Journal of Leather Science and Engineering最新文献_第4页

Therapeutic potential of gelatine methacrylate hydrogels loaded with macrophage-derived exosomes for accelerating angiogenesis and cutaneous wound healing 负载巨噬细胞外泌体的甲基丙烯酸明胶水凝胶在加速血管生成和皮肤伤口愈合方面的治疗潜力

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-024-00156-8

Jiajun Liu, Fuying Chen, Luoqiang Tian, Jinjie Wu, Keting Liu, Qiwen Wan, Bo Yuan, Xiangdong Zhu, Xuening Chen, Xingdong Zhang

Extensive studies demonstrate that macrophage response plays an important role in regulating angiogenesis via a paracrine way, which is crucial for skin wound repair. This study isolated and characterized nanosized exosomes from differently polarized macrophages (MΦ), including M0 (naïve), M1 (pro-inflammatory), and M2 (anti-inflammatory) macrophages, and further assessed their impacts on angiogenesis and skin regeneration. Our results indicated that compared to M0 and M1 counterparts, M2 macrophage-derived exosomes (M2-Exos) exhibited a pronounced ability to promote angiogenic ability of of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by enhancing expression of angiogenic genes and proteins, increasing cell migration, and improving tubulogenesis. Bioinformatics analyses suggested that the distinct angiogenic potentials of three MΦ-Exos might be attributed to the differentially expressed angiogenesis-related miRNAs and their target genes such as Stat3, Smad 2, and Smad4. Moreover, these isolated MΦ-Exos were integrated with gelatine methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogels to achieve the sustained delivery at murine full-thickness cutaneous wound sites. In vivo results showed that Gel/M2-Exos significantly augmented angiogenesis, accelerated re-epithelialization, promoted collagen maturity, thereby promoting wound healing. In contrary, Gel/M1-Exos showed the opposite effects. Our findings provided compelling evidence that the polarization status of macrophages significantly affected angiogenesis and wound healing via the miRNA cargos of their derived exosomes. Moreover, this study opens a new avenue for developing nano-scale, cell-free exosome-based therapies in treating cutaneous wounds.

Graphical abstract

大量研究表明，巨噬细胞反应通过旁分泌方式在调节血管生成方面发挥着重要作用，这对皮肤伤口修复至关重要。本研究从不同极化的巨噬细胞（MΦ）（包括M0（天真）、M1（促炎）和M2（抗炎）巨噬细胞）中分离并鉴定了纳米级外泌体，并进一步评估了它们对血管生成和皮肤再生的影响。我们的研究结果表明，与M0和M1对应物相比，M2巨噬细胞衍生的外泌体（M2-Exos）通过增强血管生成基因和蛋白的表达、增加细胞迁移和改善微管生成，表现出明显的促进人脐静脉内皮细胞（HUVECs）血管生成的能力。生物信息学分析表明，三种 MΦ-Exos 不同的血管生成潜能可能归因于血管生成相关 miRNA 及其靶基因（如 Stat3、Smad 2 和 Smad4）的不同表达。此外，这些分离出的 MΦ-Exos 与甲基丙烯酸明胶（GelMA）水凝胶结合，实现了在小鼠全厚皮肤伤口部位的持续递送。体内试验结果表明，Gel/M2-Exos能显著增强血管生成，加速再上皮化，促进胶原蛋白成熟，从而促进伤口愈合。相反，Gel/M1-Exos 则显示出相反的效果。我们的研究结果提供了令人信服的证据，表明巨噬细胞的极化状态会通过其衍生的外泌体所携带的 miRNA 显著影响血管生成和伤口愈合。此外，这项研究为开发基于纳米级无细胞外泌体的疗法治疗皮肤伤口开辟了一条新途径。

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引用次数: 0

A novel approach for preparing aldehyde-free melamine resin and investigation of its retanning performance 制备无醛三聚氰胺树脂的新方法及其复鞣性能研究

