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Frequency Agile Bilayer Metamaterials for Radar Cross-Section Reduction 降低雷达截面的频率敏捷双层超材料
IF 2.1 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1007/s11664-024-11394-1
Khedidja Bouras, Chaker Mohsen Saleh, Djalaleddine Bensafieddine, Mouloud Bouzouad

Metamaterials (MTMs) are synthetic structures known for their ability to control electromagnetic wave propagation, offering innovative solutions for reducing the radar cross-section (RCS) of objects. This paper proposes an agile bilayer MTM to reduce the RCS. Each layer consists of identical agile MTM unit cells embedded with switches to achieve agility. Depending on the switch state, we can obtain two types of unit cells: connected (ON state) and disconnected (OFF state), which exhibit two different behaviors. The switches are controlled using an external command system. By independently adjusting the switching states (ON/OFF) of the two layers, six agile reflection frequency stop bands are generated, corresponding to the four possible configurations of ON–ON, ON–OFF, OFF–ON, and OFF–OFF, and their reflection and transmission ranges are controlled. This design has the capability to control six distinct frequency bands with a − 1- dBm RCS reduction, comprising two bands within the Ku-band (12–18 GHz) and four within the Ka-band (25–40 GHz).

超材料(MTM)是一种合成结构,以其控制电磁波传播的能力而著称,为减小物体的雷达截面(RCS)提供了创新解决方案。本文提出了一种可降低 RCS 的敏捷双层 MTM。每一层都由嵌入开关的相同敏捷 MTM 单元组成,以实现敏捷性。根据开关状态,我们可以获得两种类型的单元:连接(ON 状态)和断开(OFF 状态),从而表现出两种不同的行为。开关由外部指令系统控制。通过独立调整两层的开关状态(ON/OFF),可产生六个敏捷反射频率阻带,分别对应 ON-ON、ON-OFF、OFF-ON 和 OFF-OFF 四种可能的配置,并控制其反射和传输范围。这种设计能够控制六个不同的频段,并将 RCS 降低-1-dBm,包括 Ku 波段(12-18 GHz)内的两个频段和 Ka 波段(25-40 GHz)内的四个频段。
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引用次数: 0
Microwave Absorption of Natural Rubber Composites Based on PANI/CNT/Fe2O3 for Flexible Shielding Applications 用于柔性屏蔽应用的基于 PANI/CNT/Fe2O3 的天然橡胶复合材料的微波吸收率
IF 2.1 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1007/s11664-024-11391-4
R. Anilkumar, A. P. Abhilash, K. K. Indhu, Sherin Joseph, Honey John, Deepti Das Krishna, C. K. Aanandan

Electronic devices and communication systems are highly susceptible to interference from unwanted electromagnetic waves. High-performance electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding offers a solution to this issue. In this work, we discuss the design of an EMI shielding material composite using natural rubber (NR) filled with polyaniline (PANI), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), and ferric oxide (Fe2O3). Different properties of the material composite are studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. We tested the EMI shielding efficiency of the developed material in the X band and the Ku band. The measurements revealed improved shielding effectiveness when compared to similar microwave shielding materials. In terms of flexibility and cost-effectiveness, this novel composite also proved to be a better alternative.

电子设备和通信系统极易受到有害电磁波的干扰。高性能电磁干扰(EMI)屏蔽为这一问题提供了解决方案。在这项工作中,我们讨论了使用天然橡胶(NR)填充聚苯胺(PANI)、多壁碳纳米管(MWCNT)和氧化铁(Fe2O3)的 EMI 屏蔽材料复合材料的设计。我们使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X 射线衍射(XRD)和傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)研究了复合材料的不同特性。我们测试了所开发材料在 X 波段和 Ku 波段的电磁干扰屏蔽效率。测量结果表明,与同类微波屏蔽材料相比,该材料的屏蔽效果有所提高。在灵活性和成本效益方面,这种新型复合材料也被证明是一种更好的替代品。
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引用次数: 0
High-Performance FeSiAl Soft Magnetic Composites with Polyethyleneimine/Silicone Resin Double Organic Insulation Layers for 50 kHz–1 MHz Frequency Power Applications 具有聚乙烯亚胺/硅树脂双层有机绝缘层的高性能 FeSiAl 软磁复合材料,适用于 50 kHz-1 MHz 频率的功率应用
IF 2.1 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1007/s11664-024-11339-8
Xinhui Li, Hanyu Yao, Yuanhong Wan, Yuping Sun, Xianguo Liu

