Journal of Electronic Materials最新文献

MXene/metal–organic framework (MOF)-based materials have emerged as promising candidates for high-performance hybrid supercapacitor electrodes due to their excellent conductivity and surface functionality. This work employed a hydrothermal method to synthesize PCN-222 and g-C₃N₄ nanostructures, while MXene was synthesized by the etching method, resulting in a PCN-222/MXene/g-C₃N₄ composite with a well-defined morphology. First, a three-electrode configuration was utilized, and the electrode demonstrated a specific capacitance (C_s) of 1905 F/g. A hybrid device (PCN-222(Zr)/V-MXene/g-C₃N₄//activated carbon [AC]), measured with a two-electrode system, delivered a specific capacity (Q_s) of 189.4 C/g. The PCN-222(Zr)/V-MXene/g-C₃N₄//AC device delivered an outstanding specific energy of 77.6 Wh/kg, along with a high power output reaching 1895.7 W/kg. It revealed inspiring cycling durability, maintaining 87.3% of its original capacity over extended use and recorded a Coulombic efficiency of 95.5%, reflecting its exceptional charge/discharge reliability. The composite achieved 96.8% charging and 89.6% discharging. Its excellent conductivity and active sites contribute to enhanced oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance by achieving 60% retention after 6000 s. The electrode also performs better in HER with a 66.1 mV overpotential and a Tafel slope of 51.4 m V/dec. Overall, the nanocomposite shows strong potential for advanced energy storage systems and electrocatalytic applications.

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries, despite their high theoretical energy density, face critical challenges such as polysulfide shuttling and Li dendrite growth, which severely limit their practical viability. Herein, we report a hierarchical porous Ni/TiO₂/N-carbon nanotube (CNT) artificial interface layer engineered with Ni@Ti nano-oxide composites to simultaneously address these issues. The Ni-Ti oxides were synthesized via electrodeposition followed by high-temperature crystallization (973–1173 K), yielding a hierarchical structure comprising NiTiO₃ and TiO₂ crystallites, as well as CNT domains. When integrated as an artificial interface layer, the Li-S battery maintains a discharge capacity of up to 1184.9 mAh g⁻¹ after 200 cycles, demonstrating remarkable cycle stability. The Ni/TiO₂/N-CNT artificial interface layer features ultrafine CNTs and abundant active sites, enabling efficient polysulfide adsorption and accelerated redox kinetics. Moreover, the Ni/TiO₂/N-CNT artificial interface layer homogenizes Li-ion flux, guiding planar Li deposition and inhibiting dendrite growth. This work not only provides a scalable strategy for designing high-performance Li-S batteries but also advances the fundamental understanding of bimetallic oxide-mediated interface engineering, offering new avenues for next-generation energy storage systems.

This study investigates the liquid/solid interfacial reactions between lead-free solders (LFS) and Cu-6.01 wt.% Sn-0.12 wt.% P alloy (C5191), which offers superior strength, corrosion resistance, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity. Thus, C5191 is considered to replace Cu and is used for lead-frame materials. Three LFSs, including Sn, Sn-3.0 wt.% Ag-0.5 wt.% Cu (SAC), and Sn-0.7 wt.% Cu (SC), were reacted with C5191 at 240°C, 255°C, and 270°C for various durations. The results showed that the scalloped Cu₆Sn₅ and layered Cu₃Sn phases were observed at the LFS/C5191 interfaces. Over prolonged reactions, the scallop-shaped Cu₆Sn₅ phase became more layered in morphology, particularly after 10 h in the Sn/C5191 couple. The intermetallic compound (IMC) thickness (d) was increased with reaction time (t) and temperature. The linear relationship between d and t^1/2 was observed. It means that the IMC growth mechanism was diffusion-controlled. The activation energies in the LFS/C5191 systems were lower than those in the LFS/Cu systems. This finding reveals that C5191 is suitable for use as a lead-frame material in electronic packaging to ensure solder-joint reliability.

