Journal of Leather Science and Engineering最新文献_第3页

Biodegradability of leather: a crucial indicator to evaluate sustainability of leather 皮革的生物降解性：评估皮革可持续性的关键指标

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-024-00151-z

Ya-nan Wang, Yuxin Zhang, Zhen Wang

Biodegradability is a crucial indicator to evaluate the sustainability of leather. Herein, a rapid method for biodegradation test in an aqueous medium by measuring biochemical oxygen demand was used to determine the biodegradability of leather from different tanning methods, tanning conditions and process stages. In addition, the difference in biodegradability between leather and leather-like synthetic materials were investigated. Chrome-free tanned leather showed higher degree of biodegradation and faster biodegradation rate than chrome tanned leather. Among them, leathers tanned with biomass-based tanning agents were much easier to biodegrade because the crosslinking network of tanned leather constructed with biomass was more susceptible to microbial attack. The enhancement of tanning effects through changing tanning methods and conditions (such as tanning agent dosage, pH and temperature) resulted in the decline of leather biodegradability. Future development of novel chrome-free tanning technologies should balance between these two aspects. The biodegradability of leather from tanning to post-tanning to finishing showed a stepwise decrease because various chemicals were applied and bound to leather during processing. Even so, finished leather still possessed significantly higher biodegradability compared to leather-like PU and microfiber synthetic materials, demonstrating superior environmental sustainability of natural leather. The results are expected to provide support for the evaluation of the ecological properties of leather and green upgrade of the leather industry.

Graphical abstract

生物降解性是评估皮革可持续性的一个重要指标。本文采用了一种通过测量生化需氧量在水介质中进行生物降解测试的快速方法，以确定不同鞣制方法、鞣制条件和工艺阶段的皮革的生物降解性。此外，还研究了皮革和类皮革合成材料之间生物降解性的差异。与铬鞣革相比，无铬鞣革的生物降解程度更高，生物降解速度更快。其中，用生物质鞣剂鞣制的皮革更容易生物降解，因为用生物质构建的鞣革交联网络更容易受到微生物的侵袭。通过改变鞣制方法和条件（如鞣剂用量、pH 值和温度）来提高鞣制效果会导致皮革的生物降解性下降。未来新型无铬鞣制技术的开发应在这两方面取得平衡。从鞣制到鞣后再到涂饰，皮革的生物降解性呈现出逐步下降的趋势，这是因为在加工过程中各种化学物质被施加并与皮革结合在一起。即便如此，与类皮革聚氨酯和超细纤维合成材料相比，成品皮革的生物降解性仍然明显更高，这表明天然皮革具有更优越的环境可持续性。这些结果有望为皮革生态特性的评估和皮革业的绿色升级提供支持。

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引用次数: 0

A review on marine collagen: sources, extraction methods, colloids properties, and food applications 海洋胶原蛋白综述：来源、提取方法、胶体特性和食品应用

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-03-18 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-024-00152-y

Shahzad Farooq, Muhammad Ijaz Ahmad, Shijie Zheng, Usman Ali, Yang Li, Cui Shixiu, Hui Zhang

The growing interest in valorizing industrial by-products has led researchers to focus on exploring different sources and optimizing collagen extraction conditions over the past decade. While bovine hide, cattle bones, pork, and pig skins remain the most abundant collagen sources, there is a growing trend in the industrial utilization of collagen from non-mammalian species. This review explores alternative marine collagen sources and summarizes emerging trends in collagen recovery from marine sources, with a particular focus on environmentally friendly methods. Additionally, this review covers the colloidal structure-forming properties of marine collagens, including foam, film, gel, and emulsion formation. It also highlights the potential and important applications of marine collagen in various food products. Based on the currently reported marine sources, collagens extracted from fish, jellyfish, and sea cucumbers were found to have the highest yield and mostly comprised type-I collagen, while crustaceans and mollusks yielded lower percentages of collagen. Traditional extraction techniques isolate collagen based on acetic acid and pepsin treatment, but they come with drawbacks such as being time-consuming, causing sample destruction, and using solvents. Conversely, marine collagen extracted using conventional methods assisted with ultrasonication resulted in higher yields and strengthened the triple-stranded helical structures. Recently, an increasing number of new applications have been found in the food industry for marine collagens, such as biodegradable film-forming materials, colloid stabilizers, foaming agents, and micro-encapsulating agents. Furthermore, collagen is a modern foodstuff and is extensively used in the beverage, dairy, and meat industries to increase the stability, consistency, and elasticity of products.

