Metamaterials (MTMs) are synthetic structures known for their ability to control electromagnetic wave propagation, offering innovative solutions for reducing the radar cross-section (RCS) of objects. This paper proposes an agile bilayer MTM to reduce the RCS. Each layer consists of identical agile MTM unit cells embedded with switches to achieve agility. Depending on the switch state, we can obtain two types of unit cells: connected (ON state) and disconnected (OFF state), which exhibit two different behaviors. The switches are controlled using an external command system. By independently adjusting the switching states (ON/OFF) of the two layers, six agile reflection frequency stop bands are generated, corresponding to the four possible configurations of ON–ON, ON–OFF, OFF–ON, and OFF–OFF, and their reflection and transmission ranges are controlled. This design has the capability to control six distinct frequency bands with a − 1- dBm RCS reduction, comprising two bands within the Ku-band (12–18 GHz) and four within the Ka-band (25–40 GHz).
超材料(MTM)是一种合成结构,以其控制电磁波传播的能力而著称,为减小物体的雷达截面(RCS)提供了创新解决方案。本文提出了一种可降低 RCS 的敏捷双层 MTM。每一层都由嵌入开关的相同敏捷 MTM 单元组成,以实现敏捷性。根据开关状态,我们可以获得两种类型的单元:连接(ON 状态)和断开(OFF 状态),从而表现出两种不同的行为。开关由外部指令系统控制。通过独立调整两层的开关状态(ON/OFF),可产生六个敏捷反射频率阻带,分别对应 ON-ON、ON-OFF、OFF-ON 和 OFF-OFF 四种可能的配置,并控制其反射和传输范围。这种设计能够控制六个不同的频段,并将 RCS 降低-1-dBm,包括 Ku 波段(12-18 GHz)内的两个频段和 Ka 波段(25-40 GHz)内的四个频段。
{"title":"Frequency Agile Bilayer Metamaterials for Radar Cross-Section Reduction","authors":"Khedidja Bouras, Chaker Mohsen Saleh, Djalaleddine Bensafieddine, Mouloud Bouzouad","doi":"10.1007/s11664-024-11394-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-024-11394-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Metamaterials (MTMs) are synthetic structures known for their ability to control electromagnetic wave propagation, offering innovative solutions for reducing the radar cross-section (RCS) of objects. This paper proposes an agile bilayer MTM to reduce the RCS. Each layer consists of identical agile MTM unit cells embedded with switches to achieve agility. Depending on the switch state, we can obtain two types of unit cells: connected (ON state) and disconnected (OFF state), which exhibit two different behaviors. The switches are controlled using an external command system. By independently adjusting the switching states (ON/OFF) of the two layers, six agile reflection frequency stop bands are generated, corresponding to the four possible configurations of ON–ON, ON–OFF, OFF–ON, and OFF–OFF, and their reflection and transmission ranges are controlled. This design has the capability to control six distinct frequency bands with a − 1- dBm RCS reduction, comprising two bands within the Ku-band (12–18 GHz) and four within the Ka-band (25–40 GHz).</p>","PeriodicalId":626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronic Materials","volume":"57 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1007/s11664-024-11391-4
R. Anilkumar, A. P. Abhilash, K. K. Indhu, Sherin Joseph, Honey John, Deepti Das Krishna, C. K. Aanandan
Electronic devices and communication systems are highly susceptible to interference from unwanted electromagnetic waves. High-performance electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding offers a solution to this issue. In this work, we discuss the design of an EMI shielding material composite using natural rubber (NR) filled with polyaniline (PANI), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), and ferric oxide (Fe2O3). Different properties of the material composite are studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. We tested the EMI shielding efficiency of the developed material in the X band and the Ku band. The measurements revealed improved shielding effectiveness when compared to similar microwave shielding materials. In terms of flexibility and cost-effectiveness, this novel composite also proved to be a better alternative.
