Pub Date : 2002-12-01DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.2002.1053469
T. Giorgio, S. Brophy, G. Birol, A. McKenna, H. Smith
New modular materials and methods for teaching biotechnology have been developed based on the 'How People Learn' (HPL) framework and classroom tested in a STAR Legacy sequence. Domain-specific questions targeting each of the learning objectives were used in a pre/post assessment strategy that seeks to measure the change in learner capabilities. One such pre/post assessment revealed a statistically significant increase in learner performance following intervention using HPL and modular materials. The same pre/post assessment yielded no increase in learner performance on control learning objectives not addressed in the classroom. Our results suggest that this approach can produce satisfactory interrater correlation and is a sensitive measure of learner performance.
{"title":"Assessment of educational modules based on the \"How people learn\" framework delivered to biotechnology learners at two universities","authors":"T. Giorgio, S. Brophy, G. Birol, A. McKenna, H. Smith","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.2002.1053469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.2002.1053469","url":null,"abstract":"New modular materials and methods for teaching biotechnology have been developed based on the 'How People Learn' (HPL) framework and classroom tested in a STAR Legacy sequence. Domain-specific questions targeting each of the learning objectives were used in a pre/post assessment strategy that seeks to measure the change in learner capabilities. One such pre/post assessment revealed a statistically significant increase in learner performance following intervention using HPL and modular materials. The same pre/post assessment yielded no increase in learner performance on control learning objectives not addressed in the classroom. Our results suggest that this approach can produce satisfactory interrater correlation and is a sensitive measure of learner performance.","PeriodicalId":60385,"journal":{"name":"中国地球物理学会年刊","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83216576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-12-01DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.2002.1136841
Jonathan N. Sachs, Thomas B. Woolf
We have performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of NaCl solution separated by two charged plates. In order to establish its applicability to future simulations of the transmembrane electrochemical gradient, we have employed the EW3DC technique for calculations of long range electrostatics. EW3DC allows for different salt concentrations on the two sides of the plates. Hence, the system mimics a transmembrane concentration gradient, a phenomena not previously simulated via MD. Molecular-level ordering of oxygens, hydrogens and salt ions produced oscillations in the electrostatic potential profile.
{"title":"Molecular dynamics simulations of charged plates and electrolyte in a bilayer-like geometry: molecular ordering and electrostatic potential","authors":"Jonathan N. Sachs, Thomas B. Woolf","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.2002.1136841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.2002.1136841","url":null,"abstract":"We have performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of NaCl solution separated by two charged plates. In order to establish its applicability to future simulations of the transmembrane electrochemical gradient, we have employed the EW3DC technique for calculations of long range electrostatics. EW3DC allows for different salt concentrations on the two sides of the plates. Hence, the system mimics a transmembrane concentration gradient, a phenomena not previously simulated via MD. Molecular-level ordering of oxygens, hydrogens and salt ions produced oscillations in the electrostatic potential profile.","PeriodicalId":60385,"journal":{"name":"中国地球物理学会年刊","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85167886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-12-01DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.2002.1053151
L. Cimponeriu, S. Tong, Anastasios Bezerianos, N. Thakor
The high frequency of neurological dysfunction after cardiac arrest emphasizes the need for new approaches able to provide an early evaluation of the amount of initial injury as well as the presence of ongoing injury. In the present paper, we apply two synchronization measures to the study of EEG data, namely phase synchronization and mutual information, and evaluate their potential usefulness in the assessment of the degree of brain injury following the cardiac arrest injury. Our preliminary results reveal that phase synchronization in the theta frequency range and the patterns of information flow across the cerebral cortex changes during the one hour after the cardiac arrest event. Therefore, measures of synchronization applied on the brain's electrical signaling can provide a new quantitative assessment of the brain response to injury, as well as the recovery process of neurological function after cardiac arrest.