Graphical abstract

过去十年来，人们对工业副产品价值化的兴趣与日俱增，促使研究人员专注于探索不同的胶原蛋白来源和优化胶原蛋白提取条件。虽然牛皮、牛骨、猪肉和猪皮仍然是最丰富的胶原蛋白来源，但工业利用非哺乳动物物种胶原蛋白的趋势也在不断增长。本综述探讨了海洋胶原蛋白的替代来源，并总结了从海洋来源中回收胶原蛋白的新趋势，尤其关注环境友好型方法。此外，本综述还涉及海洋胶原蛋白的胶体结构形成特性，包括泡沫、薄膜、凝胶和乳液的形成。它还强调了海洋胶原蛋白在各种食品中的潜在和重要应用。根据目前报道的海洋来源，从鱼类、水母和海参中提取的胶原蛋白产量最高，主要由 I 型胶原蛋白组成，而甲壳类和软体动物的胶原蛋白产量较低。传统的提取技术以醋酸和胃蛋白酶处理为基础分离胶原蛋白，但存在耗时长、样本破坏和使用溶剂等缺点。相反，使用传统方法提取海洋胶原蛋白，并辅以超声波处理，不仅产量更高，还能强化三股螺旋结构。最近，人们发现海洋胶原蛋白在食品工业中有越来越多的新用途，如生物降解成膜材料、胶体稳定剂、发泡剂和微胶囊剂。此外，胶原蛋白是一种现代食品，被广泛用于饮料、乳制品和肉类行业，以增加产品的稳定性、一致性和弹性。

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引用次数: 0

Xylan derived carbon sphere/graphene composite film with low resistance for supercapacitor electrode 用于超级电容器电极的低电阻木聚糖衍生碳球/石墨烯复合膜

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-03-15 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-024-00154-w

Jihai Cai, Yujin Li, Rongji Qin, Guangsheng Li, Xiaoying Wang

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) films suffer from low capacitance for inner unreduced oxygen functional groups, restacking of sheets and high contact resistance. Herein, carbon spheres derived from renewable xylan were added to graphene oxide with large sheet area to fabricate film by gelation and filtration, followed by in situ reduction for high-performance flexible supercapacitor. rGO film with transverse size about 13 μm showed a good specific capacitance of 967 mF/cm² at a scanning rate of 5 mV/s and increased to 1786 mF/cm² by in situ reducing its inner part, which generally remained oxidized due to outer hindering from hydrophobic graphene. Then, by hydrothermal carbonization of xylan and activation with KOH, activated carbon sphere (aXCS) was prepared, which had a diameter of 150–200 nm and a specific capacitance of 270 F/g. The aXCS acted as spacer and connector to avoid restacking of graphene sheets and decrease interlayer contact resistance, resulting 94% increase in capacitance performance from rGO film to aXCS/rGO film. Therefore, combined in situ reduction and enhancement through compositing aXCS, the final film (aXCS/rGO-AA) showed a boosted specific capacitance of 755 mF/cm² at 1 mA/cm² in double electrode system, power density of 22.5–2250 mW/cm², and energy density of 11.88–25.2 mWh/cm². Meanwhile, aXCS/rGO-AA had outstanding cycling stability that its specific capacitance maintained 108.7% after 10,000 cycles of charge–discharge, showing promising potential in wearable and portable electronics.

Graphical abstract

还原氧化石墨烯（rGO）薄膜存在内部未还原氧官能团电容低、薄片重新堆积和接触电阻高等问题。横向尺寸约为 13 μm 的 rGO 薄膜在 5 mV/s 的扫描速率下显示出 967 mF/cm2 的良好比电容，并通过原位还原其内部增加到 1786 mF/cm2。然后，通过水热碳化木聚糖并用 KOH 活化，制备出了活性碳球（aXCS），其直径为 150-200 nm，比电容为 270 F/g。aXCS 起到了间隔和连接的作用，避免了石墨烯片的重新堆叠，降低了层间接触电阻，使 rGO 薄膜的电容性能比 aXCS/rGO 薄膜提高了 94%。因此，通过复合 aXCS，结合原位还原和增强，最终薄膜（aXCS/rGO-AA）在双电极系统中 1 mA/cm2 时的比电容提高了 755 mF/cm2，功率密度提高了 22.5-2250 mW/cm2，能量密度提高了 11.88-25.2 mWh/cm2。同时，aXCS/rGO-AA具有出色的循环稳定性，其比电容在充放电10000次循环后仍能保持108.7%，在可穿戴和便携式电子产品中具有广阔的应用前景。

