Defence Technology(防务技术)最新文献

{"title":"Effect of Al-Li alloy with various Li content on the energy and combustion performance of HTPB propellant","authors":"Weiqiang Xiong ,&nbsp;Yunjie Liu ,&nbsp;Tianfu Zhang ,&nbsp;Dawen Zeng ,&nbsp;Xiang Guo ,&nbsp;Aimin Pang","doi":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.07.029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.07.029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In composite solid propellants with high aluminum (Al) content and low burning rate, incomplete combustion of the Al powder may occur. In this study, varying lithium (Li) content in Al-Li alloy powder was utilized instead of pure aluminum particles to mitigate agglomeration and enhance the combustion efficiency of solid propellants (Combustion efficiency herein refers to the completeness of metallic fuel oxidation, quantified as the ratio of actual-to-theoretical energy released during combustion) with high Al content and low burning rates. The impact of Al-Li alloy with different Li contents on combustion and agglomeration of solid propellant was investigated using explosion heat, combustion heat, differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermos-gravimetric analysis (TG), dynamic high-pressure combustion test, ignition experiment of small solid rocket motor (SRM) tests, condensation combustion product collection, and X-ray diffraction techniques (XRD). Compared with pure Al, Al-Li alloys exhibit higher combustion heat, which contributes to improved combustion efficiency in Al-Li alloy-containing propellants. DTA and TG analyses demonstrated higher reactivity and lower ignition temperatures for Al-Li alloys. High-pressure combustion experiments at 5 MPa showed that Al-Li alloy fuel significantly decreases combustion agglomeration. The results from the <em>Ø</em>75 mm and <em>Ø</em>165 mm SRM and XRD tests further support this finding. This study provides novel insights into the combustion and agglomeration behaviors of high-Al, low-burning-rate composite solid propellants and supports the potential application of Al-Li alloys in advanced propellant formulations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":58209,"journal":{"name":"Defence Technology(防务技术)","volume":"55 ","pages":"Pages 30-39"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145981907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inverse design framework of hybrid honeycomb structure with high impact resistance based on active learning","authors":"Xingyu Shen ,&nbsp;Ke Yan ,&nbsp;Difeng Zhu ,&nbsp;Hao Wu ,&nbsp;Shijun Luo ,&nbsp;Shaobo Qi ,&nbsp;Mengqi Yuan ,&nbsp;Xinming Qian","doi":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.04.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.04.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, an inverse design framework was established to find lightweight honeycomb structures (HCSs) with high impact resistance. The hybrid HCS, composed of re-entrant (RE) and elliptical annular re-entrant (EARE) honeycomb cells, was created by constructing arrangement matrices to achieve structural lightweight. The machine learning (ML) framework consisted of a neural network (NN) forward regression model for predicting impact resistance and a multi-objective optimization algorithm for generating high-performance designs. The surrogate of the local design space was initially realized by establishing the NN in the small sample dataset, and the active learning strategy was used to continuously extended the local optimal design until the model converged in the global space. The results indicated that the active learning strategy significantly improved the inference capability of the NN model in unknown design domains. By guiding the iteration direction of the optimization algorithm, lightweight designs with high impact resistance were identified. The energy absorption capacity of the optimal design reached 94.98% of the EARE honeycomb, while the initial peak stress and mass decreased by 28.85% and 19.91%, respectively. Furthermore, Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) for global explanation of the NN indicated a strong correlation between the arrangement mode of HCS and its impact resistance. By reducing the stiffness of the cells at the top boundary of the structure, the initial impact damage sustained by the structure can be significantly improved. Overall, this study proposed a general lightweight design method for array structures under impact loads, which is beneficial for the widespread application of honeycomb-based protective structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":58209,"journal":{"name":"Defence Technology(防务技术)","volume":"55 ","pages":"Pages 407-421"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145981917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced hydrophobicity and photosensitivity of DATNBI/alginate films via ionic cross-linking for near-infrared laser ignition","authors":"Ping Ye ,&nbsp;Weimiao Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaodong Li ,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Qiao ,&nbsp;Changping Guo ,&nbsp;Jinjin He ,&nbsp;Xu Zhou ,&nbsp;Rui Li ,&nbsp;Guangcheng Yang ,&nbsp;Guoqing Lv","doi":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.07.027","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.07.027","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Based on the characteristics of laser-induced surface ignition, energetic photosensitive films show promising potential to meet the ignition requirements of various energetic materials (EMs). In this study, DATNBI/ferric alginate (DI/FeA), DI/cobalt alginate (DI/CoA), and