In order to save operating costs of sewage treatment plant, the SBR process was investigated with low DO condition by means of real-time control. when the reaction temperature was 21±0.5, aeration rate was 30 L/h, the pH, DO and ORP probe were monitored online and the real-time control strategy has been set up. The results showed that the variation of DO increased slowly in the first 145 minutes and then began to increase sharply until the end of the reaction, this period lasted for approximately 25 minutes and DO was 1.98 mg/L at last. When the DO increased sharply, NH4+-N in the system was completely removed. When the reaction time was 93min, the pH was the maximum. At this time, PO43--P in the reactor was completely removed, and this feature was helpful to remove phosphorus of the system by the real-time control. But this time there is no obvious change for the ammonia nitrogen and COD. And NO3--N has some accumulation. The variation of ORP remained decreasing during the anoxic period, and it began to increase since aeration until reached the positive value. When ORP was at the value of 0, the COD in the system met with the wastewater effluent standards but this feature was not very steady. Through the above online monitoring methods, the real-time control strategy has been set up in the process of wastewater treatment with low DO condition, and this method could save the energy.
{"title":"Real-time Control with Low DO Concentration in SBR Process","authors":"Sun Xingbin, Hou Zhaochao, Zuo Jin-long","doi":"10.1109/CESCE.2010.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CESCE.2010.31","url":null,"abstract":"In order to save operating costs of sewage treatment plant, the SBR process was investigated with low DO condition by means of real-time control. when the reaction temperature was 21±0.5, aeration rate was 30 L/h, the pH, DO and ORP probe were monitored online and the real-time control strategy has been set up. The results showed that the variation of DO increased slowly in the first 145 minutes and then began to increase sharply until the end of the reaction, this period lasted for approximately 25 minutes and DO was 1.98 mg/L at last. When the DO increased sharply, NH4+-N in the system was completely removed. When the reaction time was 93min, the pH was the maximum. At this time, PO43--P in the reactor was completely removed, and this feature was helpful to remove phosphorus of the system by the real-time control. But this time there is no obvious change for the ammonia nitrogen and COD. And NO3--N has some accumulation. The variation of ORP remained decreasing during the anoxic period, and it began to increase since aeration until reached the positive value. When ORP was at the value of 0, the COD in the system met with the wastewater effluent standards but this feature was not very steady. Through the above online monitoring methods, the real-time control strategy has been set up in the process of wastewater treatment with low DO condition, and this method could save the energy.","PeriodicalId":6371,"journal":{"name":"2010 International Conference on Challenges in Environmental Science and Computer Engineering","volume":"101 1","pages":"350-353"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91037813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In order to overcome the deficiencies of the traditional Artificial Immune Systems (AIS) in the security field of computer information system, an immune danger theory inspired model for network security monitoring is proposed in this paper. After introducing the back ground to the danger theory, a novel model for network security monitoring is presented. With the formal definitions of antigen, antibody, and detector improved, the computation method of affinity and danger signal are described. And then, the network attack monitoring algorithm is given. Theoretical analysis results show that the proposed model is feasible. Thus, it provides a good solution to the security assurance of computer information systems.
{"title":"An Immune Danger Theory Inspired Model for Network Security Monitoring","authors":"Feixian Sun, Xinchao Han, Jianhong Wang","doi":"10.1109/CESCE.2010.158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CESCE.2010.158","url":null,"abstract":"In order to overcome the deficiencies of the traditional Artificial Immune Systems (AIS) in the security field of computer information system, an immune danger theory inspired model for network security monitoring is proposed in this paper. After introducing the back ground to the danger theory, a novel model for network security monitoring is presented. With the formal definitions of antigen, antibody, and detector improved, the computation method of affinity and danger signal are described. And then, the network attack monitoring algorithm is given. Theoretical analysis results show that the proposed model is feasible. Thus, it provides a good solution to the security assurance of computer information systems.","PeriodicalId":6371,"journal":{"name":"2010 International Conference on Challenges in Environmental Science and Computer Engineering","volume":"41 1","pages":"33-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73880062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The sequence stratigraphic division and correlation are the key of the research for glutenite reservoir. For the reasons that lacking shale marker horizons and paleaobiological fossils in glutenite sediments, the conventional treatments of strata demarcation based on well logging are difficult and inefficient. Aimed to the great thick glutenite in Dongying Depression, this paper presents a new method of wavelet analysis based on DB5 continuous wavelet transform to make sequence stratigraphic division and correlation. The wavelet transform is an excellent tool of multi-scale analysis, it can make strata demarcation by studying the cycle regulation of the wavelet coefficients in the best scales resulted from the CWT of the GR or AC well logs. The research shows that the method of wavelet analysis is quite suitable and effective for the demarcation of glutenite sediments and gets quite good results.