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引用次数: 0

Sustainable and one-pot fabrication of peptide chelated calcium from fish scale hydrolysates 从鱼鳞水解物中一次性可持续地制备多肽螯合钙

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-024-00150-0

Hongjie Dai, Yingnan Cao, Yu Fu, Mi Tang, Xin Feng, Liang Ma, Yuhao Zhang

Fish scales, considered as low-value by-products, contain peptides and hydroxyapatite that can be applied to produce peptide chelated calcium directly. This study developed a sustainable and one-pot fabrication method for the peptide-chelated calcium from fish scale hydrolysates (FSP-Ca). During pepsin hydrolysis, the releases of peptides (FSP), calcium, and phosphate from fish scales occurred simultaneously, and the chelation was also effectively performed. After a 6-h hydrolysis, the yield of FSP was 46.18%, and the dissolution rate of calcium was 49.53%. Under the optimal conditions (pH 7, chelation time of 25 min, and chelation temperature of 48 °C), a high chelation rate of 86.16% was obtained, with a calcium content of 81.8 mg/g. The results of UV absorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the successful chelation between FSP and calcium derived from fish scales. The –NH₂, –COO^–, N–H, C=O, C–H, and –OH groups in FSP participated in the formation of FSP-Ca.

Graphical Abstract

被视为低价值副产品的鱼鳞含有肽和羟基磷灰石，可直接用于生产肽螯合钙。本研究开发了一种从鱼鳞水解物中制备肽螯合钙（FSP-Ca）的可持续且一步法的方法。在胃蛋白酶水解过程中，多肽（FSP）、钙和磷酸盐同时从鱼鳞中释放出来，并有效地进行了螯合。经过 6 小时的水解，FSP 的产量为 46.18%，钙的溶解率为 49.53%。在最佳条件下（pH 值为 7，螯合时间为 25 分钟，螯合温度为 48 ℃），螯合率高达 86.16%，钙含量为 81.8 mg/g。紫外吸收、傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、X 射线衍射（XRD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）的结果都证实了 FSP 与鱼鳞中的钙螯合成功。FSP 中的 -NH2、-COO-、N-H、C=O、C-H 和 -OH 基团参与了 FSP-Ca 的形成。

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引用次数: 0

Reusing finished leather waste to produce pigmented thermoplastic polyurethane composite 再利用皮革成品废料生产着色热塑性聚氨酯复合材料

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-02-06 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-024-00149-7

Diego Giehl, Éverton Hansen, Luiz Carlos Robinson, Patrice Monteiro de Aquim

Footwear industries generate leather waste during the operation. Some of these wastes contain chromium, which may bring environmental concerns. This study aimed to reuse finished leather waste, the major part of these hazardous wastes, via producing a composite with thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) for shoe soles. Finished leather waste containing black dyes and pigments was used to color the TPU. The finished leather waste was fragmented, milled, micronized and blended with TPU in a ratio of 10%, 15%, and 20% w/w to produce composite materials. The composite materials were evaluated by morphological and thermal characterizations, physical–mechanical analysis, and environmental tests (leaching and solubilization), which presented that the physical–mechanical and thermal properties were within the standard of shoe soles, and the composites can be classified as non-hazardous. The composites enabled a new way of coloring polymeric matrices and reusing leather waste.

Graphical abstract

制鞋业在生产过程中会产生皮革废料。其中一些废物含有铬，可能会带来环境问题。本研究旨在通过生产鞋底用热塑性聚氨酯（TPU）复合材料，重新利用这些有害废物的主要部分--皮革成品废物。含有黑色染料和颜料的制革废料被用来给热塑性聚氨酯上色。成品皮革废料经破碎、研磨、微粉化后与热塑性聚氨酯按 10%、15% 和 20% 的重量比混合，制成复合材料。通过形态和热特性、物理机械分析以及环境测试（浸出和溶解），对复合材料进行了评估，结果表明其物理机械和热特性均符合鞋底标准，复合材料可归类为无害材料。这种复合材料为聚合物基质着色和皮革废料再利用提供了一种新方法。

