Pub Date : 2024-11-16DOI: 10.1016/j.jnlssr.2024.09.003
Mohammad Amin Eshghi Nezami, Hamed Kashani
To decide about investments in appropriate seismic vulnerability reduction and resilience enhancement measures, policymakers need to acquire adequate insight into the value of a statistical life (VSL). The VSL measures the monetary value the public assigns to reducing mortality due to a specific risk (e.g., dying from an earthquake) over a given period. In the absence of appropriate models to estimate the context-specific VSL for a given community, past studies have resorted to approaches such as using the VSL estimated for other purposes (e.g., transportation and environmental safety) or other countries (e.g., the US). This can lead to under- or over-estimation of VSL, misappropriation of the funds for seismic vulnerability reduction programs, and adverse economic, political, and social consequences. This study proposes a methodology that follows the stated preference binary choice approach to estimate the willingness to pay (WTP) to reduce the risk of earthquake-induced mortalities. The proposed method, which is applied to quantify VSL in Iran, involves using a questionnaire to collect the needed information about people's choices when investing in various risk reduction measures. It uses a test containing positivity and proportionality components to check the responses’ consistency. Regression modeling is used to estimate the respondents’ WTP and VSL.
{"title":"The value of a statistical life in assessing seismic resilience enhancement policies: A stated preference binary choice experiment","authors":"Mohammad Amin Eshghi Nezami, Hamed Kashani","doi":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2024.09.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2024.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To decide about investments in appropriate seismic vulnerability reduction and resilience enhancement measures, policymakers need to acquire adequate insight into the value of a statistical life (VSL). The VSL measures the monetary value the public assigns to reducing mortality due to a specific risk (e.g., dying from an earthquake) over a given period. In the absence of appropriate models to estimate the context-specific VSL for a given community, past studies have resorted to approaches such as using the VSL estimated for other purposes (e.g., transportation and environmental safety) or other countries (e.g., the US). This can lead to under- or over-estimation of VSL, misappropriation of the funds for seismic vulnerability reduction programs, and adverse economic, political, and social consequences. This study proposes a methodology that follows the stated preference binary choice approach to estimate the willingness to pay (WTP) to reduce the risk of earthquake-induced mortalities. The proposed method, which is applied to quantify VSL in Iran, involves using a questionnaire to collect the needed information about people's choices when investing in various risk reduction measures. It uses a test containing positivity and proportionality components to check the responses’ consistency. Regression modeling is used to estimate the respondents’ WTP and VSL.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":62710,"journal":{"name":"安全科学与韧性(英文)","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 150-162"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143636732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-15DOI: 10.1016/j.jnlssr.2024.09.004
Daffa Tristan Firdaus , Ntivuguruzwa Jean De La Croix , Tohari Ahmad , Didacienne Mukanyiligira , Louis Sibomana
Audio steganography techniques are evaluated using performance metrics such as payload capacity, stego audio file quality, and security (imperceptibility of hidden data). Increasing payload capacity often reduces stego image quality and security. However, maintaining high-quality stego audio with high imperceptibility requires compromising payload capacity. Therefore, achieving a balanced trade-off between payload capacity and stego audio quality has become essential but increasingly challenging. Current methods often lack adaptiveness, potentially compromising both embedding capacity and stego audio quality. To address these limitations, this study offers valuable insights to guide researchers in developing high-performing audio steganography models. The proposed method seeks to improve stego audio quality by implementing a smoothing-based technique and optimizing the sample space through linear interpolation, followed by a multi-layering process. Comprehensive experiments are conducted on common audio datasets to benchmark the method against state-of-the-art techniques. The results demonstrate peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) values ranging from 105.14 to 126.34 dB, indicating substantial fidelity preservation compared to existing methods with PSNR values ranging from 120.55 decibel (dB) for 1 kb to 100.57 dB for 100 kb. These findings confirm the effectiveness of the model in maintaining audio quality while concealing data. Moreover, this study recommends that practitioners in steganography with audio data prioritize data concealment algorithms that enhance security over stego audio quality.
