Defence Technology(防务技术)最新文献

{"title":"Ultra heat-resistant hydrogen-bonded organic framework: Breaking the thermal stability limit of high-energy materials","authors":"Bojun Tan ,&nbsp;Jinkang Dou ,&nbsp;Jing Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiong Yang ,&nbsp;Jiatong Ren ,&nbsp;Changwei Tang ,&nbsp;Jian Su ,&nbsp;Gen Zhang ,&nbsp;Siwei Song ,&nbsp;Qinghua Zhang ,&nbsp;Binghui Duan ,&nbsp;Hongchang Mo ,&nbsp;Minghui Xu ,&nbsp;Xianming Lu ,&nbsp;Bozhou Wang ,&nbsp;Ning Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.09.025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.09.025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pursuit of heat-resistant energetic materials (HREMs) with thermal stability beyond 450 °C presents a significant challenge that has yet to be achieved. In this work, we develop an innovative electronic delocalization strategy to design and synthesize a planar dizwitterionic diamino-bistriazolotetrazine, designated as TYX-1. The unique structural feature of TYX-1, including a nitrogen-rich fused ring system, planar conformation, and dizwitterionic configuration, combined with its hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF) structure, confer exceptional thermal stability (The onset temperature is 428 °C, and the peak temperature is 473 °C), high density (1.84 g/cm³), and remarkable detonation performance (detonation velocity: 8616 m/s). Furthermore, TYX-1 exhibits an impressive insensitivity (impact sensitivity &gt; 40 J; friction sensitivity &gt; 360 N), surpassing all previously reported HREMs. Theoretical calculations and single-crystal clearly indicate that the delocalized π electrons within the dizwitterionic bistriazolotetrazine rings and the HOF structure of TYX-1 are pivotal in ensuring its high thermal stability and high energy density. The discovery of TYX-1 marks a significant advancement in the field of HREMs and is anticipated to catalyze substantial progress in various high-temperature applications reliant on energetic materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":58209,"journal":{"name":"Defence Technology(防务技术)","volume":"57 ","pages":"Pages 300-306"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147453813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonlinear free vibrations of functionally graded graphene origami-enabled auxetic metamaterial skew-microplates with variable thickness using isogeometric analysis","authors":"Vu Ngoc Anh ,&nbsp;Tran Van Ke ,&nbsp;Nguyen Thi Thu Huong ,&nbsp;Nguyen Thi Hue ,&nbsp;Pham Hoang Tu","doi":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.09.024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.09.024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The remarkable mechanical and physical characteristics of functionally graded (FG) graphene origami (GOri)-enabled auxetic metamaterial (GOEAM) structures, including their high strength-to-weight ratio, tunable stiffness and strength, and negative Poisson's ratio (NPR), have demonstrated significant promise for a range of engineering applications. This paper aims to investigate the nonlinear free vibrations behaviors of FG-GOEAM non-uniform thickness skew-microplate with rectangular and elliptical planform and resting on Kerr-elastic foundation in thermal environment. Within the framework of the higher-order shear deformation theory (HSDT), von Kármán assumption, modified couple stress theory (MCST) and by employing Hamilton's principle the nonlinear governing equations of motion are established. By combining an iterative technique with a displacement control strategy, an isogeometric analysis (IGA) approach used to determine the nonlinearity in free vibration, as measured by the nonlinear frequency ratio associated with the center deflection amplitude. The effects of GOri distribution patterns, weight fraction, length-scale parameter, temperature difference, skew-angle, and micro-plate dimensions on the nonlinear free vibrations behaviors of the FG-GOEAM non-uniform thickness skew-microplate are revealed through a thorough parametric study. This result can be applied in studies on the design of micro-electro-mechanical devices operating in various complex environments and conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":58209,"journal":{"name":"Defence Technology(防务技术)","volume":"57 ","pages":"Pages 85-108"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147453814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of end caps of cylindrical casing on fragment velocity distribution","authors":"Yueguang Gao ,&nbsp;Jianping Fu ,&nbsp;Siyu Wu ,&nbsp;Xuke Lan ,&nbsp;Kai Ren ,&nbsp;Rui Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.09.033","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.09.033","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fragment velocity distribution is an important parameter affecting the terminal effects of warheads. The rarefaction wave, end cap, and its confinement state can significantly affect the fragmentation of the cylindrical charge casing. Most of the existing studies have performed experiments and simulations considering the rarefaction wave and unfixed end caps; research on fixed end caps and sufficient theoretical explanations are limited. In this work, the effects of rarefaction waves, end caps, and their fixed states, on the fragment velocity distribution, were studied via experimentation and simulation, and reasonable theoretical explanations were provided. The results show that the rarefaction wave and end caps affect the fragment velocity by changing the pressure states of the detonation products. At the initiation end, the fragment velocities of casings with unfixed initiation ends are 33.3% (300 m/s) greater than that of casings without end caps, because of the weakening of the attenuation effect of the rarefaction wave. The fragment velocities of the casings with fixed initiation ends are 8.3% (100 m/s) greater than that of casings with unfixed initiation ends. At the non-initiation end, the fragment velocities are 24.8% (297 m/s) greater than that of a casing without end caps, and the reflecting shock wave generated by the fixed non-initiation end increases the fragment velocity by 7.3% (113 m/s), compared to the theoretical velocity. This work provides a basis for the structural design and analysis of the terminal effects of warheads.