电子设备和通信系统极易受到有害电磁波的干扰。高性能电磁干扰(EMI)屏蔽为这一问题提供了解决方案。在这项工作中,我们讨论了使用天然橡胶(NR)填充聚苯胺(PANI)、多壁碳纳米管(MWCNT)和氧化铁(Fe2O3)的 EMI 屏蔽材料复合材料的设计。我们使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X 射线衍射(XRD)和傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)研究了复合材料的不同特性。我们测试了所开发材料在 X 波段和 Ku 波段的电磁干扰屏蔽效率。测量结果表明,与同类微波屏蔽材料相比,该材料的屏蔽效果有所提高。在灵活性和成本效益方面,这种新型复合材料也被证明是一种更好的替代品。
{"title":"Microwave Absorption of Natural Rubber Composites Based on PANI/CNT/Fe2O3 for Flexible Shielding Applications","authors":"R. Anilkumar, A. P. Abhilash, K. K. Indhu, Sherin Joseph, Honey John, Deepti Das Krishna, C. K. Aanandan","doi":"10.1007/s11664-024-11391-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-024-11391-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Electronic devices and communication systems are highly susceptible to interference from unwanted electromagnetic waves. High-performance electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding offers a solution to this issue. In this work, we discuss the design of an EMI shielding material composite using natural rubber (NR) filled with polyaniline (PANI), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), and ferric oxide (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>). Different properties of the material composite are studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. We tested the EMI shielding efficiency of the developed material in the X band and the Ku band. The measurements revealed improved shielding effectiveness when compared to similar microwave shielding materials. In terms of flexibility and cost-effectiveness, this novel composite also proved to be a better alternative.</p>","PeriodicalId":626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronic Materials","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-04DOI: 10.1007/s11664-024-11339-8
Xinhui Li, Hanyu Yao, Yuanhong Wan, Yuping Sun, Xianguo Liu
Despite their advantages of light weight, complete coating and good formability, the poor high-temperature stability of organic materials limits their use as insulation coatings for soft magnetic powders. Therefore, a polyethyleneimine (PEI)/silicone resin (SR) double organic insulation layer was exploited to release internal stress and maintain insulation stability during the high-temperature annealing process, which achieved low core losses (Pcv) and high effective permeability (μe). Cross-sectional scanning transition images indicate that the PEI/SR layer undergoes the following evolution during annealing at 500–900°C: coating → densification → crack → rupture, implying thermal stability up to 700°C. Because of the integrity of double inorganic shells and the weak pin on magnetic domain movement, FeSiAl@PEI/SR cores annealed at 800°C deliver remarkable AC soft magnetic performance at 50 and 100 kHz, that is, low Pcv of 61.6 mW/cm3 (50 mT, 100 kHz), 121.2 mW/cm3 (100 mT, 50 kHz) and 307.3 mW/cm3 (100 mT, 100 kHz), high μe of 55.6 up to 1 MHz and 140°C, and DC bias of 51.5% at 100 Oe. Eddy current loss reaches the minimum value at 700°C and deteriorates at 800°C, and hysteresis loss continues to decrease with increasing annealing temperature, confirming the evolution of the insulation layer. Moreover, cores annealed at 700°C deliver μe of 57.6 at 1 MHz and Pcv of 278 mW/cm3 (20 mT, 1 MHz), exhibiting great potential for 1 MHz frequency power applications.