{"title":"Steganographic model to conceal the secret data in audio files utilizing a fourfold paradigm: Interpolation, multi-layering, optimized sample space, and smoothing","authors":"Daffa Tristan Firdaus , Ntivuguruzwa Jean De La Croix , Tohari Ahmad , Didacienne Mukanyiligira , Louis Sibomana","doi":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2024.09.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2024.09.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Audio steganography techniques are evaluated using performance metrics such as payload capacity, stego audio file quality, and security (imperceptibility of hidden data). Increasing payload capacity often reduces stego image quality and security. However, maintaining high-quality stego audio with high imperceptibility requires compromising payload capacity. Therefore, achieving a balanced trade-off between payload capacity and stego audio quality has become essential but increasingly challenging. Current methods often lack adaptiveness, potentially compromising both embedding capacity and stego audio quality. To address these limitations, this study offers valuable insights to guide researchers in developing high-performing audio steganography models. The proposed method seeks to improve stego audio quality by implementing a smoothing-based technique and optimizing the sample space through linear interpolation, followed by a multi-layering process. Comprehensive experiments are conducted on common audio datasets to benchmark the method against state-of-the-art techniques. The results demonstrate peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) values ranging from 105.14 to 126.34 dB, indicating substantial fidelity preservation compared to existing methods with PSNR values ranging from 120.55 decibel (dB) for 1 kb to 100.57 dB for 100 kb. These findings confirm the effectiveness of the model in maintaining audio quality while concealing data. Moreover, this study recommends that practitioners in steganography with audio data prioritize data concealment algorithms that enhance security over stego audio quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":62710,"journal":{"name":"安全科学与韧性(英文)","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 138-149"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143609402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.jnlssr.2024.07.004
Ranpeng Wang , Hang Gao , Yi Liu
Accurate tracking and statistics analysis of pedestrian flow have wide applications in public scenarios. However, the conventional tracking-by-detection approaches are prone to missing individuals in densely populated or poorly lit environments. This study introduces a pedestrian detection and flow statistics method based on data fusion, which effectively tracks pedestrians across varying crowd densities. The proposed method amalgamates object detection strategies with crowd counting technique to determine the locations of all pedestrians. By observing the coordinates of pedestrians' foot points, this approach assesses the interaction dynamics between the movement trajectories of pedestrians and designated spatial areas, thereby enabling the collection of flow statistics. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method identifies 2.7 times more pedestrians than object detection methods alone and decreases false positives by 58% compared to crowd counting techniques in crowded settings. In conclusion, the proposed method exhibits considerable promise for achieving accurate pedestrian detection and flow analysis.
{"title":"A data fusion-based method for pedestrian detection and flow statistics across different crowd densities","authors":"Ranpeng Wang , Hang Gao , Yi Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2024.07.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2024.07.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate tracking and statistics analysis of pedestrian flow have wide applications in public scenarios. However, the conventional tracking-by-detection approaches are prone to missing individuals in densely populated or poorly lit environments. This study introduces a pedestrian detection and flow statistics method based on data fusion, which effectively tracks pedestrians across varying crowd densities. The proposed method amalgamates object detection strategies with crowd counting technique to determine the locations of all pedestrians. By observing the coordinates of pedestrians' foot points, this approach assesses the interaction dynamics between the movement trajectories of pedestrians and designated spatial areas, thereby enabling the collection of flow statistics. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method identifies 2.7 times more pedestrians than object detection methods alone and decreases false positives by 58% compared to crowd counting techniques in crowded settings. In conclusion, the proposed method exhibits considerable promise for achieving accurate pedestrian detection and flow analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":62710,"journal":{"name":"安全科学与韧性(英文)","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 105-113"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143217882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-19DOI: 10.1016/j.jnlssr.2024.06.012
Chao Chen , Jiali Tang , Jie Li , Genserik Reniers , Changjun Li
The rapid industrialization and urbanization in China require a high level of safety management and thus urge the development of safety risk assessment in China. In the past two decades, many safety risk assessment research findings have been published in international journals by Chinese scholars, while it is not clear the development progress and China's contributions to the world in this research field. Therefore, a systematic and thorough literature review is conducted to investigate risk assessment research in China. Firstly, the research publications authored by Chinese scholars are searched from the well-known literature database Web of Science to support the analysis of risk assessment research in China. Secondly, a bibliometric analysis is conducted for the obtained literature related to risk assessment research in China to find out publication trends, research organizations, research authors, research topics, and research methods. Then, a thorough analysis of research topics and research methods is carried out to present the research progress. Finally, possible future research issues in the risk assessment research domain are discussed based on this literature review. According to the discussion, more attention in China should be paid to the risk of digital or autonomous systems, the risk related to extreme events, and the risk in large cities.