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引用次数: 0

The impact of N-terminal modification of PAA with different chain lengths on the structure, thermal stability and pH sensitivity of succinylated collagen 不同链长的 PAA N 端修饰对琥珀酰化胶原的结构、热稳定性和 pH 敏感性的影响

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-02-05 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-024-00148-8

Juntao Zhang, Yang Liu, Haofei Xu, Peishan Sui, Tianyi Liu, Mingming Zheng, Evgeny A. Shirshin, Benmei Wei, Chengzhi Xu, Haibo Wang

The limitations of native collagen, such as thermal stability and solubility in physiological environments, can be improved by applying bioconjugation and synthetic chemistry techniques. However, the exquisite control of the modification site of collagen remains a challenge. In this work, pH-responsive poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) with different chain lengths was attached to the N-terminal α-amino groups of succinylated collagen using a site-specific modification strategy. Additionally, the structure, thermal stability, and pH sensitivity of succinylated collagen were explored. The modification rate of amino groups in the succinylated collagen-PAA bioconjugate (SPSC-PAA) was evaluated by the 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid assay. The impact of N-terminal modification of PAA and its chain length on the thermal stability of collagen was explored by CD and DSC. These techniques revealed that the thermal stability of SPSC-Col is pH-responsive and closely related to the chain length of grafted PAA. The pH sensitivity of SPSC-PAA was further explored by rheology and turbidity. Subsquently, the critical pH and isoelectric point of SPSC-PAAs were also examined by turbidity and isoelectric point titration, respectively. This work provides a new insight into the N-terminal modification of collagen on its properties.

Graphical abstract

原生胶原蛋白的局限性，如热稳定性和在生理环境中的溶解性，可以通过应用生物共轭和合成化学技术得到改善。然而，如何精确控制胶原蛋白的修饰位点仍是一项挑战。在这项工作中，采用特定位点修饰策略，将不同链长的 pH 响应聚丙烯酸（PAA）连接到琥珀酰化胶原的 N 端 α 氨基基团上。此外，还探讨了琥珀酰化胶原蛋白的结构、热稳定性和 pH 敏感性。琥珀酰化胶原-PAA 生物共轭物（SPSC-PAA）中氨基的修饰率通过 2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸测定法进行了评估。CD 和 DSC 研究了 PAA N 端修饰及其链长对胶原蛋白热稳定性的影响。这些技术表明，SPSC-Col 的热稳定性具有 pH 响应性，与接枝 PAA 的链长密切相关。流变学和浊度对 SPSC-PAA 的 pH 敏感性进行了进一步的研究。随后，还分别通过浊度和等电点滴定法研究了 SPSC-PAA 的临界 pH 值和等电点。这项工作为了解胶原蛋白的 N 端修饰对其特性的影响提供了新的视角。图文摘要

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引用次数: 0

Using proteomics to compare the molecular structures of sulfide and permeate-depilated sheepskins 利用蛋白质组学比较硫化羊皮和渗透脱水羊皮的分子结构

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-023-00147-1

Yi-Hsuan Tu, Trevor S. Loo, Mark L. Patchett, Gillian E. Norris

An environmentally friendly method using real or artificial bovine milk permeate to both depilate and preserve sheepskins has been reported which completely and cleanly removed the wool from the hair follicle and had no detrimental effects on the skin. A proteomic analysis, assessing the relative abundance of proteins in matched permeate-depilated and chemically depilated (sulfide) sheepskins, showed variations in the levels of specific collagen types in the skin's basement membrane and other proteins associated with the follicles. These findings were corroborated by biochemical analyses of matched permeate depilated and raw skin samples, and provide clues to the mechanism of non-invasive and complete depilation. They also support the observation that permeate-depilated skins were smoother than their sulfide-depilated counterparts and resulted in leather with a superior surface.