DI/nickel alginate (DI/NiA) films are fabricated by employing sodium alginate (SA) with a three-dimensional network structure as the film matrix, via ionic cross-linking of SA with Fe³⁺, Co²⁺, and Ni²⁺ ions. The study demonstrates that the ionic cross-linking enhances the hydrophobic performance of the films, with the water contact angle increasing from 82.1° to 123.5°. Concurrently, the films' near-infrared (NIR) light absorption improved. Furthermore, transition metal ions facilitate accelerated electron transfer, thereby catalyzing the thermal decomposition of DATNBI. Under 1064 nm laser irradiation, the DI/FeA film exhibits exceptional combustion performance, with an ignition delay time as low as 76 ms. It successfully acts as an NIR laser ignition medium to initiate the self-sustained combustion of CL-20. This study demonstrates the synergistic realization of enhanced hydrophobicity, improved photosensitivity, and promoted catalytic decomposition through microstructural design of the material, providing new insights for the design of additive-free EMs in laser ignition applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":58209,"journal":{"name":"Defence Technology(防务技术)","volume":"55 ","pages":"Pages 109-117"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145981968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A high-energy powder with excellent combustion reaction performance: Surface modification strategy of boron powder based on non-thermal plasma","authors":"Kangkang Li ,&nbsp;Jianyong Xu ,&nbsp;Xiaoting Lei ,&nbsp;Mengzhe Yang ,&nbsp;Jing Liu ,&nbsp;Luqi Guo ,&nbsp;Pengfei Cui ,&nbsp;Dihua Ouyang ,&nbsp;Chunpei Yu ,&nbsp;He Cheng ,&nbsp;Jiahai Ye ,&nbsp;Wenchao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.07.031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.07.031","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The presence of a surface oxide film (B₂O₃) on boron (B) particles significantly compromises their combustion efficiency and kinetic performance in fuel-rich solid propellants. This study proposes an innovative continuous modification strategy combining non-thermal plasma (NTP) etching with fluorocarbon passivation. Characterization and kinetic analysis revealed that reactive plasma species—including atomic hydrogen (H), electronically excited molecular hydrogen (H₂∗), vibrationally excited molecular hydrogen (H₂v), and hydrogen ions (H⁺)—dominate the reduction of B₂O₃ through lowering the transition energy barrier and shifting the reaction spontaneity. Subsequent argon plasma fragmentation of C₈F₁₈ generates fluorocarbon radicals that form conformal passivation coatings (thickness: 7 nm) on purified boron surfaces. The modified boron particles exhibit 37.5 °C lower exothermic peak temperature and 27.2% higher heat release (14.8 kJ/g vs. 11.6 kJ/g) compared to untreated counterparts. Combustion diagnostics reveal 194% increase in maximum flame height (135.10 mm vs. 46.03 mm) and 134% enhancement in flame propagation rate (4.44 cm/s vs. 1.90 cm/s). This NTP-based surface engineering approach establishes a scalable pathway for developing high-performance boron-based energetic composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":58209,"journal":{"name":"Defence Technology(防务技术)","volume":"55 ","pages":"Pages 289-300"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145981810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distributed robust data-driven event-triggered control for QUAVs under stochastic disturbances","authors":"Chao Song ,&nbsp;Hao Li ,&nbsp;Bo Li ,&nbsp;Jiacun Wang ,&nbsp;Chunwei Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.07.030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.07.030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the issue of instability or even imbalance in the orientation and attitude control of quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles (QUAVs) under random disturbances, this paper proposes a distributed anti-disturbance data-driven event-triggered fusion control method, which achieves efficient fault diagnosis while suppressing random disturbances and mitigating communication conflicts within the QUAV swarm. First, the impact of random disturbances on the UAV swarm is analyzed, and a model for orientation and attitude control of QUAVs under stochastic perturbations is established, with the disturbance gain threshold determined. Second, a fault diagnosis system based on a high-gain observer is designed, constructing a fault gain criterion by integrating orientation and attitude information from QUAVs. Subsequently, a model-free dynamic linearization-based data modeling (MFDLDM) framework is developed using model-free adaptive control, which efficiently fits the nonlinear control model of the QUAV swarm while reducing temporal constraints on control data. On this basis, this paper constructs a distributed data-driven event-triggered controller based on the staggered communication mechanism, which consists of an equivalent QUAV controller and an event-triggered controller, and is able to reduce the communication conflicts while suppressing the influence of random interference. Finally, by incorporating random disturbances into the controller, comparative experiments and physical validations are conducted on the QUAV platforms, fully demonstrating the strong adaptability and robustness of the proposed distributed event-triggered fault-tolerant control system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":58209,"journal":{"name":"Defence Technology(防务技术)","volume":"55 ","pages":"Pages 155-171"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"OSCJC: An open-set