中国快速的工业化和城市化对安全管理提出了更高的要求，从而推动了安全风险评估在中国的发展。在过去的二十年里，中国学者在国际期刊上发表了许多安全风险评估的研究成果，但中国在这一研究领域的发展进展和对世界的贡献并不清楚。因此，本文对中国的风险评估研究进行了系统而深入的文献综述。首先，从知名文献数据库Web of Science检索中国学者发表的研究论文，支持对中国风险评估研究的分析。其次，对已获得的国内风险评估研究相关文献进行文献计量分析，找出发表趋势、研究机构、研究作者、研究课题、研究方法等。然后，对研究课题和研究方法进行了深入的分析，展示了研究进展。最后，在文献综述的基础上，对未来风险评估研究领域可能存在的问题进行了探讨。根据讨论，中国应该更多地关注数字或自主系统的风险，与极端事件相关的风险以及大城市的风险。
{"title":"A systematic review of safety risk assessment research in China","authors":"Chao Chen , Jiali Tang , Jie Li , Genserik Reniers , Changjun Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2024.06.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2024.06.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid industrialization and urbanization in China require a high level of safety management and thus urge the development of safety risk assessment in China. In the past two decades, many safety risk assessment research findings have been published in international journals by Chinese scholars, while it is not clear the development progress and China's contributions to the world in this research field. Therefore, a systematic and thorough literature review is conducted to investigate risk assessment research in China. Firstly, the research publications authored by Chinese scholars are searched from the well-known literature database Web of Science to support the analysis of risk assessment research in China. Secondly, a bibliometric analysis is conducted for the obtained literature related to risk assessment research in China to find out publication trends, research organizations, research authors, research topics, and research methods. Then, a thorough analysis of research topics and research methods is carried out to present the research progress. Finally, possible future research issues in the risk assessment research domain are discussed based on this literature review. According to the discussion, more attention in China should be paid to the risk of digital or autonomous systems, the risk related to extreme events, and the risk in large cities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":62710,"journal":{"name":"安全科学与韧性(英文)","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 58-69"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-19DOI: 10.1016/j.jnlssr.2024.08.001
M. Sinthuja , S. Pravinthraja , B K Dhanalakshmi , H L Gururaj , Vinayakumar Ravi , G Jyothish Lal
The numerous volumes of data generated every day necessitate the deployment of new technologies capable of dealing with massive amounts of data efficiently. This is the case with Association Rules, a tool for unsupervised data mining that extracts information in the form of IF-THEN patterns. Although various approaches for extracting frequent itemset (prior step before mining association rules) in extremely large databases have been presented, the high computational cost and shortage of memory remain key issues to be addressed while processing enormous data. The objective of this research is to discover frequent itemset by using clustering for preprocessing and adopting the linear prefix tree algorithm for mining the maximal frequent itemset. The performance of the proposed CL-LP-MAX-tree was evaluated by comparing it with the existing FP-max algorithm. Experimentation was performed with the three different standard datasets to record evidence to prove that the proposed CL-LP-MAX-tree algorithm outperform the existing FP-max algorithm in terms of runtime and memory consumption.