{"title":"High-Performance FeSiAl Soft Magnetic Composites with Polyethyleneimine/Silicone Resin Double Organic Insulation Layers for 50 kHz–1 MHz Frequency Power Applications","authors":"Xinhui Li, Hanyu Yao, Yuanhong Wan, Yuping Sun, Xianguo Liu","doi":"10.1007/s11664-024-11339-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-024-11339-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Despite their advantages of light weight, complete coating and good formability, the poor high-temperature stability of organic materials limits their use as insulation coatings for soft magnetic powders. Therefore, a polyethyleneimine (PEI)/silicone resin (SR) double organic insulation layer was exploited to release internal stress and maintain insulation stability during the high-temperature annealing process, which achieved low core losses (<i>P</i><sub><i>cv</i></sub>) and high effective permeability (<i>μ</i><sub><i>e</i></sub>). Cross-sectional scanning transition images indicate that the PEI/SR layer undergoes the following evolution during annealing at 500–900°C: coating → densification → crack → rupture, implying thermal stability up to 700°C. Because of the integrity of double inorganic shells and the weak pin on magnetic domain movement, FeSiAl@PEI/SR cores annealed at 800°C deliver remarkable AC soft magnetic performance at 50 and 100 kHz, that is, low <i>P</i><sub><i>cv</i></sub> of 61.6 mW/cm<sup>3</sup> (50 mT, 100 kHz), 121.2 mW/cm<sup>3</sup> (100 mT, 50 kHz) and 307.3 mW/cm<sup>3</sup> (100 mT, 100 kHz), high <i>μ</i><sub><i>e</i></sub> of 55.6 up to 1 MHz and 140°C, and DC bias of 51.5% at 100 Oe. Eddy current loss reaches the minimum value at 700°C and deteriorates at 800°C, and hysteresis loss continues to decrease with increasing annealing temperature, confirming the evolution of the insulation layer. Moreover, cores annealed at 700°C deliver <i>μ</i><sub><i>e</i></sub> of 57.6 at 1 MHz and <i>P</i><sub><i>cv</i></sub> of 278 mW/cm<sup>3</sup> (20 mT, 1 MHz), exhibiting great potential for 1 MHz frequency power applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronic Materials","volume":"107 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-04DOI: 10.1007/s11664-024-11399-w
Rekha Gupta, Ravindra Kumar Kotnala, Anurag Tyagi
Bilayer thin films of GdFeO3/Fe97Si3 have been synthesized by RF–magnetron sputtering at different thicknesses of GdFeO3. A pure phase polycrystalline growth of GdFeO3 and Fe97Si3 has been confirmed by XRD measurements. Stress-induced room-temperature magnetocrystalline anisotropy has been confirmed in all the bilayer thin films. A high magnetic moment has been induced in antiferromagnetic GdFeO3 thin films resulting in the ferromagnetic character of all the samples. The ferromagnetic moment was found to be enhanced with increasing thickness of the GdFeO3 layer. The maximum value of the room- temperature magnetic moment has been observed as Ms ~ 9.3 emu/ml in 170-nm-thick GdFeO3 film. Dielectric measurements confirmed the induced magnetocapacitance due to grain boundary accumulation of charge carriers. Magnetic field control of capacitance and current–voltage measurements of these thin films represents a strong potential for the existence of magnetoelectric coupling in GdFeO3/Fe97Si3 films. A maximum 30% rise in magnetocapacitance and a 95.6% increase in tunneling current in an applied 1-kOe magnetic field was obtained for 170-nm-thick GFO thin film. These thin films possess applications in spintronic devices due to the presence of room- temperature magnetocrystalline anisotropy and magnetic control of the electric properties.
