Journal of Leather Science and Engineering最新文献_第10页

Guided bone regeneration in long-bone defect with a bilayer mineralized collagen membrane 用双层矿化胶原膜引导长骨缺损处的骨再生

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2023-12-19 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-023-00144-4

Fuli Peng, Xuelei Zhang, Yilei Wang, Rui Zhao, Zhiwei Cao, Siyu Chen, Yunxuan Ruan, Jingjing Wu, Tianxi Song, Zhiye Qiu, Xiao Yang, Yi Zeng, Xiangdong Zhu, Jian Pan, Xingdong Zhang

Bone regeneration for large, critical-sized bone defects remains a clinical challenge nowadays. Guided bone regeneration (GBR) is a promising technique for the repair of multiple bone defects, which is widely used in oral and maxillofacial bone defects but is still unsatisfied in the treatment of long bone defects. Here, we successfully fabricated a bilayer mineralized collagen/collagen (MC/Col)-GBR membrane with excellent osteoinductive and barrier function by coating the MC particles prepared via in situ biomimetic mineralization process on one side of a sheet-like pure collagen layer. The aim of the present study was to investigate the physicochemical properties and biological functions of the MC/Col film, and to further evaluate its bone regeneration efficiency in large bone defect repair. Fourier-transform infrared spectra and X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the presence of both hydroxyapatite and collagen phase in the MC/Col film, as well as the chemical interaction between them. stereo microscope, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscope showed the uniform distribution of MC particles in the MC/Col film, resulting in a rougher surface compared to the pure Col film. The quantitative analysis of surface contact angle, light transmittance and tensile strength demonstrated that the MC/Col film have better hydrophilicity, mechanical properties, light-barrier properties, respectively. In vitro macrophage co-culture experiments showed that the MC/Col film can effectively inhibit macrophage proliferation and fusion, reducing fibrous capsule formation. In vivo bone repair assessment of a rabbit critical segmental radial defect proved that the MC/Col film performed better than other groups in promoting bone repair and regeneration due to their unique dual osteoinductive/barrier function. These findings provided evidence that MC/Col film has a great clinical potential for effective bone defect repair.

Graphic abstract

大面积、临界尺寸骨缺损的骨再生仍是当今的临床难题。引导骨再生（GBR）是一种修复多发性骨缺损的有前途的技术，已广泛应用于口腔颌面骨缺损的治疗，但在长骨缺损的治疗中仍不尽如人意。在这里，我们将通过原位仿生矿化工艺制备的 MC 颗粒涂覆在片状纯胶原层的一侧，成功制备出了具有优异诱导骨生成和屏障功能的双层矿化胶原/胶原（MC/Col）-GBR 膜。本研究旨在探讨 MC/Col 膜的理化性质和生物功能，并进一步评估其在大面积骨缺损修复中的骨再生效率。立体显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和原子力显微镜显示 MC 颗粒在 MC/Col 薄膜中均匀分布，与纯 Col 薄膜相比，MC/Col 薄膜表面更粗糙。对表面接触角、透光率和拉伸强度的定量分析表明，MC/Col 膜分别具有更好的亲水性、机械性能和光阻隔性能。体外巨噬细胞共培养实验表明，MC/Col 膜能有效抑制巨噬细胞的增殖和融合，减少纤维囊的形成。对家兔关键节段桡骨缺损进行的体内骨修复评估证明，MC/Col 膜因其独特的诱导骨生成/屏障双重功能，在促进骨修复和再生方面的表现优于其他组别。这些发现证明 MC/Col 薄膜在有效修复骨缺损方面具有巨大的临床潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Collagen-based biomaterials in organoid technology for reproductive medicine: composition, characteristics, and applications 生殖医学类器官技术中的胶原基生物材料：成分、特性和应用

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2023-12-18 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-023-00142-6

Bo Feng, Hao Yang, Manman Zhu, Jinlin Li, Hsun-Ming Chang, Peter C. K. Leung, Junling Guo, Yaoyao Zhang

Collagen-based biomaterials (CBB) are highly esteemed by researchers in materials science and biomedicine due to their extensive applications across various biomedical disciplines. In recent years, owing to advancements in developmental biology techniques, this superior biomaterial has seen increasing utilization in 3D in vitro tissue culture. Three-dimensional cell cultures, often referred to as organoids, have emerged in response to technological advancements in biomaterials and the growing need in the field of medical research. They serve as important models for simulating normal physiological activities in vivo, addressing limitations in experimental material sources, and resolving ethical issues. In this review, we discuss the material characteristics of CBBs commonly used for organoid culture, integrating aspects such as Matrigel and decellularized ECM as culture matrices. We also analyzed the development prospects and directions of various materials in the context of biology, clinical medicine, and particularly reproductive medicine. Currently, despite the FDA approval and clinical research incorporating numerous CBBs, existing challenges in multiple studies indicate a significant unmet need in the development of key tissue models for both medical research and clinical applications. In summary, CBBs are swiftly broadening their applicability in the realms of organoid nature and medical research, serving as a versatile and high-performing material for 3D in vitro tissue culture.