Despite their advantages of light weight, complete coating and good formability, the poor high-temperature stability of organic materials limits their use as insulation coatings for soft magnetic powders. Therefore, a polyethyleneimine (PEI)/silicone resin (SR) double organic insulation layer was exploited to release internal stress and maintain insulation stability during the high-temperature annealing process, which achieved low core losses (Pcv) and high effective permeability (μe). Cross-sectional scanning transition images indicate that the PEI/SR layer undergoes the following evolution during annealing at 500–900°C: coating → densification → crack → rupture, implying thermal stability up to 700°C. Because of the integrity of double inorganic shells and the weak pin on magnetic domain movement, FeSiAl@PEI/SR cores annealed at 800°C deliver remarkable AC soft magnetic performance at 50 and 100 kHz, that is, low Pcv of 61.6 mW/cm3 (50 mT, 100 kHz), 121.2 mW/cm3 (100 mT, 50 kHz) and 307.3 mW/cm3 (100 mT, 100 kHz), high μe of 55.6 up to 1 MHz and 140°C, and DC bias of 51.5% at 100 Oe. Eddy current loss reaches the minimum value at 700°C and deteriorates at 800°C, and hysteresis loss continues to decrease with increasing annealing temperature, confirming the evolution of the insulation layer. Moreover, cores annealed at 700°C deliver μe of 57.6 at 1 MHz and Pcv of 278 mW/cm3 (20 mT, 1 MHz), exhibiting great potential for 1 MHz frequency power applications.

尽管有机材料具有重量轻、涂层完整和成型性好等优点,但其较差的高温稳定性限制了其在软磁粉末绝缘涂层中的应用。因此,利用聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)/硅树脂(SR)双层有机绝缘层在高温退火过程中释放内应力并保持绝缘稳定性,实现了低磁芯损耗(Pcv)和高有效磁导率(μe)。横截面扫描转变图像显示,PEI/SR 层在 500-900°C 退火过程中经历了以下演变过程:涂层 → 致密化 → 裂纹 → 破裂,这意味着热稳定性可达 700°C。由于双层无机壳的完整性和磁畴运动上的微弱销钉,在 800°C 下退火的 FeSiAl@PEI/SR 磁芯在 50 和 100 kHz 下具有显著的交流软磁性能,即低 Pcv(61.6 mW/cm3(50 mT,100 kHz)、121.2 mW/cm3(100 mT,50 kHz)和 307.3 mW/cm3(100 mT,100 kHz)。电涡流损耗在 700°C 时达到最小值,在 800°C 时恶化,磁滞损耗随着退火温度的升高而继续降低,这证实了绝缘层的演变。此外,在 700°C 下退火的磁芯在 1 MHz 时的μe 值为 57.6,Pcv 值为 278 mW/cm3(20 mT,1 MHz),显示出在 1 MHz 频率功率应用方面的巨大潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Investigation of Magnetic and Electrical Properties of GdFeO3/Fe97Si3 Bilayer Thin Films 研究 GdFeO3/Fe97Si3 双层薄膜的磁性和电性
IF 2.1 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1007/s11664-024-11399-w
Rekha Gupta, Ravindra Kumar Kotnala, Anurag Tyagi