{"title":"Synchronization and information processing across the cerebral cortex following cardiac arrest injury","authors":"L. Cimponeriu, S. Tong, Anastasios Bezerianos, N. Thakor","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.2002.1053151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.2002.1053151","url":null,"abstract":"The high frequency of neurological dysfunction after cardiac arrest emphasizes the need for new approaches able to provide an early evaluation of the amount of initial injury as well as the presence of ongoing injury. In the present paper, we apply two synchronization measures to the study of EEG data, namely phase synchronization and mutual information, and evaluate their potential usefulness in the assessment of the degree of brain injury following the cardiac arrest injury. Our preliminary results reveal that phase synchronization in the theta frequency range and the patterns of information flow across the cerebral cortex changes during the one hour after the cardiac arrest event. Therefore, measures of synchronization applied on the brain's electrical signaling can provide a new quantitative assessment of the brain response to injury, as well as the recovery process of neurological function after cardiac arrest.","PeriodicalId":60385,"journal":{"name":"中国地球物理学会年刊","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78743736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-12-01DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.2002.1106391
Y. Liu, A. Nagaraj, A. Hamilton, K. Liu, Lijing L. Yan, D. McPherson, K. Chandran
The relationship between regional alterations in wall motion, normalized wall shear amplitude (NWSA), and atheromatic lesion composition was evaluated in the Yucatan miniswine model with developing atherosclerosis. We induced vascular lesions by endothelial cell denudation. The animals were fed a high cholesterol diet for 8 weeks to develop early atherosclerotic lesions. At the end of the 8 weeks, hemodynamic and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) image data were obtained in both the denuded and control femoral arteries. The vascular segment geometry was reconstructed from the imaging data and the CFD analysis performed in each segment incorporating the vascular wall motion data obtained from the images as a moving boundary condition. NWSA was correlated with vessel wall motion and lesion composition. Data from 6 control and 4 diseased arteries were analyzed. Results demonstrate that wall motion and NWSA increased in an arterial segment with atheroma compared to those in healthy regions, as determined from histology. However, the wall motion in the diseased segments demonstrated regional variability compared to relatively uniform distribution in the healthy segments. This study demonstrates the regional variability in the wall motion and NWSA in vascular segments in the presence of early atheroma compared to those in healthy segments.
{"title":"Alteration in fluid mechanics in femoral arteries with atheroma development","authors":"Y. Liu, A. Nagaraj, A. Hamilton, K. Liu, Lijing L. Yan, D. McPherson, K. Chandran","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.2002.1106391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.2002.1106391","url":null,"abstract":"The relationship between regional alterations in wall motion, normalized wall shear amplitude (NWSA), and atheromatic lesion composition was evaluated in the Yucatan miniswine model with developing atherosclerosis. We induced vascular lesions by endothelial cell denudation. The animals were fed a high cholesterol diet for 8 weeks to develop early atherosclerotic lesions. At the end of the 8 weeks, hemodynamic and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) image data were obtained in both the denuded and control femoral arteries. The vascular segment geometry was reconstructed from the imaging data and the CFD analysis performed in each segment incorporating the vascular wall motion data obtained from the images as a moving boundary condition. NWSA was correlated with vessel wall motion and lesion composition. Data from 6 control and 4 diseased arteries were analyzed. Results demonstrate that wall motion and NWSA increased in an arterial segment with atheroma compared to those in healthy regions, as determined from histology. However, the wall motion in the diseased segments demonstrated regional variability compared to relatively uniform distribution in the healthy segments. This study demonstrates the regional variability in the wall motion and NWSA in vascular segments in the presence of early atheroma compared to those in healthy segments.","PeriodicalId":60385,"journal":{"name":"中国地球物理学会年刊","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85993533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-12-01DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.2002.1053283
S. Jacques, P. Bargo, T. Goodell, R. Sleven, G. Kovall, G. Blair
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) uses light to activate photosensitive drug to yield oxidative injury to targeted tissues such as cancer. The ability of treatment light to penetrate a tissue and activate the drug that has accumulated in a target tissue depends on the tissue optical properties, especially the blood perfusion. An endoscopic spectroscopic probe was developed for monitoring esophageal and lung tissues and tested in patients in a pilot clinical study.