Graphical abstract

胶原基生物材料（CBB）因其在各种生物医学学科中的广泛应用而备受材料科学和生物医学研究人员的推崇。近年来，由于发育生物学技术的进步，这种优质生物材料在三维体外组织培养中的应用日益广泛。三维细胞培养物通常被称为有机体，是随着生物材料技术的进步和医学研究领域日益增长的需求而出现的。它们是模拟体内正常生理活动、解决实验材料来源限制和伦理问题的重要模型。在这篇综述中，我们结合 Matrigel 和脱细胞 ECM 作为培养基质等方面，讨论了常用于类器官培养的 CBB 的材料特性。我们还分析了各种材料在生物学、临床医学，尤其是生殖医学方面的发展前景和方向。目前，尽管许多 CBB 已获得美国食品及药物管理局的批准并应用于临床研究，但多项研究中存在的挑战表明，在医学研究和临床应用的关键组织模型开发方面，仍有大量需求未得到满足。总之，CBB 正在迅速拓宽其在类器官和医学研究领域的适用性，成为一种多功能、高性能的三维体外组织培养材料。

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引用次数: 0

Polyphenol-based antibacterial and antioxidative nanoparticles for improved peritonitis therapy 基于多酚的抗菌和抗氧化纳米颗粒用于改善腹膜炎治疗

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2023-12-11 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-023-00141-7

Jinhong Dong, Tianyou Wang, Haotian Li, Jianhua Zhang, Hengjie Zhang, Weijie Liu, Xinru You, Zhipeng Gu, Yiwen Li, Xianchun Chen, Qiang Fu

The development of advanced sustainable biomedical materials with superior biosafety and bioactivity for clinical applications is highly desirable. In the present investigation, biomass-based nanoparticles (NPs) were assembled through the Mannich reaction between the plant polyphenols and the broad-spectrum antibiotic tigecycline (TG). The fabricated NPs with uniform size demonstrated excellent oxidative balance effects, pH-responsive release properties and antibacterial performances. Furthermore, the intracellular and in vivo studies confirmed that the NPs are capable of reducing oxidative damage to cells and significantly repairing tissue injury in mice with peritonitis. This work presents an effective method and idea for constructing biomass-based materials for the treatment of infection-induced diseases.

Graphical Abstract

为临床应用开发具有优异生物安全性和生物活性的先进可持续生物医学材料是非常理想的。在本研究中，通过植物多酚与广谱抗生素替加环素（TG）之间的曼尼希反应组装了基于生物质的纳米颗粒（NPs）。制备的 NPs 大小均匀，具有优异的氧化平衡效应、pH 值响应释放特性和抗菌性能。此外，细胞内和体内研究证实，这种 NPs 能够减少细胞的氧化损伤，并显著修复腹膜炎小鼠的组织损伤。这项工作为构建生物质材料治疗感染引起的疾病提供了一种有效的方法和思路。图文摘要

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引用次数: 0

Recent advances in metal organic frameworks for the catalytic degradation of organic pollutants 用于催化降解有机污染物的金属有机框架的最新进展

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2023-12-11 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-023-00140-8

Jinhui Wei, Min Yuan, Songtao Wang, Xuehu Wang, Nan An, Guangping Lv, Lina Wu

Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) with their large surface area and numerous active sites have attracted significant research attention. Recently, the application of MOFs for the catalytic degradation of organic pollutants has provided effective solutions to address diverse environmental problems. In this review, the latest progress in MOF-based removal and degradation of organic pollutants is summarized according to the different roles of MOFs in the removal reaction systems, such as physical adsorbents, enzyme-immobilization carriers, nanozymes, catalysts for photocatalysis, photo-Fenton and sulfate radical based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs). Finally, the opportunities and challenges of developing advanced MOFs for the removal of organic pollutants are discussed and anticipated.