Graphical abstract

据报道，有一种使用真正或人造牛乳渗透物来脱毛和保存羊皮的环保方法，能彻底干净地去除毛囊中的羊毛，对皮肤没有任何有害影响。蛋白质组分析评估了匹配的渗透脱毛绵羊皮和化学脱毛（硫化）绵羊皮中蛋白质的相对丰度，结果显示皮肤基底膜中特定胶原蛋白类型以及与毛囊相关的其他蛋白质的含量存在差异。对匹配的渗透脱毛和未脱毛皮肤样本进行的生化分析证实了这些发现，并为非侵入性彻底脱毛的机制提供了线索。这些研究结果还支持这样一种观点，即经过渗透脱毛的皮肤比经过硫化物脱毛的皮肤更光滑，而且皮革表面更光洁。

引用次数: 0

Cartilage-like protein-polysaccharide hybrid hydrogel for enhancing chondrogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells 用于增强骨髓间充质干细胞软骨分化的类软骨蛋白-多糖杂交水凝胶

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-01-08 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-023-00146-2

Xinyue Zhang, Xue Zhan, Haojin Cheng, Zuqin Dong, Chen Hu, Chenxin Liu, Jie Liang, Yafang Chen, Yujiang Fan, Xingdong Zhang

The regeneration of articular cartilage posed a formidable challenge due to the restricted treatment efficacy of existing therapies. Scaffold-based tissue engineering emerges as a promising avenue for cartilage reconstitution. However, most scaffolds exhibit inadequate mechanical characteristics, poor biocompatibility, or absent cell adhesion sites. In this study, cartilage-like protein-polysaccharide hybrid hydrogel based on DOPA-modified hyaluronic acid, bovine type I collagen (Col I), and recombinant humanized type II collagen (rhCol II), denoted as HDCR. HDCR hydrogels possessed the advantage of injectability and in situ crosslinking through pH adjustment. Moreover, HDCR hydrogels exhibited a manipulable degradation rate and favorable biocompatibility. Notably, HDCR hydrogels significantly induced chondrogenic differentiation of rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro, as demonstrated by the upregulation of crucial chondrogenic genes (type II collagen, aggrecan) and the abundant accumulation of glycosaminoglycan. This approach presented a strategy to manufacture injectable, biodegradable scaffolds based on cartilage-like protein-polysaccharide polymers, offering a minimally invasive solution for cartilage repair.

Graphical abstract

由于现有疗法的疗效有限，关节软骨的再生是一项艰巨的挑战。以支架为基础的组织工程学成为软骨重建的一条大有可为的途径。然而，大多数支架表现出机械特性不足、生物相容性差或缺乏细胞粘附点。在这项研究中，基于 DOPA 改性透明质酸、牛 I 型胶原蛋白（Col I）和重组人源化 II 型胶原蛋白（rhCol II）的软骨样蛋白多糖杂交水凝胶被称为 HDCR。HDCR 水凝胶具有可注射性和通过调节 pH 原位交联的优点。此外，HDCR 水凝胶还具有可控降解率和良好的生物相容性。值得注意的是，HDCR 水凝胶能在体外显著诱导兔骨髓间充质干细胞的软骨分化，这体现在关键软骨基因（II 型胶原、凝集素）的上调和糖胺聚糖的大量积累上。这种方法提出了一种基于软骨类蛋白多糖聚合物制造可注射、可生物降解支架的策略，为软骨修复提供了一种微创解决方案。

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引用次数: 0

Ultra-low reflection electromagnetic interference shielding nanofiber film with effective solar harvesting and self-cleaning 具有有效太阳能收集和自清洁功能的超低反射电磁干扰屏蔽纳米纤维薄膜

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-01-05 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-023-00143-5

Bin Lyu, Yunchuan Wang, Dangge Gao, Shihao Guo, Yingying Zhou, Jianzhong Ma

It is urgent to develop low-reflection electromagnetic interference shielding material to shield electromagnetic waves (EMW) and reduce their secondary radiation pollution. Herein, an electromagnetic interference shielding nanofiber film is composed of ZnO and carbon nanofiber (CNF) via electrospinning and carbonization approachs, and subsequently coating perfuorooctyltriethoxysilane as a protective layer. On the one hand, ZnO coated by porous carbon, which is derived from ZIF-8, endows the nanofiber film low reflection property through optimizing impedance matching between free space and the nanofiber film. On the other hand, the nanofiber film possesses high electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency, which is beneficial by excellent electrical conductivity of CNF derived from waste leather scraps. Furthermore, the nanofiber film involves abundant interface, which contributes to high interfacial polarization loss. Thus, the nanofiber film with a thickness of 250 μm has electrical conductivity of 53 S/m and shielding efficiency of 50 dB. The reflection coefficient of the nanofiber film is inferior to 0.4 indicates that most of EMW are absorbed inside the materials and the nanofiber film is effective in reducing secondary radiation contamination of electromagnetic waves. Fortunately, the nanofiber film exhibits outstanding solar harvesting performance (106 ℃ at 1 sun density) and good self-cleaning performance, which ensure that the nanofiber film can work in harsh environments. This work supplies a credible reference for fabricating low-reflection electromagnetic shielding nanofiber film to reduce secondary radiation pollution and facilitates the upcycling of waste leather scraps.