{"title":"Variability of tissue optical properties in cancer patients receiving photodynamic therapy","authors":"S. Jacques, P. Bargo, T. Goodell, R. Sleven, G. Kovall, G. Blair","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.2002.1053283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.2002.1053283","url":null,"abstract":"Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) uses light to activate photosensitive drug to yield oxidative injury to targeted tissues such as cancer. The ability of treatment light to penetrate a tissue and activate the drug that has accumulated in a target tissue depends on the tissue optical properties, especially the blood perfusion. An endoscopic spectroscopic probe was developed for monitoring esophageal and lung tissues and tested in patients in a pilot clinical study.","PeriodicalId":60385,"journal":{"name":"中国地球物理学会年刊","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86019494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-12-01DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.2002.1137112
M. Neidert, J. Wille, R. Tranquillo
Tissue engineered valves hold considerable promise as replacement valves that avoid many of the problems present in current replacement valve technology. Furthermore, these valves, as a living construct, would be able to grow and remodel in vivo. We have developed a bileaflet biopolymer-scaffold based valve equivalent that possesses the correct geometry and underlying collagen fibril alignment. These valve-equivalents, however, have significantly worse mechanical properties as compared to healthy, native valves (in terms of ultimate tensile stress and tangent modulus). Furthermore, valve equivalents with initial collagen scaffolds show very little compositional remodeling leaving a predominantly collagen valve with little of the elastin and proteoglycan content present in native valves. We present work here aimed at improving the compositional and mechanical properties of valve-equivalents (VEs) by using a combination of chemical signaling by using a fibrin (as opposed to collagen) scaffold incubated with TGF-/spl beta/ and insulin and mechanical signaling achieved by VE incubation in a bioreactor.
{"title":"Development and characterization of improved tissue engineered valve-equivalents using chemical and mechanical signaling","authors":"M. Neidert, J. Wille, R. Tranquillo","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.2002.1137112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.2002.1137112","url":null,"abstract":"Tissue engineered valves hold considerable promise as replacement valves that avoid many of the problems present in current replacement valve technology. Furthermore, these valves, as a living construct, would be able to grow and remodel in vivo. We have developed a bileaflet biopolymer-scaffold based valve equivalent that possesses the correct geometry and underlying collagen fibril alignment. These valve-equivalents, however, have significantly worse mechanical properties as compared to healthy, native valves (in terms of ultimate tensile stress and tangent modulus). Furthermore, valve equivalents with initial collagen scaffolds show very little compositional remodeling leaving a predominantly collagen valve with little of the elastin and proteoglycan content present in native valves. We present work here aimed at improving the compositional and mechanical properties of valve-equivalents (VEs) by using a combination of chemical signaling by using a fibrin (as opposed to collagen) scaffold incubated with TGF-/spl beta/ and insulin and mechanical signaling achieved by VE incubation in a bioreactor.","PeriodicalId":60385,"journal":{"name":"中国地球物理学会年刊","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88643382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-12-01DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.2002.1106283
G. Adams, G. Vick, C. Ballantyne, W. Insull, J. Morrisett
Accurate quantitation of arterial lumen and wall volumes in the carotid arteries is possible using magnetic resonance imaging. Semi-automated algorithms reduce the time required to make the measurements and increase their reproducibility. An algorithm using active contours to aid in localizing the lumen and outer wall boundary of the artery and an automated algorithm to estimate the plaque burden was developed. The algorithm was tested on twenty MRI image sets from ten patients who had undergone unilateral carotid endarterectomy. The algorithm significantly decreases operator time for quantifying arterial volumes and provides very reproducible results.
{"title":"Estimation of carotid atherosclerotic plaque volume from in vivo magnetic resonance images","authors":"G. Adams, G. Vick, C. Ballantyne, W. Insull, J. Morrisett","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.2002.1106283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.2002.1106283","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate quantitation of arterial lumen and wall volumes in the carotid arteries is possible using magnetic resonance imaging. Semi-automated algorithms reduce the time required to make the measurements and increase their reproducibility. An algorithm using active contours to aid in localizing the lumen and outer wall boundary of the artery and an automated algorithm to estimate the plaque burden was developed. The algorithm was tested on twenty MRI image sets from ten patients who had undergone unilateral carotid endarterectomy. The algorithm significantly decreases operator time for quantifying arterial volumes and provides very reproducible results.","PeriodicalId":60385,"journal":{"name":"中国地球物理学会年刊","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84093642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-12-01DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.2002.1053211
E. C. Huang, J. Heys, V. Barocas
Primary angle-closure glaucoma features a narrow anterior chamber angle in which the anteriorly positioned iris blocks aqueous humor outflow through the trabecular meshwork, subsequently increasing the intraocular pressure. A mathematical model is used to investigate the aqueous humor-iris interaction in synechial angle closure. The model predicted increased intraocular pressure as the anterior chamber angle decreased and a plateau iris configuration in synechial angle closure - consistent with clinical observations.