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":58209,"journal":{"name":"Defence Technology(防务技术)","volume":"57 ","pages":"Pages 377-394"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147453891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic behavior and damage evaluation of prototype caisson wharf against underwater explosion","authors":"Ziqi Chen ,&nbsp;Yudi Zhou ,&nbsp;Yuehua Cheng ,&nbsp;Hao Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.09.017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.09.017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gravity-caisson wharves have been widely constructed in coastal and island regions, which are threaten by potential underwater explosions. This work aims to study the dynamic behaviors and propose a damage evaluation approach of caisson wharf against underwater explosion. Firstly, based on both the underwater explosion loading test and underwater explosion test on the reduced-scale caisson specimen, a high-fidelity finite element analysis approach for numerically reproduce the dynamic behaviors of prototype caisson wharves against underwater explosions was proposed and verified. Secondly, the underwater explosion loadings and dynamic behaviors of prototype caisson wharf (14.9 m×8.1 m×10.95 m) against sequential blast wave and bubble pulsation of typical torpedo with a charge weight of 200 kg were studied. The influences of the seabed and cabin infill materials, as well as the explosion standoff distances of 3.4–10.2 m and depths of burst between 1/4 and 3/4 of water depth, on the blast resistance of caisson wharf were further examined through deflection distributions of exterior wall, damage evolution, and overall displacement of caisson wharf. Finally, a performance evaluation approach for prototype caisson wharves against underwater explosions was proposed by comprehensively considering the bearing, storage, and berthing capabilities. The corresponding protective measures and design recommendations were further provided. It indicates that: (i) under the explosion of a typical torpedo, the damage modes of prototype caisson wharf mainly involve the overall vibration, spalling and cracking of the exterior wall, collapse of the upper operating platform and cracking of the top plate; (ii) the blast wave and cavitation zone generated between the bubble and the exterior wall are the two primary causes of damage to caisson wharf; (iii) compared to the saturated calcareous sand seabed, the assumption of rigid seabed underestimates the spalling on the exterior wall, which is not recommended for scenarios where cavitation zones may generate; (iv) rock rubble is the most effective infill material in improving the blast resistance of caisson wharf among four types of infill configurations, i.e., fully filled and half-filled saturated calcareous sand, rock rubble and pure water; (v) the standoff distance of 10.2 m is regarded as a secure protective range in the scenarios discussed currently. As the standoff distance decreases and the depth of burst increases, the spalling of the exterior wall induced by the cavitation intensifies, posing a great threat to the functionality of caisson wharf.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":58209,"journal":{"name":"Defence Technology(防务技术)","volume":"57 ","pages":"Pages 246-266"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147453906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hotspot evolution and shock-induced reaction mechanism in aluminum explosives","authors":"Zhiqiang Hu,&nbsp;Rui Liu,&nbsp;Jianli Shao,&nbsp;Pengwan Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.10.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.10.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aluminum nanoparticles, owing to their high energy density and excellent reactivity, are widely used to enhance the energy release efficiency of explosives. In this study, reactive molecular dynamics simulations were employed to systematically investigate the hotspot evolution and reaction kinetics of aluminum nanoparticles under shock loading. The results show that hotspots predominantly form and evolve along the oxide layer interface, exhibiting a typical \"hot shell-cold core\" structure. A thicker oxide layer significantly delays the heating and reaction initiation of the aluminum core, with reversible crystal structure transformations observed inside the core. Larger particles facilitate heat accumulation and promote sustained reactions. As the oxide layer thickness increases, the reaction mechanism of aluminum nanoparticles transitions from melting-diffusion and micro-explosion oxidation to an oxidation-diffusion dominated process. A dense nitrogen-containing reaction layer forms on the surface, which suppresses the later-stage reaction. A nonlinear reaction kinetics model based on bond statistics reveals that particles with a thin oxide layer exhibit rapid reaction saturation and are insensitive to shock velocity. Particles with intermediate oxide thickness exhibit a reaction behavior that gradually slows down over time, while those