compound jamming cognition method for radar systems in high-intensity electromagnetic warfare","authors":"Kaixiang Zhang ,&nbsp;Jiaxiang Zhang ,&nbsp;Xinrui Han ,&nbsp;Yilin Wang ,&nbsp;Bo Wang ,&nbsp;Quanhua Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.07.021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.07.021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In high-intensity electromagnetic warfare, radar systems are persistently subjected to multi-jammer attacks, including potentially novel unknown jamming types that may emerge exclusively under wartime conditions. These jamming signals severely degrade radar detection performance. Precise recognition of these unknown and compound jamming signals is critical to enhancing the anti-jamming capabilities and overall reliability of radar systems. To address this challenge, this article proposes a novel open-set compound jamming cognition (OSCJC) method. The proposed method employs a detection-classification dual-network architecture, which not only overcomes the false alarm and misdetection issues of traditional closed-set recognition methods when dealing with unknown jamming but also effectively addresses the performance bottleneck of existing open-set recognition techniques focusing on single jamming scenarios in compound jamming environments. To achieve unknown jamming detection, we first employ a consistency labeling strategy to train the detection network using diverse known jamming samples. This strategy enables the network to acquire highly generalizable jamming features, thereby accurately localizing candidate regions for individual jamming components within compound jamming. Subsequently, we introduce contrastive learning to optimize the classification network, significantly enhancing both intra-class clustering and inter-class separability in the jamming feature space. This method not only improves the recognition accuracy of the classification network for known jamming types but also enhances its sensitivity to unknown jamming types. Simulations and experimental data are used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed OSCJC method. Compared with the state-of-the-art open-set recognition methods, the proposed method demonstrates superior recognition accuracy and enhanced environmental adaptability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":58209,"journal":{"name":"Defence Technology(防务技术)","volume":"55 ","pages":"Pages 436-455"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145981912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MEMS gyroscope technology in defence systems: An application-oriented perspective with new analytical results","authors":"Behzad Ahi","doi":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.08.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.08.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology has gained significant attention over the past decade for measuring inertial angular velocity. However, due to inherent complexity, MEMS gyroscopes typically feature up to ten times more parameters than traditional sensors, making selection a challenging task even for experts. This study addresses this challenge, focusing on defensive guidance, navigation, and control (GNC) systems where precise and reliable angular velocity measurement is critical to overall performance. A comprehensive mathematical model is introduced to encapsulate all key MEMS parameters, accompanied by discussions on calibration and Allan variance interpretation. For six leading MEMS gyroscope applications, namely inertial navigation, integrated navigation, autopilot systems, rotating projectiles, homing guidance, and north finding, the most critical parameters are identified, distinguishing suitable and unsuitable sensor choices. Special emphasis is placed on inertial navigation systems, where practical rules of thumb for error evaluation are derived using six degrees of freedom motion equations. Rigorous simulations demonstrate the influence of various sensor parameters through real-world case studies, including static navigation, multi-rotor attitude estimation, gimbal stabilization, and north finding via a turntable. This work aims to be a beacon for practitioners across diverse fields, empowering them to make more informed design decisions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":58209,"journal":{"name":"Defence Technology(防务技术)","volume":"55 ","pages":"Pages 389-406"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145981913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spray-dried MOF-derived bimetallic oxide/carbon hybrids with superior electron transfer capability for catalyzing ammonium perchlorate decomposition","authors":"Tianjin Zhi ,&nbsp;Dongze Li ,&nbsp;Yan Li,&nbsp;Zhenxin Yi,&nbsp;Shunguan Zhu,&nbsp;Lin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.08.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.08.