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-024-00155-9

Chi Zhang, Ji-bo Zhou, Nan Sun, Xue-pin Liao, Bi Shi

Melamine resin (MR), traditionally synthesized using melamine and formaldehyde, is widely used in the leather industry. However, the emission of free formaldehyde poses a significant challenge for conventional MR. To address the issues of aldehyde in MR, extensive research has been conducted. This paper introduces a novel aldehyde-free MR (LTSL) retanning agent synthesized using cyanuric chloride, l-lysine, and sodium sulfanilate. The chemical structure of LTSL was analyzed via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The presence of amino, carboxyl, and sulfonic acid groups in LTSL enhanced its storability and imparted LTSL with an amphoteric character. The isoelectric point of LTSL was optimized to reach 4.37, and LTSL exhibited an appropriate size distribution with an average particle size of 254.17 nm and achieved high absorption rates of 87.77% and 95.84% for retanning and fatliquoring agents, respectively. Consequently, the thickness rate of LTSL reached up to 37%, with no detectable formaldehyde. Notably, LTSL also demonstrated excellent physical and mechanical properties, primarily attributed to the coordination and electrostatic interactions between the chrome-tanned collagen fiber and amino/carboxyl groups in LTSL. This research presents an innovative approach for developing an aldehyde-free MR retanning agent, significantly contributing to the sustainable development of leather manufacturing.

Graphical Abstract

传统的三聚氰胺树脂（MR）是用三聚氰胺和甲醛合成的，广泛应用于皮革业。然而，游离甲醛的释放给传统的三聚氰胺树脂带来了巨大挑战。为了解决 MR 中的醛问题，人们进行了广泛的研究。本文介绍了一种新型无醛 MR（LTSL）复鞣剂，它是利用氯化氰、赖氨酸和磺酸钠合成的。通过傅立叶变换红外光谱、核磁共振和 X 射线光电子能谱分析了 LTSL 的化学结构。LTSL 中氨基、羧基和磺酸基团的存在增强了其储存性，并赋予了 LTSL 两性离子特性。经优化，LTSL 的等电点达到 4.37，且 LTSL 的粒度分布适当，平均粒度为 254.17 nm，对复鞣剂和加脂剂的吸收率分别达到 87.77% 和 95.84%。因此，LTSL 的增厚率高达 37%，而且检测不到甲醛。值得注意的是，LTSL 还具有优异的物理和机械性能，这主要归功于铬鞣胶原纤维与 LTSL 中的氨基/羧基之间的配位和静电相互作用。这项研究提出了一种开发无醛 MR 复鞣剂的创新方法，极大地促进了皮革制造业的可持续发展。

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引用次数: 0

Biomineralized synthesis of luminescent protease-(NH4)2Y3F11•H2O hybrid nanospheres and their applications as a stable and reusable enzyme reactor 发光蛋白酶（NH4）2Y3F11-H2O 混合纳米球的生物矿化合成及其作为稳定、可重复使用的酶反应器的应用

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-024-00157-7

Wenyu Wei, Manman He, Jianrui Ma, Huixia He, Peng Liu, Jianxi Xiao

Proteases, such as trypsin, are essential for extracting collagen in various industrial applications. The potential applications of rare earth nanomaterials, specifically yttrium nanoparticles, have attracted significant interest across various fields due to their distinctive characteristics, including high dielectric constant and thermal stability. Biomineralization has emerged as a promising approach to synthesize protein-inorganic nanomaterials with hierarchical structures and desired functions. In the present investigation, a novel protease-templated biomineralization strategy was developed for synthesizing protease-(NH₄)₂Y₃F₁₁•H₂O hybrid nanomaterials using a one-pot method under very mild conditions. For modifying the morphologies of (NH₄)₂Y₃F₁₁•H₂O throughout biomineralization, protease has been demonstrated to be a highly promising biotemplate. Protease was utilized as a template for morphological control in the biomineralization procedure, which resulted in a gradual transformation of the initially formed (NH₄)₂Y₃F₁₁•H₂O octahedral structures into uniform nanospheres. The applicability of this approach was supported by successfully utilizing various proteases to synthesize protease-(NH₄)₂Y₃F₁₁•H₂O hybrid nanospheres. In addition to a strong and desirable luminescent signal, these hybrid nanospheres demonstrated extensive recycling because of their high enzymatic activity, stability and durability. The protease-mediated biomineralization approach offers an easy and robust approach to develop innovative protease-inorganic composites. Its moderate reaction conditions and simple operation render it a viable tool for developing stable and reusable enzyme reactors in various industrial applications.