As a key component of lithium-oxygen (Li-O₂) batteries, the cathode has an important influence on the electrochemical reaction process of the battery, and Li-O₂ batteries with nanopore cathodes tend to have higher discharge capacity. In order to investigate the effect of the cathode transfer path on the performance of Li-O₂ batteries under the nanopore condition, three nanopore integrated cathodes with different thicknesses (150 μm, 300 μm, and 450 μm) are constructed in this work. Three aspects of cathode characteristics, battery performance, and electrochemical characteristics are investigated. It is found that the integrated cathode possesses an excellent pore structure with an average pore size of 19 nm and an average pore volume of 1.049 cm³/g, and the specific surface area is much higher than that of the carbon paper cathode. Under this structural parameter, the batteries show excellent discharge performance, with the 450 μm cathode having a discharge area capacity of up to 32.5 mAh/cm², and the 150 μm cathode having an ultrahigh volumetric capacity of 1541.8 mAh cm⁻³. The 300 μm cathode exhibits better cycling stability. It can be seen that the increase in thickness can accommodate more discharge products, but it can reduce the utilization rate of the pores per unit volume. The right length of the transmission path improves the cycling stability of the battery. This paper provides data support for revealing the law of mass transfer path of nanopore cathode on the performance of Li-O₂ batteries.

This study examined the structure–property relationships of activated carbon derived from furan, phenolic, and melamine resins for electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs). The resins were carbonized at 400–800°C and activated by KOH (700–900°C) or CO₂ (800–1000°C). KOH activation at 900°C produced the largest specific surface areas; melamine resin-derived activated carbon exhibited the highest mesopore volume (1.32 cm³/g) and efficient activation, even at 800°C. Electrochemical evaluation revealed that phenolic carbon (900°C KOH) had the highest capacitance in 6 M KOH (194 F/g at 20 mA/g), whereas melamine (800°C KOH) maintained better high-rate performance due to a higher mesopore ratio. In 1 M TEABF₄/PC, phenolic carbon (900°C) achieved 108 F/g due to enhanced hydrophobicity and mesoporosity. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Boehm titration revealed that acidic groups contributed to the capacitance in aqueous electrolytes but hindered ion transport at high rates or in organic electrolytes. Melamine-derived carbons retained nitrogen functionalities (pyridinic and pyrrolic N), contributing to improved performance. These results show that tailoring activation conditions and resin chemistry enables control over pore structure and surface functionality, which is critical when optimizing EDLC electrodes for various electrolytes.

Metasurfaces are a type of two-dimensional artificial microstructure material with subwavelength thickness, and their precise control ability over core optical parameters such as the phase, amplitude and polarization of light waves has demonstrated broad application prospects in the field of optical information processing. Holographic encryption technology records the light wave interference pattern of an object to achieve the encoding and encrypted storage of information. Its characteristics are large information capacity and high encryption security. Metasurface holographic encryption technology combines the excellent optical control performance of metasurfaces with the principle of holographic encryption. By designing specific metasurface structures, it achieves independent or coordinated phase modulation of light of different wavelengths and polarization states, thereby generating encrypted holographic images. This article introduces the use of metasurfaces to regulate electromagnetic waves of a single frequency band and a combination of bands, achieving hologram and information encryption. In the coming years, as nanofabrication technology continues to mature, we can look forward to the continuous emergence of new encryption algorithms and the in-depth advancement of interdisciplinary research. It is expected that holographic encryption technology based on metasurfaces will achieve significant breakthroughs in enhancing encryption capabilities, expanding application scope, and realizing system integration, providing more efficient and reliable solutions for the modern information encryption and security field.

This study investigates copper-doped cobalt oxide as an efficient photocatalyst for the degradation of Eosin Yellow (anionic; EY) and Fuchsin Basic (cationic; FB) dyes. Cu-doped Co₃O₄ nanoparticles were synthesized with different copper loadings (2%, 4%, and 6%) and characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. XRD confirmed the formation of a face-centred cubic (fcc) spinel structure and FT-IR analysis verified the presence of characteristic functional groups. SEM and TEM analyses revealed randomly agglomerated spherical nanoparticles, with copper uniformly dispersed on the Co₃O₄ surface. UV–Vis measurements showed that the 6% Cu-doped sample exhibited a reduced bandgap of 2.65 eV, enhancing light absorption and photocatalytic activity. The photocatalytic efficiency of the synthesized materials was evaluated through the degradation of EY and FB dyes under UV irradiation. Operational parameters, including pH, catalyst dosage, dye concentration, and scavenger effects, were systematically optimized. Among the tested samples, 6% Cu-doped Co₃O₄ demonstrated superior degradation performance compared to pure Co₃O₄ and lower dopant levels. The catalyst also exhibited excellent reusability, retaining high activity over three successive cycles. The enhanced photocatalytic performance is attributed to improved electron–hole separation and efficient reactive oxygen species generation under UV light. These results indicate that Cu-doped Co₃O₄ is a promising photocatalyst for the efficient removal of hazardous organic contaminants from wastewater.