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The thermal decomposition characteristic of ammonium perchlorate (AP) represents a critical factor in determining the performance of solid propellants, which has aroused significant interest on the structure and performance improvement of kinds of catalysts. In this study, bimetallic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), such as CuCo-BTC (BTC = 1,3,5-Benzenetricarboxylic acid, H₃BTC), CuNi-BTC, and CoNi-BTC, were synthesized by solvothermal (ST) and spray-drying (SD) methods, and then calcined at 400 °C for 2 h to form metal oxides. The catalysts as well as their catalytic effects for AP decomposition were characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, XPS, TG, DSC, TG-IR, EIS, CV, and LSV. It was found that the rapid coordination of metal ions with ligands during spray drying may lead to catalytic structural defects, promoting the exposure of reactive active sites and increasing the catalytic active region. The results showed that the addition of 2 wt% binary transition metal oxides (BTMOs) as catalysts significantly reduced the high-temperature decomposition (HTD) temperature of AP and enhanced its heat release. Of particular significance is the observation that SD-CoNiO_<em>x</em>, prepared by spray-drying, reduced the decomposition temperature of AP from 413.26 °C (pure AP) to 306 °C and enhanced the heat release from 256.79 J/g (pure AP) to 1496.82 J/g, while concomitantly reducing the activation energy by 42%. By analysing the gaseous products during the decomposition of AP+SD-CoNiO_<em>x</em> and AP+ST-CoNiO_<em>x</em>, it was found that SD-CoNiO_<em>x</em> could significantly increase the content of high-valent nitrogen oxides during the AP decomposition reaction, which indicates that the BTMOs prepared by spray-drying in the reaction system are more conducive to accelerating the electron transfer in the thermal decomposition process of AP, and can provide a high concentration of reactive oxygen species that oxidize AP to high-valent nitrogen oxide-containing compounds. The present study shows that the structure selectivity of the spray-drying technique influences surfactant molecular arrangement on catalyst surfaces, resulting in their ability to promote higher electron transfer during the catalytic process. Therefore, BTMOs prepared by spray drying method have higher potential for application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":58209,"journal":{"name":"Defence Technology(防务技术)","volume":"55 ","pages":"Pages 224-240"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145981805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the reactive material filled structure under impact loading: The self-distributed multipeak overpressure effect","authors":"Jing'an Xiang,&nbsp;Haifu Wang,&nbsp;Yueguang Yan,&nbsp;Aoxin Liu,&nbsp;Chao Ge","doi":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The reactive materials filled structure (RMFS) is a structural penetrator that replaces high explosive (HE) with reactive materials, presenting a novel self-distributed initiation, multiple deflagrations behavior during penetrating multi-layered plates, and generating a multipeak overpressure behind the plates. Here analytical models of RMFS self-distributed energy release and equivalent deflagration are developed. The multipeak overpressure formation model based on the single deflagration overpressure expression was promoted. The impact tests of RMFS on multi-layered plates at 584 m/s, 616 m/s, and 819 m/s were performed to validate the analytical model. Further, the influence of a single overpressure peak and time intervals versus impact velocity is discussed. The analysis results indicate that the deflagration happened within 20.68 mm behind the plate, the initial impact velocity and plate thickness are the crucial factors that dominate the self-distributed multipeak overpressure effect. Three formation patterns of multipeak overpressure are proposed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":58209,"journal":{"name":"Defence Technology(防务技术)","volume":"55 ","pages":"Pages 193-209"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145981808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal decomposition and kinetics of diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP), a chemical warfare agent simulant","authors":"Natalie Gese,&nbsp;Hergen Eilers","doi":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.08.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.08.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) remain a persistent hazard in many parts of the world, necessitating a deeper exploration of their chemical and physical characteristics and reactions under diverse conditions. Diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP), a commonly used CWA surrogate, is widely studied to enhance our understanding of CWA behavior. The prevailing thermal decomposition model for DIMP, developed approximately 25 years ago, is based on data collected in nitrogen atmospheres at temperatures ranging from 700 K to 800 K. Despite its limitations, this model continues to serve as a foundation for research across various thermal and reactive environments, including combustion studies. Our recent experiments have extended the scope of decomposition analysis by examining DIMP in both nitrogen and zero air across a lower temperature range of 175 °C to 250 °C. Infrared spectroscopy results under nitrogen align well with the established model; however, we observed that catalytic effects, stemming from decomposition byproducts and interactions with stainless steel surfaces, alter the reaction kinetics. In zero air environments, we observed a novel infrared absorption band. Spectral fitting suggests this band may represent a combination of propanal and acetone, while GCMS analysis points to vinyl formate and acetone as possible constituents. Although the precise identity of these new products remains unresolved, our findings clearly indicate that the existing decomposition model cannot be reliably extended to lower temperatures or non-nitrogen environments without further revisions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":58209,"journal":{"name":"Defence Technology(防务技术)","volume":"55 ","pages":"Pages 40-51"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145981909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}