{"title":"Aqueous humor and iris mechanics in synechial closure in primary angle-closure glaucoma","authors":"E. C. Huang, J. Heys, V. Barocas","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.2002.1053211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.2002.1053211","url":null,"abstract":"Primary angle-closure glaucoma features a narrow anterior chamber angle in which the anteriorly positioned iris blocks aqueous humor outflow through the trabecular meshwork, subsequently increasing the intraocular pressure. A mathematical model is used to investigate the aqueous humor-iris interaction in synechial angle closure. The model predicted increased intraocular pressure as the anterior chamber angle decreased and a plateau iris configuration in synechial angle closure - consistent with clinical observations.","PeriodicalId":60385,"journal":{"name":"中国地球物理学会年刊","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82875545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-12-01DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.2002.1137039
D.J. Oddel
Dramatic reorganization of the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton underlies a number of cellular processes including mitosis and axon initiation. MT assembly in vivo is regulated by MT assembly modulators, which are themselves regulated, often by antagonistic kinase/phosphatase pairs such that the phosphorylated form is active while the dephosphorylated form is inactive. If the antagonistic activities are spatially segregated in the cell, then a stable gradient should exist to effectively promote MT assembly in one region and/or inhibit assembly in another region. This mechanism has been invoked to explain how MTs are recruited to chromosomes during mitosis. What is not known is under what conditions such gradients can be expected to exist in the cell. To quantitatively predict such gradients, a reaction-diffusion model of the kinase/phosphatase reactions was developed. Using typical reaction rate constants and diffusion coefficients, it was predicted that a 10-fold concentration change should exist over a 10 /spl mu/m distance. Such a gradient would be expected to exert a substantial Influence over MT assembly dynamics, effectively recruiting microtubules to a particular subregion of the cell. The recruitment mechanism is reminiscent of and analogous to bacterial chemotaxis, so I call it "microtubule chemotaxis".
{"title":"Model for microtubule chemotaxis","authors":"D.J. Oddel","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.2002.1137039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.2002.1137039","url":null,"abstract":"Dramatic reorganization of the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton underlies a number of cellular processes including mitosis and axon initiation. MT assembly in vivo is regulated by MT assembly modulators, which are themselves regulated, often by antagonistic kinase/phosphatase pairs such that the phosphorylated form is active while the dephosphorylated form is inactive. If the antagonistic activities are spatially segregated in the cell, then a stable gradient should exist to effectively promote MT assembly in one region and/or inhibit assembly in another region. This mechanism has been invoked to explain how MTs are recruited to chromosomes during mitosis. What is not known is under what conditions such gradients can be expected to exist in the cell. To quantitatively predict such gradients, a reaction-diffusion model of the kinase/phosphatase reactions was developed. Using typical reaction rate constants and diffusion coefficients, it was predicted that a 10-fold concentration change should exist over a 10 /spl mu/m distance. Such a gradient would be expected to exert a substantial Influence over MT assembly dynamics, effectively recruiting microtubules to a particular subregion of the cell. The recruitment mechanism is reminiscent of and analogous to bacterial chemotaxis, so I call it \"microtubule chemotaxis\".","PeriodicalId":60385,"journal":{"name":"中国地球物理学会年刊","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90864935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-12-01DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.2002.1106340
M. Anastasio, D. Shi, Xiaochuan Pane, C. Pelizzari
Radiation therapy is one of the most important procedures for treating cancer. When delivering the treatment, it is critically important that the position and orientation of the tumor volume and radiation sensitive structures that surround it are consistent with those assumed when designing the treatment plan. In this work, we investigate the potential of cone-beam local tomography for imaging tumor volumes using projection data that correspond to X-rays passing only through or near the tumor volume. The effect of projection truncation on the Feldkamp cone-beam reconstruction algorithm is also investigated.
{"title":"A preliminary investigation of local cone-beam tomography for MV CT imaging of tumor volumes in radiation therapy","authors":"M. Anastasio, D. Shi, Xiaochuan Pane, C. Pelizzari","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.2002.1106340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.2002.1106340","url":null,"abstract":"Radiation therapy is one of the most important procedures for treating cancer. When delivering the treatment, it is critically important that the position and orientation of the tumor volume and radiation sensitive structures that surround it are consistent with those assumed when designing the treatment plan. In this work, we investigate the potential of cone-beam local tomography for imaging tumor volumes using projection data that correspond to X-rays passing only through or near the tumor volume. The effect of projection truncation on the Feldkamp cone-beam reconstruction algorithm is also investigated.","PeriodicalId":60385,"journal":{"name":"中国地球物理学会年刊","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90869252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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