Bilayer thin films of GdFeO3/Fe97Si3 have been synthesized by RF–magnetron sputtering at different thicknesses of GdFeO3. A pure phase polycrystalline growth of GdFeO3 and Fe97Si3 has been confirmed by XRD measurements. Stress-induced room-temperature magnetocrystalline anisotropy has been confirmed in all the bilayer thin films. A high magnetic moment has been induced in antiferromagnetic GdFeO3 thin films resulting in the ferromagnetic character of all the samples. The ferromagnetic moment was found to be enhanced with increasing thickness of the GdFeO3 layer. The maximum value of the room- temperature magnetic moment has been observed as Ms ~ 9.3 emu/ml in 170-nm-thick GdFeO3 film. Dielectric measurements confirmed the induced magnetocapacitance due to grain boundary accumulation of charge carriers. Magnetic field control of capacitance and current–voltage measurements of these thin films represents a strong potential for the existence of magnetoelectric coupling in GdFeO3/Fe97Si3 films. A maximum 30% rise in magnetocapacitance and a 95.6% increase in tunneling current in an applied 1-kOe magnetic field was obtained for 170-nm-thick GFO thin film. These thin films possess applications in spintronic devices due to the presence of room- temperature magnetocrystalline anisotropy and magnetic control of the electric properties.

通过不同厚度的 GdFeO3 射频磁控溅射合成了 GdFeO3/Fe97Si3 双层薄膜。XRD 测量证实了 GdFeO3 和 Fe97Si3 的纯相多晶生长。应力诱导的室温磁晶各向异性已在所有双层薄膜中得到证实。在反铁磁性的 GdFeO3 薄膜中诱导出了高磁矩,从而使所有样品都具有铁磁性。研究发现,随着 GdFeO3 层厚度的增加,铁磁矩也会增强。在 170 纳米厚的 GdFeO3 薄膜中,室温磁矩的最大值为 Ms ~ 9.3 emu/ml。介电测量证实了电荷载流子在晶界堆积所产生的诱导磁电容。对这些薄膜的电容和电流电压测量的磁场控制表明,GdFeO3/Fe97Si3 薄膜中存在着强大的磁电耦合潜力。170 nm 厚的 GFO 薄膜在施加 1 kOe 磁场时,磁电容增加了 30%,隧道电流增加了 95.6%。由于这些薄膜具有室温磁晶各向异性和磁控制电特性,因此可应用于自旋电子器件。
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引用次数: 0
Ultra-Thin, Bendable PbS Photodetector on Paper for High-Performance Infrared Sensing 用于高性能红外传感的超薄、可弯曲纸质 PbS 光电探测器
IF 2.1 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1007/s11664-024-11398-x
Mohammed Y. H. Thabit, Nabeel M. S. Kaawash, Devidas I. Halge, Pooja M. Khanzode, Asma B. U. Rahman, Sohel J. Shaikh, Vijaykiran N. Narwade, Jagdish W. Dadge, Kashinath A. Bogle

Researchers have created a modern infrared (IR) sensor that is both super-sensitive and highly flexible. This remarkable device possesses impressive properties of exceptional sensitivity (24,000%), high responsiveness (1.25 A/W), and fast response time (3 ms). This innovation stands out for its unique construction: an ultrathin layer of lead sulfide (PbS) deposited on a standard Whatman filter paper. This design achieves a photo-current 32 times greater than previous record-holding PbS thin films. The key advantage is its unmatched flexibility. This sensor can bend and flex without breaking, maintaining its IR detection capabilities even after enduring extreme bending cycles. This breakthrough paves the way for a new era of wearable IR photo sensors, flexible electronics, and medical applications.

研究人员发明了一种既超灵敏又高度灵活的现代红外线(IR)传感器。这种非凡的设备具有令人印象深刻的特性:超灵敏度(24,000%)、高响应度(1.25 A/W)和快速响应时间(3 毫秒)。这项创新的突出之处在于其独特的结构:在标准的 Whatman 滤纸上沉积了一层超薄的硫化铅(PbS)。这种设计所产生的光电流是之前创纪录的 PbS 薄膜的 32 倍。其关键优势在于无与伦比的灵活性。这种传感器可以弯曲而不断裂,即使在极度弯曲的情况下也能保持红外探测能力。这一突破为可穿戴红外光电传感器、柔性电子产品和医疗应用的新时代铺平了道路。
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引用次数: 0
Glycine as a Bi-functional Electrolyte Additive for Favorable Zn Deposition 甘氨酸作为有利于锌沉积的双功能电解质添加剂
IF 2.1 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1007/s11664-024-11397-y
Zhaohe Guo, Xueyao Mo, Yan Xu, Xuena Xu, Liluo Shi, Hongri Wan, Limei Sun, Wenchang Zhuang, Ming Song