with a thick oxide layer can exhibit accelerated reactions under high-velocity shocks due to enhanced diffusion. Small particles show significantly increased reaction rates at high velocities, whereas large particles tend to slow down due to the thickening of the surface reaction layer. The oxide layer thickness, particle size, and shock velocity exhibit complex competitive and synergistic effects that jointly regulate the initiation, rate, and evolution of aluminum nanoparticle reactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":58209,"journal":{"name":"Defence Technology(防务技术)","volume":"57 ","pages":"Pages 71-84"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147453893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reliable estimation of heats of formation for energetic metal-organic materials: A structure-descriptor approach for defence applications","authors":"Mohammad Hossein Keshavarz,&nbsp;Nasser Hassanzadeh,&nbsp;Zeinab Dalirandeh,&nbsp;Mohammad Jafari","doi":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.09.041","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.09.041","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a predictive model for condensed-phase heats of formation of metal-containing energetic complexes (MCECs) and energetic metal-organic frameworks (EMOFs), leveraging a dataset of 148 compounds. Using elemental composition, triazole rings, and metal presence, the model achieves high accuracy (<em>R</em>² &gt; 0.94, mean absolute error (<em>MAE</em>) ≈ 390 kJ/mol) for screening high-energy materials. It outperforms prior methods, particularly for polycyclic systems, offering a practical tool for safer design and risk assessment in defense and industrial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":58209,"journal":{"name":"Defence Technology(防务技术)","volume":"57 ","pages":"Pages 41-55"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147453892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simplified semi-analytical solutions for dynamic responses of composite cylinders subjected to far-field underwater explosions","authors":"Ye Pyae Sone Oo ,&nbsp;Kevin Brochard ,&nbsp;Hervé Le Sourne","doi":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.09.032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.09.032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a simplified design tool based on semi-analytical formulations to investigate the dynamic response of an immersed composite cylinder subjected to a far-field underwater explosion. The cylinder is simply supported, fully submerged and filled with air inside. A classical shell theory using a Double Fourier series solution combined with the first-order Doubly Asymptotic Approximation (DAA₁) formulation is adapted to model the fluid-structure interaction. An explicit non-standard finite difference scheme is applied to solve the coupled differential equations in time domain. The validity of DAA₁ model is established by comparing the LS-DYNA/USA finite element results with existing experimental data from the literature. Then the proposed semi-analytical solutions are compared to the LS-DYNA/USA results, showing good correlation with a discrepancy of 7% for peak deflections and ±9% for maximum stresses at the stand-off point for cylinders with relatively small length over radius ratios. Parametric studies examining the effect of different loading conditions, areal masses, and material configurations reveal that a large charge mass located far from the composite panel turns out to be more damaging than a small mass located nearby due to a broader pressure-time profile. Finally, the proposed model demonstrates a significant reduction in computation time, being approximately 30 times faster than its numerical counterpart, LS-DYNA/USA, making it a valuable tool for the preliminary design stages.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":58209,"journal":{"name":"Defence Technology(防务技术)","volume":"57 ","pages":"Pages 183-201"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147453826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detonation reaction zone width of CL-20-based aluminized explosive: machine learning prediction, theoretical calculation, and experimental characterization","authors":"Ruipeng Liu,&nbsp;Wen Pan,&nbsp;Linjing Tang,&nbsp;Xianzhen Jia,&nbsp;Weiqiang Pang,&nbsp;Xiaojun Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.10.019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.10.019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Investigating the detonation reaction zone structures of high explosives is significant for understanding detonation reaction mechanism. This study employed an integrated approach combining machine learning prediction, theoretical calculation, and experimental characterization to determine the detonation reaction zone width of CL-20-based aluminized explosive. In this study, the detonation reaction zone refers to the reaction zone between the von Neumann (VN) peak and sonic point, which usually means the so-called detonation driving zone (DDZ). For the machine learning prediction, an ensemble model integrating Random Forest and Support Vector Regression was developed to predict the reaction zone width using a dataset of 19 publicly available samples. For the theoretical calculation, the Wood-Kirkwood (W-K) detonation theory model was utilized to implement numerical calculation of the reaction zone structures, incorporating chemical reaction kinetics to describe the detonation reaction progress. In experimental characterization, the Photon Doppler Velocimetry (PDV) was applied with LiF as the optical window to measure the particle velocity profile of detonation products and derive the reaction