{"title":"Application of Wavelet Analysis in Sequence Stratigraphic Division of Glutenite Sediments","authors":"Jinliang Zhang, A. Song","doi":"10.1109/CESCE.2010.69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CESCE.2010.69","url":null,"abstract":"The sequence stratigraphic division and correlation are the key of the research for glutenite reservoir. For the reasons that lacking shale marker horizons and paleaobiological fossils in glutenite sediments, the conventional treatments of strata demarcation based on well logging are difficult and inefficient. Aimed to the great thick glutenite in Dongying Depression, this paper presents a new method of wavelet analysis based on DB5 continuous wavelet transform to make sequence stratigraphic division and correlation. The wavelet transform is an excellent tool of multi-scale analysis, it can make strata demarcation by studying the cycle regulation of the wavelet coefficients in the best scales resulted from the CWT of the GR or AC well logs. The research shows that the method of wavelet analysis is quite suitable and effective for the demarcation of glutenite sediments and gets quite good results.","PeriodicalId":6371,"journal":{"name":"2010 International Conference on Challenges in Environmental Science and Computer Engineering","volume":"30 1","pages":"204-207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75065372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is a method of preparing hypophosphorous acid with electrodialysis. It comprises an insoluble anode, an insoluble cathode and an aqueous solution of hypophosphite anions. The direct current, through the insoluble anode to cathode in electrical contact with the aqueous solution to generate H+, forms hypophosphorous acid solution. In the paper, we study the best term of different factors about the experiment. The process is simple, low cost and high efficient, It is a cleaner production without waste residue and waste water.
{"title":"Electrodialysis Production of Hypophosphorous Acid","authors":"Ni Fusheng, Guo Aihong","doi":"10.1109/CESCE.2010.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CESCE.2010.42","url":null,"abstract":"It is a method of preparing hypophosphorous acid with electrodialysis. It comprises an insoluble anode, an insoluble cathode and an aqueous solution of hypophosphite anions. The direct current, through the insoluble anode to cathode in electrical contact with the aqueous solution to generate H+, forms hypophosphorous acid solution. In the paper, we study the best term of different factors about the experiment. The process is simple, low cost and high efficient, It is a cleaner production without waste residue and waste water.","PeriodicalId":6371,"journal":{"name":"2010 International Conference on Challenges in Environmental Science and Computer Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"204-206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79781916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The resources shortage, resource exhaustion and environment pollution resulted from economic development awake people to think over how to achieve the sustainable development. Under the background, more and more governments, semiofficial organization, industrial association, and folk organization are beginning to pay more attention to environment and resources. Based on the cycle utilization of materials, circular economy could improve the utilization efficiency of resources and energy, and farthest decrease waste emission, and protect the ecology environment. The paper analyzed the circular economy in terms of the basic concept, the development mode, and circular system, which would provide some making-decision references for clearing the development thought of circular economy.
{"title":"Growth Mode of Circular Economy","authors":"Li Chuang","doi":"10.1109/CESCE.2010.150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CESCE.2010.150","url":null,"abstract":"The resources shortage, resource exhaustion and environment pollution resulted from economic development awake people to think over how to achieve the sustainable development. Under the background, more and more governments, semiofficial organization, industrial association, and folk organization are beginning to pay more attention to environment and resources. Based on the cycle utilization of materials, circular economy could improve the utilization efficiency of resources and energy, and farthest decrease waste emission, and protect the ecology environment. The paper analyzed the circular economy in terms of the basic concept, the development mode, and circular system, which would provide some making-decision references for clearing the development thought of circular economy.","PeriodicalId":6371,"journal":{"name":"2010 International Conference on Challenges in Environmental Science and Computer Engineering","volume":"198 1","pages":"36-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80035590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Three soil conditions were compared to identify the number of soil bacteria or microorganisms and the activity of soil enzymes, which determine the status of soil fertility in Camellia oleifera stands in Changning region in china. Results indicated that the total and each number of three main species of microorganisms had obvious differences under different stand age. Along with the age growth, the total of microorganisms under different age showed up a trend---"low-high-low". The total number of soil microbes in the sapling forest (16.55×105/ g• dry soil), the mid-age forest (28.64×105/g•dry soil), the mature forest (19.64×105/ g• dry soil). The same enzyme activities in the same soil depths of different forest ages are various, the unease activities of mature forest soil were the highest to 32.87mg/g•24h, the unease activities of mid-age forest soil were higher to 31.07mg/g•24h, the unease activities of young-age forest soil were 16.58mg/g•24h. The sucrase and catalase activities of mid-age forest were the highest, respectively 1.46ml/g•23h and 1.14 ml/g•20min, the sucrase and catalase activities of young-age forest soil were higher, respectively 1.32ml/g•23h and 0.97 ml/g•20min, the sucrase and catalase activities of mature forest soil were respectively 0.98ml/g•23h and 0.72 ml/g•20min. With the season changes, the quantity of bacteria in the soil presented the trend that was in summer and fall the quantity were more, in winter and spring the quantity were comparatively small. The seasonal changes of the quantity of actinomyces and fungus were almost the same, in spring, fall and winter the quantity of actinomyces and fungus were more, but in summer it was small. The activities of soil urease, sucrase and catalas showed up in April, and decreased somewhat in July, and increased in October. After that, in December, the activity of soil unease and soil catalas were decreased, only soil sucrase shown the sign to up. The microorganisms populations and enzyme activities in soil were used to be the biological indicators to reflect soil problems. It was significant to study the annual change of soil microorganisms populations and enzyme activities in Oiltea Camellia Stands.