Graphic abstract

开发低反射电磁干扰屏蔽材料以屏蔽电磁波并减少其二次辐射污染已迫在眉睫。本文通过电纺丝和碳化方法，将氧化锌和碳纳米纤维（CNF）组成电磁干扰屏蔽纳米纤维膜，然后涂覆全氟辛基三乙氧基硅烷作为保护层。一方面，由 ZIF-8 制成的多孔碳包覆 ZnO，通过优化自由空间与纳米纤维膜之间的阻抗匹配，赋予纳米纤维膜低反射特性。另一方面，纳米纤维膜具有较高的电磁干扰屏蔽效率，这得益于从废皮革下脚料中提取的 CNF 的优异导电性。此外，纳米纤维膜涉及大量界面，导致界面极化损耗较高。因此，厚度为 250 μm 的纳米纤维薄膜的导电率为 53 S/m，屏蔽效率为 50 dB。纳米纤维薄膜的反射系数小于 0.4，表明大部分电磁波都被材料内部吸收，纳米纤维薄膜能有效减少电磁波的二次辐射污染。值得庆幸的是，纳米纤维薄膜具有出色的太阳能收集性能（1 太阳密度时为 106 ℃）和良好的自清洁性能，这确保了纳米纤维薄膜可以在恶劣环境下工作。这项工作为制造低反射电磁屏蔽纳米纤维膜以减少二次辐射污染提供了可靠的参考，并有助于废皮革下脚料的升级再利用。

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引用次数: 0

An approach towards identification of leather from leather-like polymeric material using FTIR-ATR technique 利用傅立叶变换红外-ATR 技术从类皮革聚合材料中鉴别皮革的方法

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-01-02 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-023-00145-3

Priya Narayanan, Sreeram Kalarical Janardhanan

Leather, a by-product of the meat industry, has unique strength, elasticity, water vapor permeability, resistance to abrasion, durability, and longevity. In the background of ISO 15115:2019, the authenticity of leather has become a subject matter of concern. There is a need to distinguish leather (animal origin) from other leather-like materials derived from fossil fuel (PU, faux leather, etc.) and agro-product-driven vegan materials, which are also sold in the market as leather. For this purpose, this work relies on the signature FTIR bands of collagen (the skin-making protein) as a starting point to distinguish between animal origin and rest. A detailed investigation of all types of materials used in lifestyle products has been carried out to assess the boundary lines of this hypothesis. It is reasonably concluded that the signature Amide I, II, and III bands of collagen occurring at 1600, 1500, and 1200 cm⁻¹ could serve as the first line to distinguish against all materials other than nylon and in the case of nylon, and the Amide A band at 3200 cm⁻¹, forms the basis for differentiation from nylon. In essence, the FTIR spectra can be used as a robust, easy and unambiguous technique to distinguish leather from leather-like materials currently available on the market.

Graphical Abstract

皮革是肉类工业的副产品，具有独特的强度、弹性、透水性、耐磨性、耐久性和使用寿命。在 ISO 15115:2019 的背景下，皮革的真实性已成为一个备受关注的问题。有必要将皮革（动物源）与其他从化石燃料中提取的类皮革材料（聚氨酯、人造革等）和农作物驱动的纯素材料区分开来，这些材料也在市场上作为皮革出售。为此，这项研究以胶原蛋白（制革蛋白质）的傅立叶变换红外光谱特征带为起点，区分动物源性材料和其他材料。为了评估这一假设的边界线，我们对生活用品中使用的各类材料进行了详细调查。合理的结论是，出现在 1600、1500 和 1200 cm-1 处的胶原蛋白标志性酰胺 I、II 和 III 带可作为区分尼龙以外所有材料的第一条界线，而尼龙和 3200 cm-1 处的酰胺 A 带则是区分尼龙的基础。从本质上讲，傅立叶变换红外光谱可作为一种可靠、简便和明确的技术，用于区分皮革和目前市场上的类皮革材料。

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引用次数: 0