{"title":"An efficient and resilience linear prefix approach for mining maximal frequent itemset using clustering","authors":"M. Sinthuja , S. Pravinthraja , B K Dhanalakshmi , H L Gururaj , Vinayakumar Ravi , G Jyothish Lal","doi":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2024.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2024.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The numerous volumes of data generated every day necessitate the deployment of new technologies capable of dealing with massive amounts of data efficiently. This is the case with Association Rules, a tool for unsupervised data mining that extracts information in the form of IF-THEN patterns. Although various approaches for extracting frequent itemset (prior step before mining association rules) in extremely large databases have been presented, the high computational cost and shortage of memory remain key issues to be addressed while processing enormous data. The objective of this research is to discover frequent itemset by using clustering for preprocessing and adopting the linear prefix tree algorithm for mining the maximal frequent itemset. The performance of the proposed CL-LP-MAX-tree was evaluated by comparing it with the existing FP-max algorithm. Experimentation was performed with the three different standard datasets to record evidence to prove that the proposed CL-LP-MAX-tree algorithm outperform the existing FP-max algorithm in terms of runtime and memory consumption.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":62710,"journal":{"name":"安全科学与韧性(英文)","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 93-104"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-25DOI: 10.1016/j.jnlssr.2024.09.001
Runkang Guo, Yong Zhao, Yatai Ji, Mengyu Yan, Zhengqiu Zhu
Locating unknown emission sources in turbulent environments is a challenging yet crucial task, particularly in emergency response scenarios. Existing studies have developed information-theoretic approaches to fuse intermittent information collected by mobile sensors regarding the sources. This fused information is then used to support source-term estimation (STE) in various search algorithms. Among these, the cognitive strategy—a promising information-driven search algorithm—leverages a reward-based action selection mechanism to balance exploration and exploitation during each search step. However, this mechanism is hampered by a high computational load and rigid search trajectories, limiting its application in real-world systems. To address these issues, this paper proposes a novel information-driven search method called Clutaxis, based on a global exploration and exploitation tradeoff principle. Specifically, a particle filter is leveraged to maintain the STE. After projecting the particle filter samples onto a 2D search scene, the density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) algorithm is used to extract the density information of the samples, which is then used to construct a belief source area (BSA). By leveraging the uncertainty of the BSA, Clutaxis adopts explorative or exploitative actions with no restrictions on motion direction. Through dedicated simulations, the experimental results demonstrate the robustness of Clutaxis to key parameters and its advantages in computational complexity and search performance compared to two state-of-the-art algorithms (Infotaxis and Entrotaxis) and two Clutaxis variants (Clutaxis_ER and Clutaxis_EI).
{"title":"Clutaxis: An information-driven source search method balancing exploration and exploitation in turbulent environments","authors":"Runkang Guo, Yong Zhao, Yatai Ji, Mengyu Yan, Zhengqiu Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2024.09.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2024.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Locating unknown emission sources in turbulent environments is a challenging yet crucial task, particularly in emergency response scenarios. Existing studies have developed information-theoretic approaches to fuse intermittent information collected by mobile sensors regarding the sources. This fused information is then used to support source-term estimation (STE) in various search algorithms. Among these, the cognitive strategy—a promising information-driven search algorithm—leverages a reward-based action selection mechanism to balance exploration and exploitation during each search step. However, this mechanism is hampered by a high computational load and rigid search trajectories, limiting its application in real-world systems. To address these issues, this paper proposes a novel information-driven search method called Clutaxis, based on a global exploration and exploitation tradeoff principle. Specifically, a particle filter is leveraged to maintain the STE. After projecting the particle filter samples onto a 2D search scene, the density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) algorithm is used to extract the density information of the samples, which is then used to construct a belief source area (BSA). By leveraging the uncertainty of the BSA, Clutaxis adopts explorative or exploitative actions with no restrictions on motion direction. Through dedicated simulations, the experimental results demonstrate the robustness of Clutaxis to key parameters and its advantages in computational complexity and search performance compared to two state-of-the-art algorithms (Infotaxis and Entrotaxis) and two Clutaxis variants (Clutaxis_ER and Clutaxis_EI).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":62710,"journal":{"name":"安全科学与韧性(英文)","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 125-137"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143578688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-14DOI: 10.1016/j.jnlssr.2024.05.006
Hai Sun , Guorui Han , Xiaowei Zhang , Xuejing Ruan