Graphical Abstract

在各种工业应用中，蛋白酶（如胰蛋白酶）对于提取胶原蛋白至关重要。稀土纳米材料，特别是钇纳米粒子，由于其独特的特性，包括高介电常数和热稳定性，在各个领域的潜在应用引起了极大的兴趣。生物矿化已成为合成具有分层结构和所需功能的蛋白质无机纳米材料的一种有前途的方法。本研究开发了一种新颖的蛋白酶催化生物矿化策略，在非常温和的条件下采用一锅法合成蛋白酶-(NH4)2Y3F11-H2O 混合纳米材料。为了在生物矿化过程中改变 (NH4)2Y3F11-H2O 的形态，蛋白酶已被证明是一种非常有前途的生物模板。在生物矿化过程中，蛋白酶被用作形态控制模板，使最初形成的（NH4）2Y3F11-H2O 八面体结构逐渐转变为均匀的纳米球。利用各种蛋白酶成功合成了蛋白酶-（NH4）2Y3F11-H2O 混合纳米球，证明了这种方法的适用性。这些杂化纳米球不仅具有强烈而理想的发光信号，还因其高酶活性、稳定性和耐久性而被广泛回收利用。蛋白酶介导的生物矿化方法为开发创新的蛋白酶-无机复合材料提供了一种简便而稳健的方法。它的反应条件温和、操作简单，是在各种工业应用中开发稳定、可重复使用的酶反应器的可行工具。

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引用次数: 0

Manufacturing of isocyanate-based oligomeric dyes with high coloring capabilities: synthesis and application in the dyeing of organic chrome-free leather 制造具有高着色能力的异氰酸酯基低聚物染料：合成及在有机无铬皮革染色中的应用

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-024-00153-x

Wei Ding, Song Guo, Haiteng Liu, Xiaoyan Pang, Zhiwen Ding, Javier Remón

Leather dyeing is a critical step in leather manufacturing, as it is responsible for providing leather products with an eye-catching visual aspect and adequate quality properties to meet customers' expectations. This step is becoming more and more challenging as the leather industry advances hand in hand with new environmentally friendly policies and regulations to achieve a safer and healthier planet by replacing the highly polluting Cr-based leather tanning technology with greener alternatives. As a result, achieving high-performance dyeing of organic chrome-free leather is one of the bottlenecks for the sustainable development of the leather industry. Herein, we propose a novel strategy to fabricate an isocyanate-based oligomeric dye (IBD) with high coloring capabilities (component content higher than 62.8%) based on toluene 2,4-diisocyanate and reactive red dye 180. This material has been tested for the dyeing of biomass-derived aldehyde (BDA)-tanned leather with excellent outcomes. The experimental results showed that the crust leather dyed with our novel IBD dyeing agent had higher color fastness and better fullness than the leather dyed with conventional anionic (CAD) or reactive red 180 (RRD-180) dyes. These excellent and promising results open new avenues in manufacturing high-performance organic Cr-free leather products and help to ensure the sustainable transition of the leather industry from Cr-based leather tanning to more sustainable alternatives, maintaining the final quality of the leather products.

Graphical abstract

皮革染色是皮革制造中的一个关键步骤，因为它负责为皮革产品提供醒目的视觉效果和足够的质量特性，以满足客户的期望。随着皮革业与新的环保政策和法规齐头并进，这一步骤正变得越来越具有挑战性，通过用更环保的替代品取代高污染的铬基皮革鞣制技术，实现更安全、更健康的地球。因此，实现高性能的有机无铬皮革染色是皮革行业可持续发展的瓶颈之一。在此，我们提出了一种新策略，即以 2,4-甲苯二异氰酸酯和活性红染料 180 为基础，制造一种具有高着色能力（组分含量高于 62.8%）的异氰酸酯基低聚物染料（IBD）。这种材料已用于生物质衍生醛（BDA）鞣革的染色试验，并取得了良好的效果。实验结果表明，与使用传统阴离子（CAD）或活性红 180（RRD-180）染料染色的皮革相比，使用我们的新型 IBD 染色剂染色的结皮具有更高的色牢度和更好的丰满度。这些出色而有前景的结果为制造高性能有机无铬皮革产品开辟了新途径，有助于确保皮革行业从含铬皮革鞣制向更可持续的替代品过渡，同时保持皮革产品的最终质量。