{"title":"Investigation of Magnetic and Electrical Properties of GdFeO3/Fe97Si3 Bilayer Thin Films","authors":"Rekha Gupta, Ravindra Kumar Kotnala, Anurag Tyagi","doi":"10.1007/s11664-024-11399-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-024-11399-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Bilayer thin films of GdFeO<sub>3</sub>/Fe<sub>97</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> have been synthesized by RF–magnetron sputtering at different thicknesses of GdFeO<sub>3</sub>. A pure phase polycrystalline growth of GdFeO<sub>3</sub> and Fe<sub>97</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> has been confirmed by XRD measurements. Stress-induced room-temperature magnetocrystalline anisotropy has been confirmed in all the bilayer thin films. A high magnetic moment has been induced in antiferromagnetic GdFeO<sub>3</sub> thin films resulting in the ferromagnetic character of all the samples. The ferromagnetic moment was found to be enhanced with increasing thickness of the GdFeO<sub>3</sub> layer. The maximum value of the room- temperature magnetic moment has been observed as M<sub>s</sub> ~ 9.3 emu/ml in 170-nm-thick GdFeO<sub>3</sub> film. Dielectric measurements confirmed the induced magnetocapacitance due to grain boundary accumulation of charge carriers. Magnetic field control of capacitance and current–voltage measurements of these thin films represents a strong potential for the existence of magnetoelectric coupling in GdFeO<sub>3</sub>/Fe<sub>97</sub>Si<sub>3</sub> films. A maximum 30% rise in magnetocapacitance and a 95.6% increase in tunneling current in an applied 1-kOe magnetic field was obtained for 170-nm-thick GFO thin film. These thin films possess applications in spintronic devices due to the presence of room- temperature magnetocrystalline anisotropy and magnetic control of the electric properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronic Materials","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-04DOI: 10.1007/s11664-024-11398-x
Mohammed Y. H. Thabit, Nabeel M. S. Kaawash, Devidas I. Halge, Pooja M. Khanzode, Asma B. U. Rahman, Sohel J. Shaikh, Vijaykiran N. Narwade, Jagdish W. Dadge, Kashinath A. Bogle
Researchers have created a modern infrared (IR) sensor that is both super-sensitive and highly flexible. This remarkable device possesses impressive properties of exceptional sensitivity (24,000%), high responsiveness (1.25 A/W), and fast response time (3 ms). This innovation stands out for its unique construction: an ultrathin layer of lead sulfide (PbS) deposited on a standard Whatman filter paper. This design achieves a photo-current 32 times greater than previous record-holding PbS thin films. The key advantage is its unmatched flexibility. This sensor can bend and flex without breaking, maintaining its IR detection capabilities even after enduring extreme bending cycles. This breakthrough paves the way for a new era of wearable IR photo sensors, flexible electronics, and medical applications.
{"title":"Ultra-Thin, Bendable PbS Photodetector on Paper for High-Performance Infrared Sensing","authors":"Mohammed Y. H. Thabit, Nabeel M. S. Kaawash, Devidas I. Halge, Pooja M. Khanzode, Asma B. U. Rahman, Sohel J. Shaikh, Vijaykiran N. Narwade, Jagdish W. Dadge, Kashinath A. Bogle","doi":"10.1007/s11664-024-11398-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-024-11398-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Researchers have created a modern infrared (IR) sensor that is both super-sensitive and highly flexible. This remarkable device possesses impressive properties of exceptional sensitivity (24,000%), high responsiveness (1.25 A/W), and fast response time (3 ms). This innovation stands out for its unique construction: an ultrathin layer of lead sulfide (PbS) deposited on a standard Whatman filter paper. This design achieves a photo-current 32 times greater than previous record-holding PbS thin films. The key advantage is its unmatched flexibility. This sensor can bend and flex without breaking, maintaining its IR detection capabilities even after enduring extreme bending cycles. This breakthrough paves the way for a new era of wearable IR photo sensors, flexible electronics, and medical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronic Materials","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-04DOI: 10.1007/s11664-024-11397-y
Zhaohe Guo, Xueyao Mo, Yan Xu, Xuena Xu, Liluo Shi, Hongri Wan, Limei Sun, Wenchang Zhuang, Ming Song
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) with advantages of low cost, high safety, and eco-friendliness hold immense potential as large-scale energy storage devices. Nevertheless, the uncontrollable side reactions and Zn dendrites severely compromise the reversibility and stability of zinc anodes, hindering the practical application of ZIBs. In this study, glycine is introduced as a bi-functional additive into the ZnSO4 electrolyte to address these challenges. Experimental results and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the glycine can effectively modulate the solvation structure of Zn2+, thereby suppressing the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the formation of by-products. Additionally, glycine molecules preferentially adsorb onto the zinc anode, altering the interface between the Zn anode and the electrolyte. This increases the nucleation overpotential and inhibits the 2D diffusion of Zn2+, promoting the homogeneous deposition of Zn. As a result, the Zn||Zn symmetric cell with glycine additive displays a stable cycling performance for over 1500 h at 5 mA cm−2 and 1 mA h cm−2, and the Zn||Cu asymmetric cell exhibits a reversible plating/stripping process with the high stable coulombic efficiency (CE) of 98.4% over 600 cycles. This study offers a low-cost, efficient, and environmentally benign electrolyte additive for favorable Zn deposition.