Major sudden disasters, such as floods, earthquakes, and fires, often cause significant casualties. Emergency evacuation is crucial in mitigating these impacts. Different types of disaster incidents vary significantly in terms of impact scope, suddenness, and urgency. Each type of disaster possesses distinct characteristics, necessitating varying requirements for emergency evacuation. Consequently, we conducted a bibliometric analysis and visual mapping of evacuation processes in major natural disasters from 2004-2023, analyzing 7213 publications from the Web of Science database via VOSviewer and ArcGIS. Our study identified three developmental phases: an initial phase (pre-2011) with 1169 publications, a growth phase (2012-2018) with 2772 publications, and an expansion phase (post-2019) with 3335 publications. This study provides a comprehensive review and classification of emergency evacuation theories and methods in major disaster scenarios. It emphasizes the necessity of assessing the scope and intensity of different types of major emergent disasters, defining and simulating the affected behaviors of the influenced populations, and formulating differentiated emergency evacuation strategies accordingly. Keyword analysis reveals two main trends supporting these findings: an increasing focus on complex evacuation modeling and simulation techniques, manifested in the application of various simulation-optimized microscopic and macroscopic models such as cellular automata, social force models, agent-based models, pedestrian flow, and network flow models, enhancing disaster understanding and prediction capabilities; and the strategic development of tailored evacuation strategies for specific disaster contexts, thereby improving disaster response efficiency. Three key future pathways for safety evacuation research are outlined: refining evacuation behavior models for greater accuracy, improving the coordination of complex, multi-level evacuation procedures, and integrating indoor and outdoor evacuation strategies more seamlessly. It establishes a forward-looking framework for advancing safety evacuation studies in major emergencies.
{"title":"Grasping emergency dynamics: A review of group evacuation techniques and strategies in major emergencies","authors":"Hai Sun , Guorui Han , Xiaowei Zhang , Xuejing Ruan","doi":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2024.05.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2024.05.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Major sudden disasters, such as floods, earthquakes, and fires, often cause significant casualties. Emergency evacuation is crucial in mitigating these impacts. Different types of disaster incidents vary significantly in terms of impact scope, suddenness, and urgency. Each type of disaster possesses distinct characteristics, necessitating varying requirements for emergency evacuation. Consequently, we conducted a bibliometric analysis and visual mapping of evacuation processes in major natural disasters from 2004-2023, analyzing 7213 publications from the Web of Science database via VOSviewer and ArcGIS. Our study identified three developmental phases: an initial phase (pre-2011) with 1169 publications, a growth phase (2012-2018) with 2772 publications, and an expansion phase (post-2019) with 3335 publications. This study provides a comprehensive review and classification of emergency evacuation theories and methods in major disaster scenarios. It emphasizes the necessity of assessing the scope and intensity of different types of major emergent disasters, defining and simulating the affected behaviors of the influenced populations, and formulating differentiated emergency evacuation strategies accordingly. Keyword analysis reveals two main trends supporting these findings: an increasing focus on complex evacuation modeling and simulation techniques, manifested in the application of various simulation-optimized microscopic and macroscopic models such as cellular automata, social force models, agent-based models, pedestrian flow, and network flow models, enhancing disaster understanding and prediction capabilities; and the strategic development of tailored evacuation strategies for specific disaster contexts, thereby improving disaster response efficiency. Three key future pathways for safety evacuation research are outlined: refining evacuation behavior models for greater accuracy, improving the coordination of complex, multi-level evacuation procedures, and integrating indoor and outdoor evacuation strategies more seamlessly. It establishes a forward-looking framework for advancing safety evacuation studies in major emergencies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":62710,"journal":{"name":"安全科学与韧性(英文)","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142533600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-12DOI: 10.1016/j.jnlssr.2024.07.002
Jie Yang , Xiaoxue Yan
This study aimed to investigate the effects of firefighters' protective gloves on physiological responses, psychological responses, and manual performance in a cold environment through human trials. Twelve participants wearing firefighter protective equipment were exposed to a 16 °C environment, while their hands were exposed to a small chamber of 0 °C with (FPG) and without (CON) firefighting protective gloves. During the trials, physiological responses (core temperature (Tc), the mean skin temperature (Tsk), and heart rate (HR)), psychological responses (thermal sensation vote (TSV) and pain sensation vote (PSV)), and manual performance (handgrip strength, manual dexterity, maximum finger flexion, and tactile sensitivity)) were obtained. The results indicated a significant difference (p < 0.05) between FPG and CON regarding Tsk. Furthermore, pain sensation occurred when the mean skin temperature of the hand was between 15 °C and 20 °C. Gloves significantly (p < 0.05) reduced handgrip strength, manual dexterity, and tactile sensitivity in the cold exposure. This study provides fundamental knowledge for cold strain assessment and high-performance protective glove development with the potential to improve firefighters’ safety and health.