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) with advantages of low cost, high safety, and eco-friendliness hold immense potential as large-scale energy storage devices. Nevertheless, the uncontrollable side reactions and Zn dendrites severely compromise the reversibility and stability of zinc anodes, hindering the practical application of ZIBs. In this study, glycine is introduced as a bi-functional additive into the ZnSO4 electrolyte to address these challenges. Experimental results and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the glycine can effectively modulate the solvation structure of Zn2+, thereby suppressing the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the formation of by-products. Additionally, glycine molecules preferentially adsorb onto the zinc anode, altering the interface between the Zn anode and the electrolyte. This increases the nucleation overpotential and inhibits the 2D diffusion of Zn2+, promoting the homogeneous deposition of Zn. As a result, the Zn||Zn symmetric cell with glycine additive displays a stable cycling performance for over 1500 h at 5 mA cm−2 and 1 mA h cm−2, and the Zn||Cu asymmetric cell exhibits a reversible plating/stripping process with the high stable coulombic efficiency (CE) of 98.4% over 600 cycles. This study offers a low-cost, efficient, and environmentally benign electrolyte additive for favorable Zn deposition.

Graphical Abstract

锌离子水电池(ZIBs)具有低成本、高安全性和环保性等优点,作为大规模储能设备具有巨大潜力。然而,不可控的副反应和锌枝晶严重影响了锌阳极的可逆性和稳定性,阻碍了锌离子电池的实际应用。在本研究中,甘氨酸作为一种双功能添加剂被引入到 ZnSO4 电解质中,以应对这些挑战。实验结果和理论计算证明,甘氨酸能有效调节 Zn2+ 的溶解结构,从而抑制氢进化反应(HER)和副产物的形成。此外,甘氨酸分子会优先吸附在锌阳极上,从而改变锌阳极与电解质之间的界面。这增加了成核过电势,抑制了 Zn2+ 的二维扩散,促进了锌的均匀沉积。因此,使用甘氨酸添加剂的 Zn||Zn 对称电池在 5 mA cm-2 和 1 mA h cm-2 条件下可稳定循环超过 1500 小时;Zn||Cu 不对称电池在 600 次循环中表现出可逆的电镀/剥离过程和 98.4% 的高稳定库仑效率 (CE)。这项研究提供了一种低成本、高效率、对环境无害的电解质添加剂,有利于锌的沉积。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of Hydroxyl Group Concentration Generated by Vacuum Ultraviolet Light on the Adhesion Between Epoxy Resin and Copper 真空紫外线照射产生的羟基浓度对环氧树脂和铜之间粘合力的影响
IF 2.1 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1007/s11664-024-11379-0
Shinichi Endo, Yuki Ishikawa, Hina Shirakashi, Takeyasu Saito

In this work, pretreatment with vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light changed the adhesion strength between an epoxy resin and directly sputtered copper in a printed circuit board manufacturing process. The adhesion strength was 0.9 N/cm without irradiation but had a peak value of 2.1 N/cm at 540 mJ/cm2 of VUV irradiation; with increasing VUV irradiation, the adhesion strength decreased. Based on x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of the copper interface of copper peeled from the resin, we evaluated the abundance ratio of metallic and organic oxygen at interfaces exposed to different VUV irradiation doses. We found that the change in the abundance ratio of metallic and organic oxygen was similar to the change in adhesion strength between copper and epoxy resin after exposure to different VUV irradiation doses. We observed the interface between copper and resin via scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and found a distributed layer of oxygen. The functional group concentration in STEM images suggested the presence of a material with an intermediate density. We used chemically modified XPS to evaluate changes in the functional group concentration on epoxy resin surfaces irradiated with VUV light. We found that the hydroxyl group (OH) formed by VUV irradiation and the copper formed by direct sputtering improved adhesion strength in a synergistic manner. We observed a correlation between OH concentration on the resin surface and adhesion strength. These results will help to optimize the VUV irradiation process for adhesion between epoxy resin and sputtered copper.

