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Integrated real-time dispatch of power and gas systems 电力和天然气系统的综合实时调度
IF 4.8 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.segan.2024.101554
Nikolaos Kanelakis, Ilias G. Marneris, Pandelis N. Biskas
The integrated operation of the electricity and gas systems has attracted the attention of many researchers due to the ever-increasing interdependency between the two systems. In this paper, a novel framework for the real-time rolling dispatch of the integrated system is presented, targeting to attain the economically optimal and technically secure gas system real-time operation through the control of the available flexibility procured by various resources. A decoupled day-ahead scheduling is initially executed to determine unit commitment and gas linepack target decisions, which are then utilized as inputs to the proposed integrated real-time dispatch model. Intra-day gas system control is executed in a hierarchical procedure through the deployment of four control actions from various inter-system flexibility providers. The presented analysis illustrates that, based on the selection of control parameters, the activation of flexibility resources from both systems can be steered in such a way as to alleviate linepack deviations, even in cases of severely limited scheduled gas supply. The proposed control framework is tested on the Greek power and gas systems, providing significant insights regarding the activation of the control actions for the real-time gas system balancing in different look-ahead horizons.
由于电力和天然气系统之间的相互依赖性日益增强,这两个系统的一体化运行吸引了许多研究人员的关注。本文提出了一种新颖的综合系统实时滚动调度框架,旨在通过控制各种资源的可用灵活性,实现经济上最优、技术上安全的燃气系统实时运行。首先执行解耦的日前调度,以确定机组承诺和天然气线路包目标决策,然后将其作为建议的综合实时调度模型的输入。通过部署来自不同系统间灵活性提供商的四种控制行动,以分级程序执行日内天然气系统控制。所做的分析表明,根据控制参数的选择,即使在计划供气严重受限的情况下,也可以引导两个系统的灵活性资源的激活,以缓解线路组偏差。所提出的控制框架在希腊电力和天然气系统上进行了测试,为在不同的前瞻视野下启动实时天然气系统平衡的控制行动提供了重要启示。
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引用次数: 0
A machine learning based fault location method for power distribution systems using wavelet scattering networks 基于机器学习的小波散射网络配电系统故障定位方法
IF 4.8 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.segan.2024.101551
Charalampos G. Arsoniadis , Vassilis C. Nikolaidis
This paper proposes a novel machine learning based method for localizing single-line-to-ground faults in modern power distribution systems using single-end measurements. The challenge of identifying the faulty lateral is formulated as a support vector machine model-based classification problem, where a class represents a different part of the distribution network. The challenge of finding the exact fault distance is formulated as an ensemble model-based regression problem. Both models are trained with scattering coefficients extracted from the application of a wavelet scattering network on the captured faulty phase voltage signal. The performance of the proposed fault location method is evaluated with a comprehensive simulation study, conducted for the IEEE 34-bus test distribution system. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method in terms of fault location accuracy, as well as its sufficient insensitivity against several influencing factors, such as load, DG, external system strength, and network topology variations. Comparison of the proposed method with other well-established machine learning based fault location methods for power distribution systems reveals its great performance.