{"title":"Effects of firefighters’ protective gloves on physiological responses, psychological responses, and manual performance in a cold environment","authors":"Jie Yang , Xiaoxue Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2024.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2024.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to investigate the effects of firefighters' protective gloves on physiological responses, psychological responses, and manual performance in a cold environment through human trials. Twelve participants wearing firefighter protective equipment were exposed to a 16 °C environment, while their hands were exposed to a small chamber of 0 °C with (FPG) and without (CON) firefighting protective gloves. During the trials, physiological responses (core temperature (T<sub>c</sub>), the mean skin temperature (T<sub>sk</sub>), and heart rate (HR)), psychological responses (thermal sensation vote (TSV) and pain sensation vote (PSV)), and manual performance (handgrip strength, manual dexterity, maximum finger flexion, and tactile sensitivity)) were obtained. The results indicated a significant difference (<em>p</em> < 0.05) between FPG and CON regarding T<sub>sk</sub>. Furthermore, pain sensation occurred when the mean skin temperature of the hand was between 15 °C and 20 °C. Gloves significantly (<em>p</em> < 0.05) reduced handgrip strength, manual dexterity, and tactile sensitivity in the cold exposure. This study provides fundamental knowledge for cold strain assessment and high-performance protective glove development with the potential to improve firefighters’ safety and health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":62710,"journal":{"name":"安全科学与韧性(英文)","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 48-57"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-10DOI: 10.1016/j.jnlssr.2024.07.003
Kaiqiang Wang , Zhigang Shang , Weijun Liu , Kang Wen , Jun Zhang , Bin Yao , Weiguo Song
Hermetic pressurized buildings are a new type of building in high-altitude areas that efficiently addresses issues such as high-altitude reactions. The indoor pressure is higher than the external pressure under working conditions, and pressure relief must be carried out first during emergencies. The emergency pressure relief process during a fire may lead to complex fire behavior different from that in regular buildings. In this study, we focus on the impact of ventilation conditions and the status of doors in such buildings on fire evolution and smoke plume characteristics through experiments. The temperature variation in the fire room and corridor is measured under different ventilation power, ventilation time, and door opening width conditions. This shows that the width of the door has the greatest impact on fire development. A smaller gap in the door opening restricts air circulation between the interior and exterior of the room, resulting in a rapid decrease in the oxygen concentration within the fire room and a decrease in the combustion reaction rate of wood fires. The ventilation power exerts the most significant influence on the temperature variation in the corridor. These findings provide empirical data and a basis for fire science studies in high-altitude hermetic pressurized buildings and can guide existing fire protection design and management for improved safety.