Graphical Abstract
锌离子水电池(ZIBs)具有低成本、高安全性和环保性等优点,作为大规模储能设备具有巨大潜力。然而,不可控的副反应和锌枝晶严重影响了锌阳极的可逆性和稳定性,阻碍了锌离子电池的实际应用。在本研究中,甘氨酸作为一种双功能添加剂被引入到 ZnSO4 电解质中,以应对这些挑战。实验结果和理论计算证明,甘氨酸能有效调节 Zn2+ 的溶解结构,从而抑制氢进化反应(HER)和副产物的形成。此外,甘氨酸分子会优先吸附在锌阳极上,从而改变锌阳极与电解质之间的界面。这增加了成核过电势,抑制了 Zn2+ 的二维扩散,促进了锌的均匀沉积。因此,使用甘氨酸添加剂的 Zn||Zn 对称电池在 5 mA cm-2 和 1 mA h cm-2 条件下可稳定循环超过 1500 小时;Zn||Cu 不对称电池在 600 次循环中表现出可逆的电镀/剥离过程和 98.4% 的高稳定库仑效率 (CE)。这项研究提供了一种低成本、高效率、对环境无害的电解质添加剂,有利于锌的沉积。
{"title":"Glycine as a Bi-functional Electrolyte Additive for Favorable Zn Deposition","authors":"Zhaohe Guo, Xueyao Mo, Yan Xu, Xuena Xu, Liluo Shi, Hongri Wan, Limei Sun, Wenchang Zhuang, Ming Song","doi":"10.1007/s11664-024-11397-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-024-11397-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) with advantages of low cost, high safety, and eco-friendliness hold immense potential as large-scale energy storage devices. Nevertheless, the uncontrollable side reactions and Zn dendrites severely compromise the reversibility and stability of zinc anodes, hindering the practical application of ZIBs. In this study, glycine is introduced as a bi-functional additive into the ZnSO<sub>4</sub> electrolyte to address these challenges. Experimental results and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the glycine can effectively modulate the solvation structure of Zn<sup>2+</sup>, thereby suppressing the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the formation of by-products. Additionally, glycine molecules preferentially adsorb onto the zinc anode, altering the interface between the Zn anode and the electrolyte. This increases the nucleation overpotential and inhibits the 2D diffusion of Zn<sup>2+</sup>, promoting the homogeneous deposition of Zn. As a result, the Zn||Zn symmetric cell with glycine additive displays a stable cycling performance for over 1500 h at 5 mA cm<sup>−2</sup> and 1 mA h cm<sup>−2</sup>, and the Zn||Cu asymmetric cell exhibits a reversible plating/stripping process with the high stable coulombic efficiency (CE) of 98.4% over 600 cycles. This study offers a low-cost, efficient, and environmentally benign electrolyte additive for favorable Zn deposition.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>","PeriodicalId":626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronic Materials","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-04DOI: 10.1007/s11664-024-11379-0
Shinichi Endo, Yuki Ishikawa, Hina Shirakashi, Takeyasu Saito
In this work, pretreatment with vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light changed the adhesion strength between an epoxy resin and directly sputtered copper in a printed circuit board manufacturing process. The adhesion strength was 0.9 N/cm without irradiation but had a peak value of 2.1 N/cm at 540 mJ/cm2 of VUV irradiation; with increasing VUV irradiation, the adhesion strength decreased. Based on x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of the copper interface of copper peeled from the resin, we evaluated the abundance ratio of metallic and organic oxygen at interfaces exposed to different VUV irradiation doses. We found that the change in the abundance ratio of metallic and organic oxygen was similar to the change in adhesion strength between copper and epoxy resin after exposure to different VUV irradiation doses. We observed the interface between copper and resin via scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and found a distributed layer of oxygen. The functional group concentration in STEM images suggested the presence of a material with an intermediate density. We used chemically modified XPS to evaluate changes in the functional group concentration on epoxy resin surfaces irradiated with VUV light. We found that the hydroxyl group (OH) formed by VUV irradiation and the copper formed by direct sputtering improved adhesion strength in a synergistic manner. We observed a correlation between OH concentration on the resin surface and adhesion strength. These results will help to optimize the VUV irradiation process for adhesion between epoxy resin and sputtered copper.