{"title":"Ecological Distribution of Soil Microorganism and Activity Characteristic of Soil Enzymes in Camellia Oleifera Stands","authors":"L. Jun-ang, G. Liang, Hao Yan, Gou Zhi-hui","doi":"10.1109/CESCE.2010.62","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CESCE.2010.62","url":null,"abstract":"Three soil conditions were compared to identify the number of soil bacteria or microorganisms and the activity of soil enzymes, which determine the status of soil fertility in Camellia oleifera stands in Changning region in china. Results indicated that the total and each number of three main species of microorganisms had obvious differences under different stand age. Along with the age growth, the total of microorganisms under different age showed up a trend---\"low-high-low\". The total number of soil microbes in the sapling forest (16.55×105/ g• dry soil), the mid-age forest (28.64×105/g•dry soil), the mature forest (19.64×105/ g• dry soil). The same enzyme activities in the same soil depths of different forest ages are various, the unease activities of mature forest soil were the highest to 32.87mg/g•24h, the unease activities of mid-age forest soil were higher to 31.07mg/g•24h, the unease activities of young-age forest soil were 16.58mg/g•24h. The sucrase and catalase activities of mid-age forest were the highest, respectively 1.46ml/g•23h and 1.14 ml/g•20min, the sucrase and catalase activities of young-age forest soil were higher, respectively 1.32ml/g•23h and 0.97 ml/g•20min, the sucrase and catalase activities of mature forest soil were respectively 0.98ml/g•23h and 0.72 ml/g•20min. With the season changes, the quantity of bacteria in the soil presented the trend that was in summer and fall the quantity were more, in winter and spring the quantity were comparatively small. The seasonal changes of the quantity of actinomyces and fungus were almost the same, in spring, fall and winter the quantity of actinomyces and fungus were more, but in summer it was small. The activities of soil urease, sucrase and catalas showed up in April, and decreased somewhat in July, and increased in October. After that, in December, the activity of soil unease and soil catalas were decreased, only soil sucrase shown the sign to up. The microorganisms populations and enzyme activities in soil were used to be the biological indicators to reflect soil problems. It was significant to study the annual change of soil microorganisms populations and enzyme activities in Oiltea Camellia Stands.","PeriodicalId":6371,"journal":{"name":"2010 International Conference on Challenges in Environmental Science and Computer Engineering","volume":"19 1","pages":"479-482"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82533227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper mainly introduces the features of the shape control system of the new ultra-thin strip production line in tangshan iron and steel group Co. Ltd. Advanced shape control technology in the world has been adoped in this production line. The article mainly introduces the characteristics of the product line on equipment and control means, and emphasizes on the new thoughts of the control system in the line.
{"title":"Analysis on Shape Control System of UTRA 1810 Thin Strip Production Line in Tangshan Iron and Steel CO.LTD","authors":"Dongyan Cui, Ruiqiang Li","doi":"10.1109/CESCE.2010.76","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CESCE.2010.76","url":null,"abstract":"The paper mainly introduces the features of the shape control system of the new ultra-thin strip production line in tangshan iron and steel group Co. Ltd. Advanced shape control technology in the world has been adoped in this production line. The article mainly introduces the characteristics of the product line on equipment and control means, and emphasizes on the new thoughts of the control system in the line.","PeriodicalId":6371,"journal":{"name":"2010 International Conference on Challenges in Environmental Science and Computer Engineering","volume":"29 1","pages":"10-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89328675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) has the special advantage in multi-indexes evaluation, and geographical information system (GIS) is good at spatial analysis. Combining AHP with GIS provides an effective means for studies of regional environmental carrying capacity (ECC) evaluation. Aiming at the regional features of ecosystem of Shaanxi Province, the synthetic evaluation index system is set up including eco-elastic force, resource carrying capacity and environment carrying capacity factors. Supported by GIS, taking the city as the evaluation unit, the information system database of ECC of Shaanxi Province is established. Based on the database and evaluation system, AHP, ECC evaluation index method and spatial analysis are integrated into the ECC evaluation in the study area. The results showed that only 23% of the total land area in Shaanxi Province maintains a good or better grade of the ECC. However, 50% of the total area is of a bad or worse grade of ECC. From the spatial distribution, the ECC gradually decreased from the south to the north with exception in a few areas, which presented the obvious characteristics of terrain. It is concluded that the current status of the integral ECC of Shaanxi Province is in the bad level, and highly intense human activities speeded up the degradation of regional ecosystem in recent years.