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Tandem perovskite–silicon solar cells (PRSi TSC) have gained significant attention for their potential to surpass the efficiency limits of traditional single-junction cells. This review explores the developments in two-terminal (2T), three-terminal (3T), and four-terminal (4T) configurations: 2T cells are easier to fabricate but face challenges in stability and current matching, 3T cells improve on these issues but add complexity with an extra terminal for independent charge extraction, while 4T cells offer higher efficiency and flexibility but are less cost-effective owing to increased material use and optical losses. This review also discusses advancements in electron transport layer materials, wide-bandgap perovskite absorbers, and mixed perovskite absorbers designed to enhance stability and optimize performance. Current efficiency benchmarks and stability metrics are highlighted, alongside challenges such as temperature instability, moisture degradation, and scalability. Solutions are presented, including improved perovskite formulations, interface engineering, and advanced encapsulation strategies. Recent research shows progress in addressing these real-world challenges, pushing tandem solar cells closer to their theoretical efficiency limits through innovations in passivation, light management, and contact materials.

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Ag-Bi-Te thin films were successfully synthesized using a simple and cost-effective thermal evaporation route and post-annealing at 400°C for different durations (0, 30, 60, and 90 min) to tailor their structural, morphological, and thermoelectric properties. X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of a polycrystalline Ag-Bi-Te alloy with preferred orientation along the (012) plane. The crystallinity and grain size were significantly influenced by annealing duration, reaching a maximum for the 60 min annealed sample. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs revealed a smooth and compact morphology for the as-grown film, evolving into large, well-defined grains upon annealing, with the maximum grain growth observed after 60 min. Extending the annealing time to 90 min led to slight grain coalescence and microstructural degradation, likely due to Te volatilization and defect reformation. Electrical and thermoelectric measurements demonstrated that post-annealing strongly affects the charge transport mechanism. The Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity exhibited opposite trends to carrier concentration and mobility, reaching optimal values at 60 min of annealing. The sample annealed for 60 min showed the highest Seebeck coefficient (148 µV K⁻¹ at 300 K), electrical conductivity (170 S cm⁻¹), and mobility (31.7 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹), resulting in a maximum power factor of 3.73 × 10⁻⁴ W m⁻¹ K⁻² at 350 K. This enhancement is attributed to improved crystallinity, reduced defect density, and energy-filtering effects at grain boundaries. However, excessive annealing beyond 60 min caused a degradation in all parameters due to structural instability and non-stoichiometric variations. This study demonstrates that controlled post-annealing at 400°C for 60 min provides an optimal balance between structural ordering and carrier transport, significantly enhancing the thermoelectric power factor of Ag-Bi-Te alloy films. The results highlight the crucial role of thermal processing in tuning microstructural and electronic properties for high-performance, low-cost thermoelectric devices.

We present a comprehensive first-principles study on the electronic, thermoelectric, and optoelectronic properties of FeMnZ (Z = P, As) half-Heusler alloys in space group F-43m using the generalized gradient approximation in the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE–GGA) framework along with modified Becke–Johnson potentials (mBJ–GGA) within density functional theory. Both compounds are found to be stable in the ferromagnetic state. The spin-polarized band structure reveals that FeMnZ (Z = P, As) compounds are half-metallic with a minority bandgap of 0.737 eV (FeMnP) and 0.682 eV (FeMnAs), exhibiting 100% spin polarization at the Fermi level. Both compounds exhibit a total magnetic moment of 2 μ_B, arising from Fe–Mn 3d orbital hybridization, consistent with the Slater–Pauling rule. The predicted density of states (DOS) spectra demonstrate that the contribution to the valence and conduction bands is predominantly by Fe d and Mn d states, with significant d–d hybridization. Thermoelectric measurements reveal a higher power factor for the compounds, with a figure of merit (ZT) approaching 0.45 at elevated temperatures. Optical analysis shows strong absorption in the UV–visible range and low energy loss, highlighting their potential for optoelectronic applications. These findings underscore the potential of FeMnZ (Z = P, As) half-Heusler alloys as robust multifunctional materials, simultaneously combining half-metallicity, high-temperature thermoelectric efficiency, and strong optical response for spintronic, thermoelectric, and optoelectronic applications.

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