{"title":"Effect of Hydroxyl Group Concentration Generated by Vacuum Ultraviolet Light on the Adhesion Between Epoxy Resin and Copper","authors":"Shinichi Endo, Yuki Ishikawa, Hina Shirakashi, Takeyasu Saito","doi":"10.1007/s11664-024-11379-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-024-11379-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this work, pretreatment with vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light changed the adhesion strength between an epoxy resin and directly sputtered copper in a printed circuit board manufacturing process. The adhesion strength was 0.9 N/cm without irradiation but had a peak value of 2.1 N/cm at 540 mJ/cm<sup>2</sup> of VUV irradiation; with increasing VUV irradiation, the adhesion strength decreased. Based on x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of the copper interface of copper peeled from the resin, we evaluated the abundance ratio of metallic and organic oxygen at interfaces exposed to different VUV irradiation doses. We found that the change in the abundance ratio of metallic and organic oxygen was similar to the change in adhesion strength between copper and epoxy resin after exposure to different VUV irradiation doses. We observed the interface between copper and resin via scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and found a distributed layer of oxygen. The functional group concentration in STEM images suggested the presence of a material with an intermediate density. We used chemically modified XPS to evaluate changes in the functional group concentration on epoxy resin surfaces irradiated with VUV light. We found that the hydroxyl group (OH) formed by VUV irradiation and the copper formed by direct sputtering improved adhesion strength in a synergistic manner. We observed a correlation between OH concentration on the resin surface and adhesion strength. These results will help to optimize the VUV irradiation process for adhesion between epoxy resin and sputtered copper.</p>","PeriodicalId":626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronic Materials","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-04DOI: 10.1007/s11664-024-11390-5
Khursheed Ahmad, Mohd Quasim Khan, Ali Alsulmi, Tae Hwan Oh
We report the synthesis of phosphorus (P)-doped reduced graphene oxide (P-rGO) using a hydrothermal method at 180°C for 7 h. Furthermore, the amorphous nature and phase purity of the hydrothermally synthesized P-rGO was studied by powder x-ray diffraction. The characteristic sheet-like surface structure of the P-rGO was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The presence of P in the P-rGO was authenticated by using energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and photoelectron x-ray spectroscopy. The synthesized P-rGO was employed as a low-cost and Pt-free counter electrode material for the construction of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The effect of annealing temperature on the construction of the DSSCs using P-rGO was also studied, and the highest power conversion efficiency of 6.3% and photocurrent density of 15.37 mA/cm2 were obtained at 200°C. The platinum counter electrode-based DSSCs exhibited the power conversion efficiency of 7.4%. The performance of the P-rGO counter electrode-based DSSCs was reasonable and can be further improved by developing novel device architectures. This work proposes the simple, eco-friendly, and Pt-free counter electrode for the construction of DSSCs with a decent performance.