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引用次数: 0

Biodegradability of leather: a crucial indicator to evaluate sustainability of leather 皮革的生物降解性：评估皮革可持续性的关键指标

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-024-00151-z

Ya-nan Wang, Yuxin Zhang, Zhen Wang

Biodegradability is a crucial indicator to evaluate the sustainability of leather. Herein, a rapid method for biodegradation test in an aqueous medium by measuring biochemical oxygen demand was used to determine the biodegradability of leather from different tanning methods, tanning conditions and process stages. In addition, the difference in biodegradability between leather and leather-like synthetic materials were investigated. Chrome-free tanned leather showed higher degree of biodegradation and faster biodegradation rate than chrome tanned leather. Among them, leathers tanned with biomass-based tanning agents were much easier to biodegrade because the crosslinking network of tanned leather constructed with biomass was more susceptible to microbial attack. The enhancement of tanning effects through changing tanning methods and conditions (such as tanning agent dosage, pH and temperature) resulted in the decline of leather biodegradability. Future development of novel chrome-free tanning technologies should balance between these two aspects. The biodegradability of leather from tanning to post-tanning to finishing showed a stepwise decrease because various chemicals were applied and bound to leather during processing. Even so, finished leather still possessed significantly higher biodegradability compared to leather-like PU and microfiber synthetic materials, demonstrating superior environmental sustainability of natural leather. The results are expected to provide support for the evaluation of the ecological properties of leather and green upgrade of the leather industry.

Graphical abstract

生物降解性是评估皮革可持续性的一个重要指标。本文采用了一种通过测量生化需氧量在水介质中进行生物降解测试的快速方法，以确定不同鞣制方法、鞣制条件和工艺阶段的皮革的生物降解性。此外，还研究了皮革和类皮革合成材料之间生物降解性的差异。与铬鞣革相比，无铬鞣革的生物降解程度更高，生物降解速度更快。其中，用生物质鞣剂鞣制的皮革更容易生物降解，因为用生物质构建的鞣革交联网络更容易受到微生物的侵袭。通过改变鞣制方法和条件（如鞣剂用量、pH 值和温度）来提高鞣制效果会导致皮革的生物降解性下降。未来新型无铬鞣制技术的开发应在这两方面取得平衡。从鞣制到鞣后再到涂饰，皮革的生物降解性呈现出逐步下降的趋势，这是因为在加工过程中各种化学物质被施加并与皮革结合在一起。即便如此，与类皮革聚氨酯和超细纤维合成材料相比，成品皮革的生物降解性仍然明显更高，这表明天然皮革具有更优越的环境可持续性。这些结果有望为皮革生态特性的评估和皮革业的绿色升级提供支持。

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引用次数: 0

A review on marine collagen: sources, extraction methods, colloids properties, and food applications 海洋胶原蛋白综述：来源、提取方法、胶体特性和食品应用

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-03-18 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-024-00152-y

Shahzad Farooq, Muhammad Ijaz Ahmad, Shijie Zheng, Usman Ali, Yang Li, Cui Shixiu, Hui Zhang

