性的动态热影响

IF 5.6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Energy Grids & Networks

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.segan.2026.102137

Abhishek Kumar Gupta, Kusum Verma

With the increasing impact of climate change, heatwaves have become more frequent and pose a growing threat to critical power system components. This paper presents a robust impact analysis of long-term climate warming on the resilience of transmission lines and generators. The proposed methodology dynamically models thermal stress by coupling the IEEE Std. 738–2012 ampacity standard incorporating ambient temperature, wind speed, and solar radiation with temperature-dependent generator derating characteristics. A 20-year daily temperature dataset is generated using a stochastic hybrid heatwave model and processed through a sequential Monte Carlo Simulation (10 annual scenarios) to capture extreme "tail risks" rather than relying solely on average conditions. These dynamic thermal constraints are integrated into an AC Optimal Power Flow (AC-OPF) framework to quantify resilience metrics, including Expected Energy Not Supplied (EENS), Loss of Load Expectation (LOLE) and Safe Operation Probability (SOP). The proposed methodology is investigated on IEEE 57-bus system with results showing a consistent degradation of resilience metrics under heatwave scenarios. The system-level analysis quantifies a distinct "Climate Penalty," revealing a 24.37 % increase in unserved energy driven by spatially clustered voltage violations and recurring thermal overloads. Critically, the analysis identifies specific "bottleneck" corridors, demonstrating that failures are localized rather than systemic. These findings provide a practical roadmap for grid planners and policymakers by shifting the focus from expensive system-wide upgrades to targeted, cost-effective infrastructure hardening at identified vulnerable nodes.

随着气候变化的影响越来越大，热浪变得越来越频繁，对电力系统的关键部件构成越来越大的威胁。本文对长期气候变暖对输电线路和发电机恢复力的影响进行了稳健分析。该方法通过将IEEE Std. 738-2012电流标准与环境温度、风速、太阳辐射以及与温度相关的发电机降率特性相结合，对热应力进行动态建模。使用随机混合热浪模型生成20年日温度数据集，并通过顺序蒙特卡罗模拟（10个年度情景）进行处理，以捕获极端的“尾部风险”，而不是仅仅依赖平均条件。这些动态热约束被集成到交流最优潮流（AC- opf）框架中，以量化弹性指标，包括预期未供电（EENS）、预期负荷损失（LOLE）和安全运行概率（SOP）。该方法在IEEE 57总线系统上进行了研究，结果显示热浪情景下弹性指标的持续退化。系统级分析量化了一种独特的“气候惩罚”，揭示了由空间集群电压违规和反复出现的热过载驱动的未使用能源增加24.37 %。关键的是，分析确定了特定的“瓶颈”通道，表明故障是局部的，而不是系统性的。这些发现为电网规划者和政策制定者提供了一个实用的路线图，将重点从昂贵的系统升级转移到有针对性的、经济有效的基础设施加固，以确定脆弱节点。

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