{"title":"Combining AHP with GIS for Evaluating Environmental Carrying Capacity in Shaanxi Province, China","authors":"Lijun Zhang, Jianhua Xu","doi":"10.1109/CESCE.2010.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CESCE.2010.25","url":null,"abstract":"The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) has the special advantage in multi-indexes evaluation, and geographical information system (GIS) is good at spatial analysis. Combining AHP with GIS provides an effective means for studies of regional environmental carrying capacity (ECC) evaluation. Aiming at the regional features of ecosystem of Shaanxi Province, the synthetic evaluation index system is set up including eco-elastic force, resource carrying capacity and environment carrying capacity factors. Supported by GIS, taking the city as the evaluation unit, the information system database of ECC of Shaanxi Province is established. Based on the database and evaluation system, AHP, ECC evaluation index method and spatial analysis are integrated into the ECC evaluation in the study area. The results showed that only 23% of the total land area in Shaanxi Province maintains a good or better grade of the ECC. However, 50% of the total area is of a bad or worse grade of ECC. From the spatial distribution, the ECC gradually decreased from the south to the north with exception in a few areas, which presented the obvious characteristics of terrain. It is concluded that the current status of the integral ECC of Shaanxi Province is in the bad level, and highly intense human activities speeded up the degradation of regional ecosystem in recent years.","PeriodicalId":6371,"journal":{"name":"2010 International Conference on Challenges in Environmental Science and Computer Engineering","volume":"8 1","pages":"3-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87806043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Referring to water quality monitoring data of Nansihu Lake in August, 2008, the state of eutrophication was evaluated according to TLI method, with the indices of Chl.a, TP, TN, SD and CODMn. The results show that Nansihu Lake has been in eutrophic state, in which Nanyanghu Lake is mesotrophic state. The causes were analyzed from all aspects of the situation which provide the basis for control of the lake eutrophication.
{"title":"Evaluation and Analysis of Eutrophic Levels in Nansihu Lake","authors":"Yang Liyuan, L. Yanhong","doi":"10.1109/CESCE.2010.171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CESCE.2010.171","url":null,"abstract":"Referring to water quality monitoring data of Nansihu Lake in August, 2008, the state of eutrophication was evaluated according to TLI method, with the indices of Chl.a, TP, TN, SD and CODMn. The results show that Nansihu Lake has been in eutrophic state, in which Nanyanghu Lake is mesotrophic state. The causes were analyzed from all aspects of the situation which provide the basis for control of the lake eutrophication.","PeriodicalId":6371,"journal":{"name":"2010 International Conference on Challenges in Environmental Science and Computer Engineering","volume":"30 1","pages":"7-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89448345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hydrogen sulfide is a kind of poisonous and harmful gas. There are a lot of desulfurization methods. Because the traditional desulphurization technology have some shortcomings, some new desulfurization methods that make people pay more attention to environmental pollution control and with the development and application of some high-new technology are introduced in this paper. Meantime the desulfurization technology trend is studied in this paper. The results show that different desulfurization technologies have their own characteristics. But regardless of what new technology replaces the traditional desulfurization technology, efficient low-input, resource-based, no secondary pollution will be the main stream of the development of desulfurization technology in the future.
{"title":"Study on Desulfurization (H2S) Technology Trend","authors":"Ji-hong Zhou, H. Fan","doi":"10.1109/CESCE.2010.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CESCE.2010.28","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogen sulfide is a kind of poisonous and harmful gas. There are a lot of desulfurization methods. Because the traditional desulphurization technology have some shortcomings, some new desulfurization methods that make people pay more attention to environmental pollution control and with the development and application of some high-new technology are introduced in this paper. Meantime the desulfurization technology trend is studied in this paper. The results show that different desulfurization technologies have their own characteristics. But regardless of what new technology replaces the traditional desulfurization technology, efficient low-input, resource-based, no secondary pollution will be the main stream of the development of desulfurization technology in the future.","PeriodicalId":6371,"journal":{"name":"2010 International Conference on Challenges in Environmental Science and Computer Engineering","volume":"8 1","pages":"315-317"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87426022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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