本文提出了一种基于机器学习的新方法,利用单端测量来定位现代配电系统中的单线对地故障。识别故障侧的挑战被表述为基于支持向量机模型的分类问题,其中一个类别代表配电网络的不同部分。寻找准确故障距离的挑战则是一个基于集合模型的回归问题。这两个模型都是通过对捕捉到的故障相电压信号应用小波散射网络提取散射系数来训练的。通过对 IEEE 34 总线测试配电系统进行综合仿真研究,评估了所提故障定位方法的性能。结果表明,所提方法在故障定位精度方面非常有效,而且对负载、DG、外部系统强度和网络拓扑变化等影响因素足够敏感。将所提出的方法与其他成熟的基于机器学习的配电系统故障定位方法进行比较,结果表明该方法性能卓越。
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引用次数: 0
Two-stage low-carbon economic dispatch of an integrated energy system considering flexible decoupling of electricity and heat on sides of source and load 综合能源系统的两阶段低碳经济调度,考虑电力和热力在源端和负载端的灵活解耦
IF 4.8 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.segan.2024.101552
Lijun Yang , Yejin Gao , Pei Zhang , Xiaolin Tan , Jiakun An
Under the goal of "double carbon", in order to further enhance the level of new energy consumption and solve the problem of restricting the flexibility of the system by "ordering power by heat" of combined heat and power (CHP) units, a low-carbon economic planning strategy with flexible decoupling of electricity and heat is proposed, by introducing a new type of electric-thermal coupling equipment on both sides of the source and load. Firstly, Consideration of the low-carbon and environmentally friendly characteristics of green ammonia production and ammonia-doped combustion technologies, a wind power(WT) – power to ammonia(P2A) - CHP units - thermal power (TH) units joint operation strategy is proposed on the source side. This strategy realizes the conversion of abandoned wind to green ammonia to ammonia coal hybrid generation, the decoupled operation of CHP units and promotes the consumption of wind power and the low-carbon operation of the system. Secondly, A dynamic incentive demand response model is developed to meet the demand of high proportion distributed PV in situ consumption on the load side. The dynamic incentive price guides the distributed power-to-heat load to change the response capacity, tracks the abandonment of wind and light, realizes the flexible conversion of power and heat load, and cooperates with the source side to promote the coupling operation of electric pyrolysis. On this basis, consider the flexible decoupling capability of electric-heat coupling equipment on both sides of the source and load to establish a two-phase low-carbon scheduling model for the day-before and day-after phases. In the day-ahead phase, the source-side electric-thermal-ammonia joint operation strategy is considered, and the electric and thermal energy supply plans are adjusted centrally; In the intra-day phase, the flexible adjustment range of power-to-heat devices and the heat load inertia on the load side are taken into account, and the electricity and heat planning strategies are adjusted in a distributed-centralised manner in conjunction with the source side. Finally, through the simulation of different cases, the results show that compared with the traditional electric heating system, the total cost of the system considering the scheduling strategy proposed in this paper decreases by ¥826,900, the carbon emission decreases by 1.2 t, and basically realises the consumption of wind power and distributed photovoltaic power output. The proposed scheme reduces carbon emissions, promotes the consumption of wind power and distributed photovoltaic output, and is able to reach the goal of low-carbon economic dispatch.
在 "双碳 "目标下,为进一步提升新能源消纳水平,解决热电联产机组 "以热定电 "制约系统灵活性的问题,通过在源头和负荷两侧引入新型电热耦合设备,提出了电热灵活解耦的低碳经济规划策略。首先,考虑到绿色合成氨生产和掺氨燃烧技术低碳环保的特点,在源侧提出了风电(WT)-电力制氨(P2A)-热电联产机组-火电(TH)机组联合运行策略。该策略实现了弃风向绿色氨电-氨煤混合发电的转化、热电联产机组的解耦运行,促进了风电消纳和系统的低碳运行。其次,开发动态激励需求响应模型,满足负荷侧高比例分布式光伏就地消纳需求。动态激励价格引导分布式电热负荷改变响应容量,跟踪弃风弃光情况,实现电热负荷的灵活转换,并配合源侧促进电热解耦运行。在此基础上,考虑源、荷两侧电热耦合设备的灵活解耦能力,建立日前、日后两阶段低碳调度模型。在日前阶段,考虑源侧电-热-氨联合运行策略,集中调整电能和热能供应计划;在日内阶段,考虑电-热设备灵活调节范围和负荷侧热负荷惯性,结合源侧分布式集中调整电能和热能计划策略。最后,通过对不同情况的仿真,结果表明,与传统电采暖系统相比,考虑本文提出的调度策略的系统总成本降低了 82.69 万元,碳排放量减少了 1.2 吨,基本实现了风电和分布式光伏发电输出的消纳。本文提出的方案减少了碳排放,促进了风电和分布式光伏发电的消纳,能够达到低碳经济调度的目标。
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引用次数: 0
A method for configuring hybrid electrolyzers based on joint wind and photovoltaic power generation modeling using copula functions 基于使用 copula 函数的风力和光伏联合发电建模的混合电解槽配置方法
IF 4.8 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.segan.2024.101539
Yuan Liang , Haoyuan Ma , Zhonghao Liang , Hongqing Wang , Jianlin Li
