Journal of Electronic Materials最新文献

The rheological properties of water-based lithium-ion battery electrode slurries govern slurry handling, coating uniformity, and the resulting electrode microstructure, making them critical for scalable battery manufacturing. In this study, aqueous slurries with different solid mass fractions were characterized by steady and transient shear, creep, and oscillatory tests. All slurries were strongly shear-thinning; at a given shear rate, higher solid fractions produced larger stress and viscosity and slower approach to steady flow. Creep identified composition-dependent yield-stress ranges that increased with solids. Amplitude sweeps showed higher small-strain storage moduli, a narrowed linear viscoelastic window, and lower oscillatory yield strain at higher loading. Frequency sweeps revealed rising moduli and decreasing loss-to-storage ratio with both frequency and solids, alongside pronounced frequency thinning of the complex viscosity. These results provide quantitative guidance for mixing, pumping, and coating conditions. These solids-dependent rheological fingerprints provide actionable guidance for tuning formulation and processing windows to balance manufacturability and electrode performance in water-based lithium-ion battery production.

This paper demonstrates the potential of material simulation methodologies in advanced packaging. Various material simulation methodologies, such as molecular dynamics (MD), quantum mechanics (QM), and machine learning (ML), are utilized to calculate material properties of a polyimide material and a photo imageable dielectric (PID) material. Key properties, such as T_g, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), modulus, dielectric properties, refractive index, as well as volume shrinkage after curing, are simulated and compared with actual experimental data. These methodologies can also be applied to predict the properties of other organic packaging materials, playing a crucial role in developing accurate process, yield, and reliability simulations for advanced packaging.

Large-area, high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted intensive interest for their carbon neutrality. Specifically, semitransparent PSCs have a unique advantage for use in vehicles, buildings, and agriculture. In the inner structure, a layer of tin-doped indium oxide (In₂O₃:Sn, ITO) film with high electrical conductivity and transparency is used as the transparent electrode for semitransparent PSCs. Among various methods, magnetron sputtering is considered the best choice for the deposition of a large-area ITO layer during the many processes in PSC production. In this work, we used direct-current magnetron sputtering to deposit ITO films. By varying the sputtering pressure, we obtained the optimal parameters for film production. The ITO film showed low sheet resistance (30–42 Ω/sq), low resistivity (5.18 × 10⁻⁴ Ω·cm), high carrier concentration (5.94 × 10²¹ /cm³), and high mobility (23.89 cm²/V·s). On this basis, we further prepared large-area semitransparent PSCs, demonstrating power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.90%, with a large active area of 64.8 cm², which is highly competitive among current semitransparent PSCs (ST-PSCs).

Graphical Abstract

A GaSe/BiSCl van der Waals heterostructure, which exhibits an efficient Z-scheme photocatalytic mechanism, is systematically investigated using first-principles calculations. The results reveal that the heterostructure possesses a strong interfacial built-in electric field ((4.2 times {10}^{9} text{V }{text{m}}^{-1})), which facilitates the spatial separation of electrons and holes into the conduction band minimum (CBM = −3.18 eV) of GaSe and the valence band maximum (VBM = −7.49 eV) of (text{BiSCl}), respectively, suggesting pronounced reduction–oxidation (REDOX) capabilities. The band edges straddle water REDOX potentials over a wide pH range, enabling spontaneous overall water splitting. The theoretical solar-to-hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiency reaches 32.2%, substantially surpassing that of the monolayer counterparts (GaSe monolayers cannot perform oxygen evolution; BiSCl monolayer STH efficiency is only 0.3%). Remarkably, the heterostructure exhibits ultrahigh electron mobility ((4758.5 {cm}^{2}{V}^{-1}{s}^{-1})) and a pronounced disparity in carrier mobility, effectively suppressing charge recombination. Both strain and electric field can effectively modulate the band structure of the material. Under a compressive strain of −6%, the bandgap decreases to 0.46 eV, whereas under a reverse electric field of 0.5 V/Å, it is reduced to 0.08 eV. Moreover, the −6% compressive strain shifts the optical absorption peak to the green light region. These results indicate promising prospects for using this material in highly efficient photocatalytic systems.

The recent surge in energy demand, coupled with growing concerns over environmental degradation, has stimulated extensive research into alternative green energy sources. The hydroelectric cell (HEC)—a green electronic device, compatible with environmentally benign, low-cost, oxygen-deficient metal oxides—has been employed to spontaneously split water molecules and produce green electricity. Nanocomposites (Me_xAl_2−xO₃, where _x = 0.00 and 0.03; Me = Mg/Cu/Co) were synthesized via a solid-state method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was conducted to evaluate the crystallite size (≈ 5 nm) and alpha phase formation. Lattice strain was further examined using the Williamson–Hall (W–H) approach. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the presence of chemisorbed hydroxyl groups on the alumina surface. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) confirmed the distorted structure present in all composites. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements identified surface oxygen vacancies and defects in the nanostructured alumina. Nyquist plots demonstrated the dissociation of water molecules and ion transport within the system. The electrochemical performance of the HEC was evaluated across various regions of irreversible polarization loss using the voltage–current (V–I) polarization curve, providing insights into reaction mechanisms and charge transport dynamics inside the HEC. The alumina-based HEC generated short-circuit current (I_SC) of 10.11 mA and open-circuit voltage (V_OC) of 0.92 V using only a few drops of water. Maximum output power of 9.3 mW was achieved from a 2 × 2 cm² pellet without any external load. This self-driven process enables continuous ion transport, where hydronium ions move toward the cathode through the Grotthuss proton-hopping mechanism.