在这项研究中,真空紫外线(VUV)预处理改变了印刷电路板制造过程中环氧树脂与直接溅射铜之间的粘附强度。未经辐照时的附着强度为 0.9 N/cm,但在 540 mJ/cm2 的紫外线辐照下,附着强度的峰值为 2.1 N/cm;随着紫外线辐照的增加,附着强度降低。基于对树脂剥离铜界面的 X 射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析,我们评估了暴露于不同紫外线辐照剂量的界面上金属氧和有机氧的丰度比。我们发现,金属氧和有机氧丰度比的变化与铜和环氧树脂在不同紫外线辐照剂量后粘附强度的变化相似。我们通过扫描透射电子显微镜(STEM)观察了铜和树脂之间的界面,发现了一层分布的氧。STEM 图像中的官能团浓度表明存在一种具有中间密度的材料。我们使用化学改性 XPS 评估了紫外光照射下环氧树脂表面官能团浓度的变化。我们发现,紫外光照射形成的羟基(OH)和直接溅射形成的铜以协同的方式提高了粘附强度。我们观察到树脂表面的羟基浓度与附着强度之间存在相关性。这些结果将有助于优化环氧树脂和溅射铜之间的紫外线辐照粘附工艺。
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引用次数: 0
Design and Fabrication of Pt-Free Counter Electrode for Photovoltaic Application 设计和制造用于光伏应用的无铂反电极
IF 2.1 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1007/s11664-024-11390-5
Khursheed Ahmad, Mohd Quasim Khan, Ali Alsulmi, Tae Hwan Oh

We report the synthesis of phosphorus (P)-doped reduced graphene oxide (P-rGO) using a hydrothermal method at 180°C for 7 h. Furthermore, the amorphous nature and phase purity of the hydrothermally synthesized P-rGO was studied by powder x-ray diffraction. The characteristic sheet-like surface structure of the P-rGO was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The presence of P in the P-rGO was authenticated by using energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and photoelectron x-ray spectroscopy. The synthesized P-rGO was employed as a low-cost and Pt-free counter electrode material for the construction of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The effect of annealing temperature on the construction of the DSSCs using P-rGO was also studied, and the highest power conversion efficiency of 6.3% and photocurrent density of 15.37 mA/cm2 were obtained at 200°C. The platinum counter electrode-based DSSCs exhibited the power conversion efficiency of 7.4%. The performance of the P-rGO counter electrode-based DSSCs was reasonable and can be further improved by developing novel device architectures. This work proposes the simple, eco-friendly, and Pt-free counter electrode for the construction of DSSCs with a decent performance.

我们报告了采用水热法在 180°C 下 7 小时合成掺磷(P)的还原型氧化石墨烯(P-rGO)的情况。此外,我们还利用粉末 X 射线衍射法研究了水热法合成的 P-rGO 的无定形性质和相纯度。扫描电子显微镜证实了 P-rGO 特有的片状表面结构。利用能量色散 X 射线光谱和光电子 X 射线光谱鉴定了 P-rGO 中 P 的存在。合成的 P-rGO 被用作一种低成本、无铂的对电极材料,用于制造染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSC)。此外,还研究了退火温度对利用 P-rGO 构建 DSSC 的影响,结果表明,在 200°C 温度下,功率转换效率最高达 6.3%,光电流密度最高达 15.37 mA/cm2。基于铂对电极的 DSSC 的功率转换效率为 7.4%。基于 P-rGO 对电极的 DSSC 的性能是合理的,可以通过开发新的器件架构进一步提高性能。本研究提出了一种简单、环保且不含铂的对电极,用于构建具有良好性能的 DSSC。
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引用次数: 0
Synergistic Effects and Characterization of CoMn2O4/Graphene in DSSC Counter Electrodes DSSC 对电极中 CoMn2O4/Graphene 的协同效应和特性分析
IF 2.1 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1007/s11664-024-11388-z
Muhammad Shahid Khan, Farasat Haider, Adnan Majeed, Muhammad Musharaf, Naeem Ahmed, Abdul Majid, Khalid Javed, Mashkoor Ahmed