zone width. The results indicate that the reaction zone width values are 0.25 mm, 0.28 mm, and 0.26 mm obtained from machine learning prediction, theoretical calculation, and experimental characterization, respectively. The corresponding velocities at the Chapman-Jouguet (CJ) point are 1,938 m/s, 2,047 m/s, and 1,982 m/s, respectively. The maximum relative deviation in reaction zone width among three methods is approximately 7.7%, while that for CJ particle velocity is approximately 3.3%. These results from all three methods agree well within engineering error. This validates the effectiveness of integrating machine learning prediction, theoretical calculation and advanced experimental techniques for studying the detonation reaction zone structures of high explosives. This research provides insights into the detonation reaction mechanism and reaction zone characteristics of CL-20-based aluminized explosive.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":58209,"journal":{"name":"Defence Technology(防务技术)","volume":"57 ","pages":"Pages 395-404"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147453889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elucidating the thermal decomposition mechanism of advanced energetic composites based on nitrated cellulose carbamate/ diethylene glycol dinitrate supplemented with organic stabilizers","authors":"Lokmene Boumaza ,&nbsp;Ahmed Fouzi Tarchoun ,&nbsp;Djalal Trache ,&nbsp;Amir Abdelaziz ,&nbsp;Yacine Yahi ,&nbsp;Nabil Slimani ,&nbsp;Chemseddine Boustila ,&nbsp;Thomas M. Klapötke","doi":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.12.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.12.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluates the stabilizing effect of lignin, extracted from Eucalyptus globulus, on an energetic composite of nitrated cellulose carbamate (NCC) plasticized with diethylene glycol dinitrate (DEGDN), compared to conventional stabilizers 2-nitrodiphenylamine (2-NDPA) and 1,3-dimethyl-1,3-diphenylurea (C-II). FTIR analysis confirms lignin's capacity to scavenge nitroxyl radicals formed during thermolysis of nitrocarbamate and nitrate ester bonds, thereby inhibiting decomposition. Moreover, the incorporation of C-II, 2-NDPA, and lignin significantly raised the peak temperature of the main thermolysis, as confirmed by DSC and TGA, indicating a progressive stability enhancement in the order: NCC/DEGDN &lt; NCC/DEGDN/C-II &lt; NCC/DEGDN/lignin &lt; NCC/DEGDN/2-NDPA. Additionally, the effect of each stabilizer on the decomposition pathway was characterized by TGA-FTIR. The findings show that stabilizer type significantly affects the intensity of gaseous products released during decomposition without altering their nature. Notably, NH₂ groups formed during NCC degradation play a key role in nitrogen conversion, particularly by reducing toxic NO emissions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":58209,"journal":{"name":"Defence Technology(防务技术)","volume":"57 ","pages":"Pages 16-26"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147453894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio-inspired offset array design for enhanced range in underwater active electrosensing with neural network-based localization","authors":"Meijiang Hou,&nbsp;Jiegang Peng,&nbsp;Minan Yang,&nbsp;Taoyu Jiang,&nbsp;Yang Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.10.021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.dt.2025.10.021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Addressing the critical detection range limitation in active electrosensing (AES) for underwater sensing, this study proposes an enhanced AES system via novel array optimization. While AES offers advantages like interference immunity, acoustic stealth detection, and low cost, its short range restricts applicability. A target perturbation model under differential signal acquisition reveals that signal strength increases with local electric field intensity, target size, differential channel spacing, and conductivity contrast, but decreases with target-electrode distance.</div><div>To extend detection, novel array configurations were explored. Simulations demonstrate that both rectangular and offset arrays significantly outperform the traditional collinear layout. Specifically, an offset array (with 8 m transmitting–receiving spacing) achieved an effective detection range enhancement exceeding 83% under the same distortion threshold while maintaining simplified electrode structure. Experimental validation confirmed a 100% increase in maximum detection distance to 5 m under identical noise thresholds compared to the collinear array. Furthermore, a fully connected neural network-based localization model achieved a mean positioning error of 14.12 cm at 3.15 m in static scenarios. In dynamic scenarios within 1–3 m, mean errors were controlled between 13.19 cm and 27.56 cm.</div><div>Mechanistic analysis indicates that increasing the array baseline enhances the signal-to-noise ratio by simultaneously suppressing near-field environmental noise and amplifying far-field signal reception. Structural innovations in array design enabled this study to significantly expand the detection range of AES systems without compromising cost efficiency. These advancements directly promote the engineering application of AES technology, offering critical technical support for underwater defense security monitoring, long-range early warning systems, and maritime rights protection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":58209,"journal":{"name":"Defence Technology(防务技术)","volume":"57 ","pages":"Pages 217-245"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147453976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}