Considering the specific wind and photovoltaic power characteristics of a certain region, this study investigates the optimal ratio of Alkaline Electrolysis Cells (AEL) to Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolyzers in a hybrid electrolysis system for hydrogen production. A flexible model for configuring the hybrid electrolysis system is proposed, based on a copula function for joint wind and solar power modeling. This model generates wind and photovoltaic power generation scenarios using the copula function, incorporating a selection mechanism to ensure that the output scenarios are more representative of the actual data characteristics of wind and photovoltaic power output. Consequently, considering both the fluctuation and amplitude, the wind and photovoltaic power data are decomposed using the Ensemble empirical mode decomposition method. The decomposed components are then allocated to the two types of electrolyzers. Furthermore, the optimal configuration of the hybrid electrolysis system is determined by minimizing the costs associated with wasted power, electricity purchases, and other expenses. Finally, a case study of a 100 MW wind farm and a 50 MW photovoltaic power station in Northwest China is presented, concluding that the optimal configuration ratio of AEL to PEM electrolyzers is 2:1. In a Matlab/Simulink platform, the performance metrics of the hybrid electrolysis system were validated. It was found that the hydrogen production rate of the hybrid electrolyzer is comparable to that of the PEM electrolyzer, but with a lower required cost. Additionally, the hydrogen production rate and volume of the optimal configuration for the hybrid electrolyzer determined by the model proposed in this paper are higher than those obtained through the optimization algorithm's optimal configuration.
考虑到某一地区特定的风能和光伏发电特性,本研究探讨了制氢混合电解系统中碱性电解槽(AEL)与质子交换膜(PEM)电解槽的最佳比例。基于风能和太阳能联合建模的 copula 函数,提出了一个用于配置混合电解系统的灵活模型。该模型利用 copula 函数生成风力和光伏发电情景,并结合了选择机制,以确保输出情景更能代表风力和光伏发电输出的实际数据特征。因此,考虑到波动性和振幅,使用集合经验模式分解法对风电和光伏发电数据进行分解。然后将分解后的组件分配给两种类型的电解槽。此外,混合电解系统的最佳配置是通过最大限度地降低与浪费电力、电力采购和其他费用相关的成本来确定的。最后,通过对中国西北地区一个 100 兆瓦风电场和一个 50 兆瓦光伏电站的案例研究,得出 AEL 与 PEM 电解槽的最佳配置比例为 2:1。在 Matlab/Simulink 平台上,对混合电解系统的性能指标进行了验证。结果发现,混合电解槽的制氢率与 PEM 电解槽相当,但所需成本更低。此外,本文提出的模型确定的混合电解槽最佳配置的制氢率和体积均高于优化算法最佳配置的制氢率和体积。
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引用次数: 0
A study of electricity sales offer strategies applicable to the participation of multi-energy generators in short- and medium-term markets 适用于多能源发电机参与中短期市场的售电报价战略研究
IF 4.8 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.segan.2024.101553
Boyu Wang , Xiaofeng Xu , Genzhu Li , Hang Fan , Ning Qiao , Haidong Chen , Dunnan Liu , Tongtao Ma
Due to the increasing proportion of renewable energy, a multi-layered and multi-timescale energy market has emerged in many countries such as China. In the meanwhile, power generation companies must develop more intelligent and dynamic offer strategies to adapt to today's intricate energy trading. Because of the difficulty in describing the dynamic trading environment caused by the uncertainty of renewable energy, previous studies have not fully explored the offer strategy especially in both short-term and medium-term electricity markets. In response to this challenge, this research introduces a novel biding strategy framework leveraging a Asynchronous Advantage Actor-Critic (A3C) algorithm, which can effectively address the decision making in dynamic and uncertain energy markets. The framework focuses on intra-monthly transaction clearing mechanisms with the aim of optimally enhancing earnings. The research formulates an offer model both for thermal and renewable power generation enterprises, which is applicable to medium-term monthly and intra-monthly trading. The study then validates this framework through three distinct analyses: the returns of various bid methods under standard scenarios, the offer strategies return of power generation companies with diverse cost profiles, and the impact of varying renewable energy proportions. The multi-angle simulations confirm that the model presented in this paper offers a scientific basis for the development of offer strategies for power generation companies and enable power generating firms to effectively adopt to the current power market.