The growing interest in valorizing industrial by-products has led researchers to focus on exploring different sources and optimizing collagen extraction conditions over the past decade. While bovine hide, cattle bones, pork, and pig skins remain the most abundant collagen sources, there is a growing trend in the industrial utilization of collagen from non-mammalian species. This review explores alternative marine collagen sources and summarizes emerging trends in collagen recovery from marine sources, with a particular focus on environmentally friendly methods. Additionally, this review covers the colloidal structure-forming properties of marine collagens, including foam, film, gel, and emulsion formation. It also highlights the potential and important applications of marine collagen in various food products. Based on the currently reported marine sources, collagens extracted from fish, jellyfish, and sea cucumbers were found to have the highest yield and mostly comprised type-I collagen, while crustaceans and mollusks yielded lower percentages of collagen. Traditional extraction techniques isolate collagen based on acetic acid and pepsin treatment, but they come with drawbacks such as being time-consuming, causing sample destruction, and using solvents. Conversely, marine collagen extracted using conventional methods assisted with ultrasonication resulted in higher yields and strengthened the triple-stranded helical structures. Recently, an increasing number of new applications have been found in the food industry for marine collagens, such as biodegradable film-forming materials, colloid stabilizers, foaming agents, and micro-encapsulating agents. Furthermore, collagen is a modern foodstuff and is extensively used in the beverage, dairy, and meat industries to increase the stability, consistency, and elasticity of products.

Graphical abstract

过去十年来，人们对工业副产品价值化的兴趣与日俱增，促使研究人员专注于探索不同的胶原蛋白来源和优化胶原蛋白提取条件。虽然牛皮、牛骨、猪肉和猪皮仍然是最丰富的胶原蛋白来源，但工业利用非哺乳动物物种胶原蛋白的趋势也在不断增长。本综述探讨了海洋胶原蛋白的替代来源，并总结了从海洋来源中回收胶原蛋白的新趋势，尤其关注环境友好型方法。此外，本综述还涉及海洋胶原蛋白的胶体结构形成特性，包括泡沫、薄膜、凝胶和乳液的形成。它还强调了海洋胶原蛋白在各种食品中的潜在和重要应用。根据目前报道的海洋来源，从鱼类、水母和海参中提取的胶原蛋白产量最高，主要由 I 型胶原蛋白组成，而甲壳类和软体动物的胶原蛋白产量较低。传统的提取技术以醋酸和胃蛋白酶处理为基础分离胶原蛋白，但存在耗时长、样本破坏和使用溶剂等缺点。相反，使用传统方法提取海洋胶原蛋白，并辅以超声波处理，不仅产量更高，还能强化三股螺旋结构。最近，人们发现海洋胶原蛋白在食品工业中有越来越多的新用途，如生物降解成膜材料、胶体稳定剂、发泡剂和微胶囊剂。此外，胶原蛋白是一种现代食品，被广泛用于饮料、乳制品和肉类行业，以增加产品的稳定性、一致性和弹性。

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引用次数: 0

Xylan derived carbon sphere/graphene composite film with low resistance for supercapacitor electrode 用于超级电容器电极的低电阻木聚糖衍生碳球/石墨烯复合膜

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-03-15 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-024-00154-w

Jihai Cai, Yujin Li, Rongji Qin, Guangsheng Li, Xiaoying Wang

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) films suffer from low capacitance for inner unreduced oxygen functional groups, restacking of sheets and high contact resistance. Herein, carbon spheres derived from renewable xylan were added to graphene oxide with large sheet area to fabricate film by gelation and filtration, followed by in situ reduction for high-performance flexible supercapacitor. rGO film with transverse size about 13 μm showed a good specific capacitance of 967 mF/cm² at a scanning rate of 5 mV/s and increased to 1786 mF/cm² by in situ reducing its inner part, which generally remained oxidized due to outer hindering from hydrophobic graphene. Then, by hydrothermal carbonization of xylan and activation with KOH, activated carbon sphere (aXCS) was prepared, which had a diameter of 150–200 nm and a specific capacitance of 270 F/g. The aXCS acted as spacer and connector to avoid restacking of graphene sheets and decrease interlayer contact resistance, resulting 94% increase in capacitance performance from rGO film to aXCS/rGO film. Therefore, combined in situ reduction and enhancement through compositing aXCS, the final film (aXCS/rGO-AA) showed a boosted specific capacitance of 755 mF/cm² at 1 mA/cm² in double electrode system, power density of 22.5–2250 mW/cm², and energy density of 11.88–25.2 mWh/cm². Meanwhile, aXCS/rGO-AA had outstanding cycling stability that its specific capacitance maintained 108.7% after 10,000 cycles of charge–discharge, showing promising potential in wearable and portable electronics.