Graphical Abstract

金属有机框架（MOFs）具有较大的比表面积和众多的活性位点，因此备受研究关注。近年来，应用 MOFs 催化降解有机污染物为解决各种环境问题提供了有效的解决方案。本综述根据 MOFs 在去除反应体系中的不同作用，如物理吸附剂、酶固定化载体、纳米酶、光催化催化剂、光-芬顿和基于硫酸根的高级氧化过程（SR-AOPs），总结了基于 MOFs 的有机污染物去除和降解的最新进展。最后，对开发用于去除有机污染物的先进 MOFs 的机遇和挑战进行了讨论和展望。

引用次数: 0

Flake channels construction of hydroxyapatite/gelatin cryogel with excellent flame retardant properties for enhancing the capturing of iodine 具有优异阻燃性能的羟基磷灰石/明胶低温凝胶薄片通道结构，可提高碘捕获率

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2023-12-08 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-023-00139-1

Yanxia Wei, Bo Wang, Liyan Cao, Xin Cheng, Yuhan Qiao, Tao Duan, Guiqiang He, Pingping Ding, Yan Zhou, Jian Zhou

Safe and efficient capturing of volatile radioiodine is of extremely important significance in the treatment of spent fuel. Herein, the flake channels in gelatin-hydroxyapatite (HAP@Ge) cryogel with excellent flame retardant properties were constructed by immobilizing hydroxyapatite nanorods (HAP) on Gelatin (Ge) cryogel for enhancing the capturing of iodine. The immobilization of HAP nanorods enhanced thermal stability, provided low rates of dynamic heat transfer and dissipation, and remarkably improved the flame retardant and smoke suppression properties of the Ge cryogel, which can effectively prevent the occurrence of safety incidents caused by further thermal degradation or combustion of this cryogel. More importantly, it was effective in improving the rapid enrichment of iodine, resulting in a high adsorption capacity. The maximum adsorption capacity of HAP@Ge cryogel for iodine vapor reached 2693 mg/g at equilibrium. The high adsorption capacity for iodine was attributed to the multi-scale porous structure in HAP@Ge cryogel, which offered effective channels for iodine diffusion, whereas the numerous complex and irregular flakes provided sufficient number of active sites for iodine capture. The adsorption process was chemical in nature and involved the -PO₄³⁻, –OH, –C=O, and –NHR groups on HAP@Ge cryogel. Moreover, the complex porous structure of HAP@Ge cryogel enhanced the physical capturing of iodine. These advantages, such as low-cost raw material, simple preparation method, good flame retardancy, and excellent capturing performance for iodine indicated that HAP@Ge cryogel is a potential candidate for the removal of radioactive iodine in the exhaust gas stream of post-treatment plants.

Graphical Abstract

安全高效地捕获挥发性放射性碘对乏燃料的处理具有极其重要的意义。本文通过在明胶（Ge）低温凝胶上固定羟基磷灰石纳米棒（HAP），在明胶-羟基磷灰石（HAP@Ge）低温凝胶中构建了具有优异阻燃性能的薄片通道，以增强碘捕获能力。HAP 纳米棒的固定增强了热稳定性，动态传热和散热率低，显著提高了 Ge 低温凝胶的阻燃和抑烟性能，可有效防止该低温凝胶因进一步热降解或燃烧而引发安全事故。更重要的是，它能有效提高碘的快速富集能力，从而产生较高的吸附容量。HAP@Ge 低温凝胶对碘蒸气的最大吸附容量在平衡状态下达到 2693 毫克/克。碘的高吸附容量归功于 HAP@Ge 冰凝胶中的多尺度多孔结构，它为碘的扩散提供了有效的通道，而大量复杂而不规则的薄片则为碘的捕获提供了足够数量的活性位点。吸附过程具有化学性质，涉及 HAP@Ge 冰凝胶上的 -PO43-、-OH、-C=O 和 -NHR 基团。此外，HAP@Ge 低温凝胶的复杂多孔结构增强了碘的物理捕获能力。原料成本低、制备方法简单、阻燃性好、碘捕捉性能优越等优点表明，HAP@Ge 冰凝胶是去除后处理厂废气流中放射性碘的潜在候选材料。

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引用次数: 0

Recent progresses of collagen dressings for chronic skin wound healing 胶原蛋白敷料用于慢性皮肤创面愈合的研究进展

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2023-10-23 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-023-00136-4