This work is focused on fabricating a counter electrode (CE) for application in a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). Cobalt manganese oxide (CoMn2O4) nanoparticles (NPs) and its nanocomposite with graphene were prepared by a hydrothermal method. The nanocomposites of cobalt manganese oxide with graphene as CoMn2O4/(graphene)x (where x = 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6) were synthesized as an electrode material, and a cell was fabricated for the x = 0.6 nanocomposite to investigate the activity for use in DSSCs. These nanocomposites were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. SEM analysis revealed the nature of the particles, and the average grain size was in good agreement with XRD results. EDX showed the ratio of the respective samples. The XRD pattern showed the hexagonal structure of CoMn2O4 NPs with an average size of 39.45 nm. The FTIR spectrum indicated O–H stretching bonds and the vibrational bending of MnO at the interstitial sites. For electrochemical analysis, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were performed. Through CV analysis, an anodic peak current (Ipa) was observed at 41.42 µA, while the cathodic peak current (Ipc) was observed at −37.13 µA, and peak-to-peak separation (ΔEpp) = 0.31 V for CoMn2O4 NPs. For graphene, Ipa = 180.45 µA, Ipc = −230 µA, and ΔEpp = 0.25 V, while Ipa = 100.23 µA, Ipc = 80.65 µA, and ΔEpp = 0.16 V for the CoMn2O4/graphene (x = 0.6) nanocomposite, which also showed excellent electrocatalytic properties. The charge transfer mechanism on the surface of the electrode was found to have rapid oxidation–reduction behavior and can be used as an alternative to platinum as the CE in the DSSC. The CV analysis of the CoMn2O4/graphene (x = 0.6) nanocomposite-based DSSC showed that the Ipa current was observed at 26.85 mA, while the Ipc current was observed at −27.25 mA in the two-electrode system. The Rs values for CoMn2O4/graphene with x = 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 were 142.80 Ω, 141.33 Ω, 135.18 Ω, and 131.18 Ω, respectively, as an electrode material. The exchange current density J = 2.13 × 10−3 A/cm2 was found using the charge transfer resistance value (Rct = 6.03 Ω cm2) and was verified by the Tafel curve.