Graphical abstract

还原氧化石墨烯（rGO）薄膜存在内部未还原氧官能团电容低、薄片重新堆积和接触电阻高等问题。横向尺寸约为 13 μm 的 rGO 薄膜在 5 mV/s 的扫描速率下显示出 967 mF/cm2 的良好比电容，并通过原位还原其内部增加到 1786 mF/cm2。然后，通过水热碳化木聚糖并用 KOH 活化，制备出了活性碳球（aXCS），其直径为 150-200 nm，比电容为 270 F/g。aXCS 起到了间隔和连接的作用，避免了石墨烯片的重新堆叠，降低了层间接触电阻，使 rGO 薄膜的电容性能比 aXCS/rGO 薄膜提高了 94%。因此，通过复合 aXCS，结合原位还原和增强，最终薄膜（aXCS/rGO-AA）在双电极系统中 1 mA/cm2 时的比电容提高了 755 mF/cm2，功率密度提高了 22.5-2250 mW/cm2，能量密度提高了 11.88-25.2 mWh/cm2。同时，aXCS/rGO-AA具有出色的循环稳定性，其比电容在充放电10000次循环后仍能保持108.7%，在可穿戴和便携式电子产品中具有广阔的应用前景。

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引用次数: 0

Sustainable and one-pot fabrication of peptide chelated calcium from fish scale hydrolysates 从鱼鳞水解物中一次性可持续地制备多肽螯合钙

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-024-00150-0

Hongjie Dai, Yingnan Cao, Yu Fu, Mi Tang, Xin Feng, Liang Ma, Yuhao Zhang

Fish scales, considered as low-value by-products, contain peptides and hydroxyapatite that can be applied to produce peptide chelated calcium directly. This study developed a sustainable and one-pot fabrication method for the peptide-chelated calcium from fish scale hydrolysates (FSP-Ca). During pepsin hydrolysis, the releases of peptides (FSP), calcium, and phosphate from fish scales occurred simultaneously, and the chelation was also effectively performed. After a 6-h hydrolysis, the yield of FSP was 46.18%, and the dissolution rate of calcium was 49.53%. Under the optimal conditions (pH 7, chelation time of 25 min, and chelation temperature of 48 °C), a high chelation rate of 86.16% was obtained, with a calcium content of 81.8 mg/g. The results of UV absorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the successful chelation between FSP and calcium derived from fish scales. The –NH₂, –COO^–, N–H, C=O, C–H, and –OH groups in FSP participated in the formation of FSP-Ca.

Graphical Abstract

被视为低价值副产品的鱼鳞含有肽和羟基磷灰石，可直接用于生产肽螯合钙。本研究开发了一种从鱼鳞水解物中制备肽螯合钙（FSP-Ca）的可持续且一步法的方法。在胃蛋白酶水解过程中，多肽（FSP）、钙和磷酸盐同时从鱼鳞中释放出来，并有效地进行了螯合。经过 6 小时的水解，FSP 的产量为 46.18%，钙的溶解率为 49.53%。在最佳条件下（pH 值为 7，螯合时间为 25 分钟，螯合温度为 48 ℃），螯合率高达 86.16%，钙含量为 81.8 mg/g。紫外吸收、傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、X 射线衍射（XRD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）的结果都证实了 FSP 与鱼鳞中的钙螯合成功。FSP 中的 -NH2、-COO-、N-H、C=O、C-H 和 -OH 基团参与了 FSP-Ca 的形成。

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引用次数: 0

Reusing finished leather waste to produce pigmented thermoplastic polyurethane composite 再利用皮革成品废料生产着色热塑性聚氨酯复合材料

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-02-06 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-024-00149-7

Diego Giehl, Éverton Hansen, Luiz Carlos Robinson, Patrice Monteiro de Aquim

Footwear industries generate leather waste during the operation. Some of these wastes contain chromium, which may bring environmental concerns. This study aimed to reuse finished leather waste, the major part of these hazardous wastes, via producing a composite with thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) for shoe soles. Finished leather waste containing black dyes and pigments was used to color the TPU. The finished leather waste was fragmented, milled, micronized and blended with TPU in a ratio of 10%, 15%, and 20% w/w to produce composite materials. The composite materials were evaluated by morphological and thermal characterizations, physical–mechanical analysis, and environmental tests (leaching and solubilization), which presented that the physical–mechanical and thermal properties were within the standard of shoe soles, and the composites can be classified as non-hazardous. The composites enabled a new way of coloring polymeric matrices and reusing leather waste.