随着可再生能源比例的不断提高,中国等许多国家出现了多层次、多时段的能源市场。与此同时,发电企业必须制定更加智能和动态的报价策略,以适应当今错综复杂的能源交易。由于难以描述可再生能源的不确定性所导致的动态交易环境,以往的研究并没有充分探讨特别是短期和中期电力市场的报价策略。为了应对这一挑战,本研究利用异步优势行为批判者(A3C)算法引入了一个新颖的出价策略框架,该框架能有效解决动态和不确定能源市场中的决策问题。该框架重点关注月内交易清算机制,旨在优化提高收益。研究为火力发电企业和可再生能源发电企业制定了一个报价模型,该模型适用于中期月度交易和月内交易。研究随后通过三项不同的分析验证了这一框架:标准情景下各种投标方法的收益、不同成本状况下发电企业的报价策略收益以及不同可再生能源比例的影响。多角度模拟证实,本文提出的模型为发电公司制定报价策略提供了科学依据,使发电公司能够有效地适应当前的电力市场。
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引用次数: 0
Flexibility potential quantification of electric vehicle charging clusters 电动汽车充电集群的灵活性潜力量化
IF 4.8 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.segan.2024.101547
Simone Striani, Tim Unterluggauer, Peter Bach Andersen, Mattia Marinelli
A significant obstacle to providing flexibility services with electric vehicles (EVs) is the uncertainty surrounding the profitability and flexibility potential of charging clusters when utilized as a flexible load. Currently, there is a lack of comprehensive and easily applicable methods for quantifying flexibility in the literature. This paper introduces an evaluation tool and a set of flexibility indexes to assess the capability of charging clusters to deliver flexibility services. The method is designed to evaluate and quantify the flexibility potential of charging clusters in terms of short-term and long-term power adjustments and charge scheduling. Through sensitivity analysis, we examine how connection capacity, EV battery capacities, power capabilities, and the number of daily charging sessions influence the flexibility potential of charging clusters. Our findings highlight a direct relationship between the grid connection capacity of clusters and their ability to perform short-term power adjustments. Moreover, while larger batteries tend to reduce energy and time flexibility, their increased storage capability facilitates managing and scheduling a larger energy volume. Furthermore, for the days analysed, the flexibility potential showed minimal sensitivity to the number of daily charging sessions. Instead, the amount of energy requested and connection patterns emerge as key determinants of overall flexibility. In summary, this research provides valuable insights that can inform the design, monitoring, and assessment of EV charging clusters when evaluating their suitability for various flexibility services.
利用电动汽车(EV)提供灵活性服务的一个重大障碍,是充电集群作为灵活负载使用时的盈利能力和灵活性潜力的不确定性。目前,文献中缺乏全面且易于应用的灵活性量化方法。本文介绍了一种评估工具和一套灵活性指数,用于评估充电集群提供灵活性服务的能力。该方法旨在评估和量化充电集群在短期和长期电力调整以及充电调度方面的灵活性潜力。通过敏感性分析,我们研究了连接容量、电动汽车电池容量、供电能力和每日充电次数对充电集群灵活性潜力的影响。我们的研究结果表明,集群的电网连接能力与其执行短期功率调整的能力之间存在直接关系。此外,虽然大型电池往往会降低能量和时间的灵活性,但其存储能力的提高有助于管理和调度更大的能量。此外,在所分析的日子里,灵活性潜力对每日充电次数的敏感性极低。相反,所需的能源量和连接模式成为整体灵活性的关键决定因素。总之,这项研究为电动汽车充电集群的设计、监控和评估提供了有价值的见解,有助于评估其是否适合各种灵活性服务。
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引用次数: 0
Comparative analysis of online voltage stability indices based on synchronized PMU measurements 基于同步 PMU 测量的在线电压稳定性指数比较分析
IF 4.8 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.segan.2024.101544
Valéria Monteiro de Souza, Hugo Rodrigues de Brito, Kjetil Obstfelder Uhlen
The need for reliable real-time information on voltage stability margins of electrical power systems is an increasingly relevant concern within the current trend of electrification and deployment of power electronics-based devices. This paper conducts the assessment and comparison of four Voltage Stability Indices (VSIs) proposed for this application and based exclusively on synchronized phasor measurements. The robustness and accuracy of each method in identifying the point of maximum power transfer are evaluated as the correlation between load characteristics and consistent estimation of voltage stability margins is explored. In addition, the likelihood inherent to each VSI formulation of triggering false alarms under certain system dynamics is addressed in detail. The comparative analyses are derived from dynamic simulation data of a 3-bus test system, the IEEE 9-bus network and the IEEE 39-bus network, all modelled in the open-source Python-based power system simulator DynPSSimPy. Case studies cover placement of monitoring device, different load types, line disconnection events and presence of measurement noise. The results presented serve as a reference point for the development and/or enhancement of VSIs suitable for real-time applications, highlighting their most significant advantages and drawbacks and providing insights on potential trade-offs that need to be considered when employing such approaches within control centre settings.