Graphical Abstract

这项工作的重点是制造一种应用于染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSC)的对电极(CE)。通过水热法制备了钴锰氧化物(CoMn2O4)纳米颗粒(NPs)及其与石墨烯的纳米复合材料。作为电极材料,合成了锰酸钴与石墨烯的纳米复合材料 CoMn2O4/(石墨烯)x(其中 x = 0.2、0.4 和 0.6),并制作了 x = 0.6 纳米复合材料电池,以研究其在 DSSC 中的应用活性。这些纳米复合材料通过 X 射线衍射 (XRD)、扫描电子显微镜 (SEM)、能量色散 X 射线光谱 (EDX) 和傅立叶变换红外光谱 (FTIR) 进行了表征。扫描电子显微镜分析揭示了颗粒的性质,平均粒度与 XRD 结果非常吻合。EDX 显示了各样品的比例。XRD 图谱显示 CoMn2O4 NPs 为六方结构,平均尺寸为 39.45 nm。傅立叶变换红外光谱显示了 O-H 伸展键和 MnO 在间隙位点的振动弯曲。电化学分析采用了循环伏安法(CV)和电化学阻抗谱法(EIS)。通过 CV 分析,观察到 CoMn2O4 NPs 的阳极峰值电流(Ipa)为 41.42 µA,阴极峰值电流(Ipc)为 -37.13 µA,峰-峰分离(ΔEpp)= 0.31 V。石墨烯的 Ipa = 180.45 µA、Ipc = -230 µA、ΔEpp = 0.25 V,而 CoMn2O4/ 石墨烯 (x = 0.6) 纳米复合材料的 Ipa = 100.23 µA、Ipc = 80.65 µA、ΔEpp = 0.16 V,同样表现出优异的电催化性能。研究发现,电极表面的电荷转移机制具有快速氧化还原行为,可在 DSSC 中替代铂作为 CE。CoMn2O4/ 石墨烯(x = 0.6)纳米复合材料 DSSC 的 CV 分析表明,在双电极系统中,Ipa 电流为 26.85 mA,而 Ipc 电流为 -27.25 mA。作为电极材料,x = 0.2、0.4 和 0.6 的 CoMn2O4/ 石墨烯的 Rs 值分别为 142.80 Ω、141.33 Ω、135.18 Ω 和 131.18 Ω。利用电荷转移电阻值(Rct = 6.03 Ω cm2)计算出了交换电流密度 J = 2.13 × 10-3 A/cm2,并通过塔菲尔曲线进行了验证。
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引用次数: 0
The Relaxation of Oxygen Vacancies Induced Hysteresis Behavior of Ferroelectric Negative Capacitance Field-Effect Transistors 氧空位弛豫诱导铁电负容场效应晶体管的磁滞行为
IF 2.1 4区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC Pub Date : 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1007/s11664-024-11396-z
Bingtao Liu, Changmeng Huan, Yongqing Cai, Qingqing Ke

Hysteresis window observed in ferroelectric negative capacitance field-effect transistors (NCFETs) have been a persistent challenge in the development of reliable logic circuits, often leading to abnormal operational conditions. Despite its significance, the underlying factors driving this hysteresis phenomenon remain elusive. In this study, we employ the quasi-static L–K equation in conjunction with the Mott–Gurney law to study the impact of VO++ migration on the hysteresis behavior of NCFETs, based on a surface potential-based physical model. Compared with pristine NCFET, the difference of peak voltages in value of 1.3 V was achieved in VO++-involved sample upon reverse and forwards scanning. This result clearly suggests that the relaxation of charged oxygen vacancies significantly affects the threshold voltage under applied sweeping voltages, providing a plausible explanation for the emergence of hysteresis windows in NCFETs. A replacement of the conventional oxide layer with a buffer layer containing high-mobility ions is proposed to adjust the hysteresis window. Importantly, in accordance with the theoretical predictions, the increased ion mobility results in a substantial reduction in the hysteresis window observed in NCFETs. Our proposed physical mechanism, elucidating the space-charge-induced hysteresis behavior, provides fresh insights for mitigating hysteresis effects, thereby advancing the potential applications of NCFETs in logic circuits.

在铁电负电容场效应晶体管(NCFET)中观察到的磁滞窗口一直是开发可靠逻辑电路过程中的一个难题,往往会导致异常工作状态。尽管其意义重大,但驱动这种滞后现象的潜在因素仍然难以捉摸。在本研究中,我们根据基于表面电位的物理模型,结合 Mott-Gurney 定律,采用准静态 L-K 方程来研究 VO++ 迁移对 NCFET 磁滞行为的影响。与原始 NCFET 相比,VO++ 参与的样品在反向和正向扫描时的峰值电压相差 1.3 V。这一结果清楚地表明,带电氧空位的弛豫会显著影响外加扫描电压下的阈值电压,从而为 NCFET 出现磁滞窗口提供了合理的解释。有人提出用含有高迁移率离子的缓冲层取代传统的氧化层来调整滞后窗口。重要的是,与理论预测一致,离子迁移率的增加导致 NCFET 中观察到的磁滞窗口大幅减小。我们提出的物理机制阐明了空间电荷诱导的磁滞行为,为减轻磁滞效应提供了新的见解,从而推动了 NCFET 在逻辑电路中的潜在应用。
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Journal of Electronic Materials
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