Graphical abstract

制鞋业在生产过程中会产生皮革废料。其中一些废物含有铬，可能会带来环境问题。本研究旨在通过生产鞋底用热塑性聚氨酯（TPU）复合材料，重新利用这些有害废物的主要部分--皮革成品废物。含有黑色染料和颜料的制革废料被用来给热塑性聚氨酯上色。成品皮革废料经破碎、研磨、微粉化后与热塑性聚氨酯按 10%、15% 和 20% 的重量比混合，制成复合材料。通过形态和热特性、物理机械分析以及环境测试（浸出和溶解），对复合材料进行了评估，结果表明其物理机械和热特性均符合鞋底标准，复合材料可归类为无害材料。这种复合材料为聚合物基质着色和皮革废料再利用提供了一种新方法。

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引用次数: 0

The impact of N-terminal modification of PAA with different chain lengths on the structure, thermal stability and pH sensitivity of succinylated collagen 不同链长的 PAA N 端修饰对琥珀酰化胶原的结构、热稳定性和 pH 敏感性的影响

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-02-05 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-024-00148-8

Juntao Zhang, Yang Liu, Haofei Xu, Peishan Sui, Tianyi Liu, Mingming Zheng, Evgeny A. Shirshin, Benmei Wei, Chengzhi Xu, Haibo Wang

The limitations of native collagen, such as thermal stability and solubility in physiological environments, can be improved by applying bioconjugation and synthetic chemistry techniques. However, the exquisite control of the modification site of collagen remains a challenge. In this work, pH-responsive poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) with different chain lengths was attached to the N-terminal α-amino groups of succinylated collagen using a site-specific modification strategy. Additionally, the structure, thermal stability, and pH sensitivity of succinylated collagen were explored. The modification rate of amino groups in the succinylated collagen-PAA bioconjugate (SPSC-PAA) was evaluated by the 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid assay. The impact of N-terminal modification of PAA and its chain length on the thermal stability of collagen was explored by CD and DSC. These techniques revealed that the thermal stability of SPSC-Col is pH-responsive and closely related to the chain length of grafted PAA. The pH sensitivity of SPSC-PAA was further explored by rheology and turbidity. Subsquently, the critical pH and isoelectric point of SPSC-PAAs were also examined by turbidity and isoelectric point titration, respectively. This work provides a new insight into the N-terminal modification of collagen on its properties.

Graphical abstract

原生胶原蛋白的局限性，如热稳定性和在生理环境中的溶解性，可以通过应用生物共轭和合成化学技术得到改善。然而，如何精确控制胶原蛋白的修饰位点仍是一项挑战。在这项工作中，采用特定位点修饰策略，将不同链长的 pH 响应聚丙烯酸（PAA）连接到琥珀酰化胶原的 N 端 α 氨基基团上。此外，还探讨了琥珀酰化胶原蛋白的结构、热稳定性和 pH 敏感性。琥珀酰化胶原-PAA 生物共轭物（SPSC-PAA）中氨基的修饰率通过 2,4,6-三硝基苯磺酸测定法进行了评估。CD 和 DSC 研究了 PAA N 端修饰及其链长对胶原蛋白热稳定性的影响。这些技术表明，SPSC-Col 的热稳定性具有 pH 响应性，与接枝 PAA 的链长密切相关。流变学和浊度对 SPSC-PAA 的 pH 敏感性进行了进一步的研究。随后，还分别通过浊度和等电点滴定法研究了 SPSC-PAA 的临界 pH 值和等电点。这项工作为了解胶原蛋白的 N 端修饰对其特性的影响提供了新的视角。图文摘要

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