在当前电气化和部署基于电力电子设备的趋势下,对电力系统电压稳定裕度可靠实时信息的需求日益增长。本文评估和比较了针对这一应用提出的四种电压稳定指数(VSI),它们完全基于同步相量测量。在评估每种方法在确定最大功率传输点时的稳健性和准确性的同时,还探讨了负荷特性与电压稳定裕度的一致估计之间的相关性。此外,还详细讨论了每种 VSI 方案在特定系统动态下触发误报的可能性。比较分析来自 3 总线测试系统、IEEE 9 总线网络和 IEEE 39 总线网络的动态模拟数据,所有数据均在基于 Python 的开源电力系统模拟器 DynPSSimPy 中建模。案例研究包括监控设备的放置、不同的负载类型、线路断开事件和测量噪声的存在。所提供的结果可作为开发和/或增强适合实时应用的 VSI 的参考点,突出了其最显著的优点和缺点,并为在控制中心环境中采用此类方法时需要考虑的潜在权衡问题提供了见解。
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引用次数: 0
Optimising green hydrogen injection into gas networks: Decarbonisation potential and influence on quality-of-service indexes 优化向天然气网络注入绿色氢气:脱碳潜力及对服务质量指数的影响
IF 4.8 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.segan.2024.101543
João Fontoura, Filipe Joel Soares, Zenaida Mourão, António Coelho
This paper introduces a mathematical model designed to optimise the operation of natural gas distribution networks, considering the injection of hydrogen in multiple nodes. The model is designed to optimise the quantity of hydrogen injected to maintain pressure, gas flows, and gas quality indexes (Wobbe index (WI) and higher heating value (HHV)) within admissible limits. This study also presents the maximum injection allowable of hydrogen correlated with the gas quality index variation. The model has been applied to a case study of a gas network with four distinct scenarios and implemented using Python. The findings of the case study quantify the maximum permitted volume of hydrogen in the network, the total savings in natural gas, and the reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. Lastly, a sensitivity analysis of injected hydrogen as a function of the Wobbe index (WI) and Higher Heating Value (HHV) limits relaxation.
本文介绍了一个数学模型,旨在优化天然气输配网络的运行,其中考虑了在多个节点注入氢气的问题。该模型旨在优化氢气注入量,使压力、天然气流量和天然气质量指标(沃伯指数(WI)和高热值(HHV))保持在允许范围内。本研究还提出了与气体质量指数变化相关的最大允许氢气注入量。该模型应用于一个天然气网络的案例研究,包含四种不同的情况,并使用 Python 实现。案例研究的结果量化了网络中允许的最大氢气量、节省的天然气总量以及减少的二氧化碳排放量。最后,对注入氢气作为沃伯指数(WI)和高热值(HHV)限制松弛函数的敏感性进行了分析。
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引用次数: 0
Optimal operation of multi-energy carriers considering energy hubs in unbalanced distribution networks under uncertainty 不确定性条件下不平衡配电网络中考虑能源枢纽的多能源载体优化运行
IF 4.8 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.segan.2024.101538
Fernando García-Muñoz , Andrés Felipe Cortés-Borray
This article presents a two-stage stochastic programming model to address the dispatching scheduling problem in an energy hub, considering an unbalanced active low-voltage (LV) network. A three-phase version of the second-order cone relaxation of DistFlow AC optimal power flow (AC-OPF) is employed to incorporate unbalanced network constraints, while the objective minimizes the Local Energy Community (LEC) operational cost. The model results have been validated using OpenDSS, encompassing energy losses, voltage levels, and active/reactive power. Likewise, a comparative analysis between the three-phase model and the traditional single-phase model, using a modified version of the IEEE European LV Test Feeder as a case study, reveals interesting differences, such that the single-phase model underestimates voltage limits during photovoltaic (PV) system operation and overestimates energy purchased from the main grid, compared with the three-phase model. Similarly, the comparison results reveal that discrepancies between the single and three-phase models intensify as the power injected from PV systems rises. This notably impacts the total energy purchased from the grid, battery operation, and the satisfaction of thermal consumption through electricity. Finally, while the three-phase model offers valuable insights into security levels for voltage and grid energy purchase, its longer computational time makes it more suitable for strategic use rather than daily operational frameworks.