我们报告了采用水热法在 180°C 下 7 小时合成掺磷(P)的还原型氧化石墨烯(P-rGO)的情况。此外,我们还利用粉末 X 射线衍射法研究了水热法合成的 P-rGO 的无定形性质和相纯度。扫描电子显微镜证实了 P-rGO 特有的片状表面结构。利用能量色散 X 射线光谱和光电子 X 射线光谱鉴定了 P-rGO 中 P 的存在。合成的 P-rGO 被用作一种低成本、无铂的对电极材料,用于制造染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSC)。此外,还研究了退火温度对利用 P-rGO 构建 DSSC 的影响,结果表明,在 200°C 温度下,功率转换效率最高达 6.3%,光电流密度最高达 15.37 mA/cm2。基于铂对电极的 DSSC 的功率转换效率为 7.4%。基于 P-rGO 对电极的 DSSC 的性能是合理的,可以通过开发新的器件架构进一步提高性能。本研究提出了一种简单、环保且不含铂的对电极,用于构建具有良好性能的 DSSC。
{"title":"Design and Fabrication of Pt-Free Counter Electrode for Photovoltaic Application","authors":"Khursheed Ahmad, Mohd Quasim Khan, Ali Alsulmi, Tae Hwan Oh","doi":"10.1007/s11664-024-11390-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-024-11390-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We report the synthesis of phosphorus (P)-doped reduced graphene oxide (P-rGO) using a hydrothermal method at 180°C for 7 h. Furthermore, the amorphous nature and phase purity of the hydrothermally synthesized P-rGO was studied by powder x-ray diffraction. The characteristic sheet-like surface structure of the P-rGO was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The presence of P in the P-rGO was authenticated by using energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and photoelectron x-ray spectroscopy. The synthesized P-rGO was employed as a low-cost and Pt-free counter electrode material for the construction of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The effect of annealing temperature on the construction of the DSSCs using P-rGO was also studied, and the highest power conversion efficiency of 6.3% and photocurrent density of 15.37 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> were obtained at 200°C. The platinum counter electrode-based DSSCs exhibited the power conversion efficiency of 7.4%. The performance of the P-rGO counter electrode-based DSSCs was reasonable and can be further improved by developing novel device architectures. This work proposes the simple, eco-friendly, and Pt-free counter electrode for the construction of DSSCs with a decent performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":626,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electronic Materials","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-04DOI: 10.1007/s11664-024-11388-z
Muhammad Shahid Khan, Farasat Haider, Adnan Majeed, Muhammad Musharaf, Naeem Ahmed, Abdul Majid, Khalid Javed, Mashkoor Ahmed
This work is focused on fabricating a counter electrode (CE) for application in a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). Cobalt manganese oxide (CoMn2O4) nanoparticles (NPs) and its nanocomposite with graphene were prepared by a hydrothermal method. The nanocomposites of cobalt manganese oxide with graphene as CoMn2O4/(graphene)x (where x = 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6) were synthesized as an electrode material, and a cell was fabricated for the x = 0.6 nanocomposite to investigate the activity for use in DSSCs. These nanocomposites were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. SEM analysis revealed the nature of the particles, and the average grain size was in good agreement with XRD results. EDX showed the ratio of the respective samples. The XRD pattern showed the hexagonal structure of CoMn2O4 NPs with an average size of 39.45 nm. The FTIR spectrum indicated O–H stretching bonds and the vibrational bending of MnO at the interstitial sites. For electrochemical analysis, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were performed. Through CV analysis, an anodic peak current (Ipa) was observed at 41.42 µA, while the cathodic peak current (Ipc) was observed at −37.13 µA, and peak-to-peak separation (ΔEpp) = 0.31 V for CoMn2O4 NPs. For graphene, Ipa = 180.45 µA, Ipc = −230 µA, and ΔEpp = 0.25 V, while Ipa = 100.23 µA, Ipc = 80.65 µA, and ΔEpp = 0.16 V for the CoMn2O4/graphene (x = 0.6) nanocomposite, which also showed excellent electrocatalytic properties. The charge transfer mechanism on the surface of the electrode was found to have rapid oxidation–reduction behavior and can be used as an alternative to platinum as the CE in the DSSC. The CV analysis of the CoMn2O4/graphene (x = 0.6) nanocomposite-based DSSC showed that the Ipa current was observed at 26.85 mA, while the Ipc current was observed at −27.25 mA in the two-electrode system. The Rs values for CoMn2O4/graphene with x = 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 were 142.80 Ω, 141.33 Ω, 135.18 Ω, and 131.18 Ω, respectively, as an electrode material. The exchange current density J = 2.13 × 10−3 A/cm2 was found using the charge transfer resistance value (Rct = 6.03 Ω cm2) and was verified by the Tafel curve.