Biosensors based on thin-film transistors (TFT) have been the major area of interest especially with metal oxide semiconductors and organic semiconductors as the platform to introduce the next-generation biomedical diagnostics. They have several inherent strengths such as high sensitivity, chemical stability, biocompatibility, ease of surface functionalization, and the ability to be processed using low-cost, high-scale production techniques, which makes them useful in continuous and point-of-care health monitoring. Metal oxide semiconductor TFTs have advantages of relatively easy fabrication in a solution process or sputtering process and advantages for integration into very large sensor arrays. In the meantime, other advantages of organic transistors include mechanical flexibility and outstanding biologic compatibility. Even though the sensitivity and selectivity of biosensing is currently not optimal, relatively new progress in designing materials and engineering devices has made it possible to create very efficient biosensing devices. This review points out the prevalent methods and recent development on the combination of oxide and organic semiconductors in the form of TFT biosensors, emphasizing the process of fabrication, surface modification, and real-world application as an example of biosensing.

Ternary nanocomposites are important in the field of energy storage devices (ESDs). In this work, an in situ chemical oxidative polymerization method is applied to produce polymer nanocomposites filled with polythiophene (PTh) and WO₃/TiO₂. Three combinations of samples are synthesized using different concentrations of metal oxides (MOs). Various characterization techniques, including x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), elemental mapping, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), are employed to characterize the structure and morphology of the synthesized nanocomposites. A potentiostat is used to perform the electrochemical measurement including cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The combination of WO₃ and TiO₂ with PTh was found to enhance the specific capacitance (C_sp) of the nanocomposites. The C_sp of the PWT5 electrode was calculated as 244 F g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹ in 1 M NaNO₃ solution. The C_sp of the PWT5 symmetric supercapacitor (SSC) was measured as 96.7 F g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹ in PVA-NaNO₃ gel. The SSC exhibited outstanding cyclic performance, retaining 84% of its initial capacitance after 1000 cycles. Energy density of 30.2 Wh kg⁻¹ was measured at power density of 749.8 W kg⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹. The combined MOs improved the conductivity of the fabricated device, increasing the C_sp of the PTh-based SC, providing a promising ESD.

Graphical Abstract

This study aims to precisely identify the tensile stress–strain relation of a Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305) solder using the digital image correlation (DIC) method. Uniaxial tensile tests are generally carried out to obtain stress–strain curves with dog-bone-type specimens. Strain data during the tests are measured using sensing systems such as mechanical extensometer, visual extensometer, and strain gauge. Because it is difficult to confirm the strain distribution in the specimen with these sensing systems, the digital image correlation system has recently been increasingly used for obtaining displacement and strain data in tension tests. SAC305 usually shows nonuniform deformation during tensile tests, unlike conventional metal alloys, although the gauge section is designed to be uniformly deformed following a standard procedure for tensile tests. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a method for the identification of tensile properties when the deformation in tension is nonuniform. In this study, tensile tests with the DIC system were conducted to obtain stress–strain curves of the SAC305 under different loading speeds. The strain distribution was analyzed in terms of variation in strain rate and strain path. An identification method was then proposed by collecting valid stress data according to the strain and their fit using a material hardening model. Based on the proposed method, the stress–strain curves can be acquired up to a larger strain region than with the conventional method. This will be useful for obtaining material properties for simulation of packaging reliability for electronic devices.

In this study, the performance characteristics of methylammonium tin triiodide (CH₃NH₃SnI₃)-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) were investigated through simulation using the Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS)-1D. The PSCs were fabricated with a titanium dioxide (TiO₂)/graphene oxide (GO) composite serving as the electron transport layer (ETL), poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as the hole transport layer (HTL), and a carbon-based back contact. The effects of temperature, the doping concentration in CH₃NH₃SnI₃, the bandgaps of CH₃NH₃SnI₃ and GO, and the defect density at the TiO₂/GO interface on the overall device performance were systematically investigated and analyzed. The power conversion efficiency (PCE), fill factor (FF), short-circuit current density (J_sc), and open-circuit voltage (V_oc) were optimized to 22.19%, 76.83%, 26.20 mA/cm², and 1.10 V, respectively. These optimized results are expected to provide valuable guidance for the development of highly efficient and cost-effective PSCs.

Utilizing biomass materials to prepare porous carbon materials for zinc-ion hybrid capacitors (ZHCs) can not only enhance the added value of biomass but also fulfill the requirement for carbon material in the field of energy storage. Therefore, ginkgo fruits (GF) were used as raw material to prepare carbon material by rapid carbonization. When the carbonization temperature was 800°C and the weight ratio of the pre-carbonized ginkgo fruits to the activator, KOH, was 1:4, the obtained porous carbon material, GF-1:4, demonstrated good performance in the fabricated ZHC, achieving specific capacitance of 544.3 F g⁻¹ at a current density of 0.2 A g⁻¹. The structural analysis revealed that GF-1:4 possesses specific surface area of 2131.2 m² g⁻¹ and high graphite carbon content, contributing to its superior performance in ZHCs. The detailed investigation of the electrochemical properties of ZHC assembled using GF-1:4 as electrode showed that the energy density of ZHC reached 277.8 Wh kg⁻¹ at power density of 189.9 W kg⁻¹. Meanwhile, the fabricated ZHC showed good cycle stability, retaining 95.2% of initial capacitance after 5000 cycles. Thus, the bio-based carbon materials prepared using ginkgo fruits as raw materials offer advantages of high performance and low cost, demonstrating significant application potential in the utilization of ZHCs.