{"title":"An experimental study of fire development under varying ventilation conditions during the depressurization process in pressurized buildings","authors":"Kaiqiang Wang , Zhigang Shang , Weijun Liu , Kang Wen , Jun Zhang , Bin Yao , Weiguo Song","doi":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2024.07.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2024.07.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hermetic pressurized buildings are a new type of building in high-altitude areas that efficiently addresses issues such as high-altitude reactions. The indoor pressure is higher than the external pressure under working conditions, and pressure relief must be carried out first during emergencies. The emergency pressure relief process during a fire may lead to complex fire behavior different from that in regular buildings. In this study, we focus on the impact of ventilation conditions and the status of doors in such buildings on fire evolution and smoke plume characteristics through experiments. The temperature variation in the fire room and corridor is measured under different ventilation power, ventilation time, and door opening width conditions. This shows that the width of the door has the greatest impact on fire development. A smaller gap in the door opening restricts air circulation between the interior and exterior of the room, resulting in a rapid decrease in the oxygen concentration within the fire room and a decrease in the combustion reaction rate of wood fires. The ventilation power exerts the most significant influence on the temperature variation in the corridor. These findings provide empirical data and a basis for fire science studies in high-altitude hermetic pressurized buildings and can guide existing fire protection design and management for improved safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":62710,"journal":{"name":"安全科学与韧性(英文)","volume":"6 1","pages":"Pages 70-78"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143155758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-07DOI: 10.1016/j.jnlssr.2024.06.002
Zhou Fangrong , Guo Yuning , Qian Guochao , Ma Yi , Wang Guofang
The risk of forest fires is substantial due to uneven precipitation distributions and abnormal climate change. This study employs cellular automata principles to analyze forest fire behavior, taking into account meteorological elements, combustible material types, and terrain slopes. The Wang Zhengfei model is utilized to compute fire spread speed, and a multifactor coupled forest fire model is developed. Comparisons with experimental data show a mean calculated fire spread speed of 0.69 m/min, which is consistent with the experimental results. Using the forest fire in Anning city, Yunnan Province, as a case study with a mean burned area of 2281 ha, the burned area, rate of change in burned area, and burning area demonstrated an increasing trend, with fluctuating states in the rate of change of the burning area. Employing the controlled variable method to examine forest fire spreading patterns under varying factors such as wind speed, vegetation type, and maximum slope reveals that under wind influence, the fire site adopts an elliptical shape with the downwind direction as the major axis. Quantitatively, when the wind speed increases from 2 m/s to 10 m/s, the burned area expands by a factor of 1.37. The ratio of the combustible material configuration coefficient to the burned area remains consistent across the different vegetation types, and the burned area increases by a factor of 1.92 when the maximum slope increases from 5° to 25°.
{"title":"Multi-factor coupled forest fire model based on cellular automata","authors":"Zhou Fangrong , Guo Yuning , Qian Guochao , Ma Yi , Wang Guofang","doi":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2024.06.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jnlssr.2024.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The risk of forest fires is substantial due to uneven precipitation distributions and abnormal climate change. This study employs cellular automata principles to analyze forest fire behavior, taking into account meteorological elements, combustible material types, and terrain slopes. The Wang Zhengfei model is utilized to compute fire spread speed, and a multifactor coupled forest fire model is developed. Comparisons with experimental data show a mean calculated fire spread speed of 0.69 m/min, which is consistent with the experimental results. Using the forest fire in Anning city, Yunnan Province, as a case study with a mean burned area of 2281 ha, the burned area, rate of change in burned area, and burning area demonstrated an increasing trend, with fluctuating states in the rate of change of the burning area. Employing the controlled variable method to examine forest fire spreading patterns under varying factors such as wind speed, vegetation type, and maximum slope reveals that under wind influence, the fire site adopts an elliptical shape with the downwind direction as the major axis. Quantitatively, when the wind speed increases from 2 m/s to 10 m/s, the burned area expands by a factor of 1.37. The ratio of the combustible material configuration coefficient to the burned area remains consistent across the different vegetation types, and the burned area increases by a factor of 1.92 when the maximum slope increases from 5° to 25°.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":62710,"journal":{"name":"安全科学与韧性(英文)","volume":"5 4","pages":"Pages 413-421"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666449624000422/pdfft?md5=258753683f3aa032bf0211fc586ac4f6&pid=1-s2.0-S2666449624000422-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142149343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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