本文提出了一种两阶段随机编程模型,用于解决能源枢纽中的调度调度问题,该模型考虑了不平衡的有源低压(LV)网络。该模型采用了 DistFlow 交流最优功率流 (AC-OPF) 二阶圆锥松弛的三阶段版本,以纳入不平衡网络约束,同时目标最小化本地能源社区 (LEC) 运营成本。模型结果已通过 OpenDSS 验证,包括能量损失、电压水平和有功/无功功率。同样,以修改版的 IEEE 欧洲低压试验馈线为案例,对三相模型和传统单相模型进行了比较分析,发现了有趣的差异,例如,与三相模型相比,单相模型低估了光伏(PV)系统运行期间的电压限制,并高估了从主电网购买的能源。同样,比较结果表明,随着光伏系统注入功率的增加,单相和三相模型之间的差异也会加剧。这明显影响了从电网购买的总能量、电池运行以及通过电力满足热能消耗。最后,虽然三相模型为电压和电网能源购买的安全等级提供了有价值的见解,但其较长的计算时间使其更适用于战略用途,而非日常运行框架。
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引用次数: 0
Optimal design model for a public-private Renewable Energy Community in a small Italian municipality 意大利小城市公私可再生能源社区的优化设计模型
IF 4.8 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.segan.2024.101545
Bruno Laurini , Barbara Bonvini , Stefano Bracco
Energy communities (ECs) are currently seen as an important pathway to increase the participation of citizens in the energy transition. The present work proposes a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) optimization model that provides the optimal design of a renewable energy community (REC) in terms of best technologies and chosen members. Different objective functions are investigated so that the REC’s design can be studied from different perspectives. The first objective is related to the minimization of total annualized costs (TAC) while the second one regards the maximization of the shared energy. The model considers one year as time horizon with a timestep of one hour. A case study is defined by considering the municipality of Plodio, located in the northwest of Italy, as the host of a potential REC. A total of 11 possible users are introduced, including municipality and residential users. In cost-optimized scenarios, the REC design is characterized by fewer users but has the maximum installation of PV modules. However, most of the revenues are obtained due to the selling of electricity and not due to its sharing. When the shared energy is maximized, all the candidate members are chosen and technologies such as wind turbines and batteries are exploited to increase the number of periods characterized by the injection of electricity into the grid. It is also noted that higher electricity prices increase the profitability of the investment. Finally, it is shown that the inclusion of an industrial user positively influences energy-sharing indicators.
能源社区(EC)目前被视为提高公民参与能源转型的重要途径。本研究提出了一个混合整数线性规划(MILP)优化模型,从最佳技术和所选成员的角度对可再生能源社区(REC)进行优化设计。研究了不同的目标函数,以便从不同角度研究可再生能源社区的设计。第一个目标与总年化成本(TAC)最小化有关,第二个目标则与共享能源最大化有关。该模型的时间跨度为一年,时间步长为一小时。案例研究将位于意大利西北部的普洛迪奥市作为潜在 REC 的所在地。共引入了 11 个可能的用户,包括市政用户和居民用户。在成本优化方案中,REC 设计的特点是用户较少,但光伏组件安装量最大。然而,大部分收入是通过出售电力获得的,而不是通过分享电力获得的。当共享能源最大化时,选择所有候选成员,并利用风力涡轮机和电池等技术,增加向电网注入电力的时段。此外,我们还注意到,较高的电价会提高投资的盈利能力。最后,研究表明,工业用户的加入会对能源共享指标产生积极影响。
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Sustainable Energy Grids & Networks
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