Shuangni Shi, Lili Wang, Chen Song, Linyan Yao, Jianxi Xiao

The skin plays a fundamental role in regulating the body’s internal balance and protecting against external traumas. A broad variety of environmental risk factors frequently result in acute skin wounds, whose inappropriate treatments would lead to chronic skin wounds that are difficult to heal. Traditional dressings have been widely used to repair chronic skin wounds, however their drawbacks such as insufficient hemostatic efficacy and non-moist environment have severely limited their clinical applications. As the principal component of skin, collagen has always been a research hotspot in the field of chronic skin wounds due to its advantages of low antigenicity, high biocompatibility and superior bioactivity. Collagen-based dressings have been increasingly developed to heal the chronic wounds during the past decades, arising from their capability in decreasing protein and electrolyte losses in wound exudate, preventing bacterial contamination, permitting less painful dressing changes, and improving the healing quality. This review overviews recent progress of collagen dressings for chronic skin wound healing. Various commonly used wound dressings for wound management have been first introduced. Collagen wound dressings have been categorized as films, sponges, hydrogels, nanofibers, and powders, and their efficacy has been compared. The critical functions of collagen dressings in wound healing, such as stopping bleeding, shortening inflammation, promoting angiogenesis, and stimulating tissue regeneration have been elaborated. The clinical applications of collagen dressings to repair different types of chronic wounds have been thoroughly summarized. A comprehensive list of commercialized collagen dressings has been updated, and an outlook of collagen dressings have been finally speculated.

Graphical Abstract

皮肤在调节身体内部平衡和防止外部创伤方面起着重要作用。各种各样的环境危险因素经常导致急性皮肤伤口，其治疗不当会导致难以愈合的慢性皮肤伤口。传统敷料被广泛应用于慢性皮肤伤口的修复，但其止血效果不足、环境不湿润等缺点严重限制了其临床应用。胶原蛋白作为皮肤的主要成分，因其具有低抗原性、高生物相容性和优越的生物活性等优点，一直是慢性皮肤创面领域的研究热点。在过去的几十年里，胶原蛋白敷料越来越多地用于治疗慢性伤口，因为它们能够减少伤口渗出液中的蛋白质和电解质损失，防止细菌污染，减少更换敷料的痛苦，提高愈合质量。本文综述了胶原蛋白敷料用于慢性皮肤创面愈合的最新进展。首先介绍了各种常用的伤口处理敷料。胶原蛋白伤口敷料分为薄膜、海绵、水凝胶、纳米纤维和粉末，并对它们的功效进行了比较。阐述了胶原蛋白敷料在伤口愈合中的关键功能，如止血、缩短炎症、促进血管生成、刺激组织再生等。综述了胶原蛋白敷料在不同类型慢性创面修复中的临床应用。更新了一份全面的胶原蛋白敷料商业化清单，并最终对胶原蛋白敷料的前景进行了推测。图形抽象

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引用次数: 0

Synergistically enhancing hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interaction and electrostatic association of collagen fiber to flavonoid aglycones for their effective separation by polyethyleneimine modification 通过聚乙烯亚胺改性协同增强胶原纤维与黄酮苷的氢键、疏水作用和静电结合，从而有效分离黄酮苷

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2023-10-16 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-023-00138-2

Qixian Zhang, Rui Wang, Bi Shi

Compared with flavonoid glycosides, flavonoid aglycones are difficult to be separated since they have less hydroxyls. Collagen fiber (CF), a natural polymer, was once used as packing material for separation of kaempferol and quercetin (the typical flavonoid aglycones) after crosslinking by glutaraldehyde mainly based on hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction in column length-diameter ratio of 60:1. Hydrophobic modification by grafting alkyl chains was then employed to enhance the hydrophobic interaction between CF and flavonoid aglycones, which can improve the separation efficiency and decrease column length-diameter ratio to 19:1. In order to further improve the adsorption capacity and separation efficiency, the strategy of simultaneously grafting hydrophobic alkyl chains (–CH₂–CH₂–) and alkali groups (–NH₂) was adopted in this work to enhance hydrophobic interaction, hydrogen bonding and electrostatic association to flavonoid aglycones at the same time through grafting polyethyleneimine (PEI). PEI modified CF (PEI-CF) maintained the fiber structure of CF, and had higher adsorption extent and rate to flavonoid aglycones through the enhanced synergetic effect of hydrophobic interaction, hydrogen bonding and electrostatic association. As a result, PEI-CF presented a satisfactory column separation efficiency for kaempferol and quercetin even the length-diameter ratio of column was decreased to 11:1, which was much better than previously developed glutaradehyde-crosslinked collagen fiber and isobutyl-grafted collagen fiber, as well as commonly used polyamide and Sephadex LH-20.

Graphical abstract

与类黄酮苷相比，类黄酮苷因其羟基较少而难以分离。胶原纤维(CF)是一种天然聚合物，曾以戊二醛为填料，主要基于氢键和疏水作用，柱长径比为60:1，经交联分离山奈酚和槲皮素(典型的类黄酮苷元)。接枝烷基链疏水改性增强了CF与类黄酮苷元的疏水相互作用，提高了分离效率，使柱长径比降至19:1。为了进一步提高吸附能力和分离效率，本研究采用疏水烷基链(- ch2 - ch2 -)和碱基(- nh2)同时接枝的策略，通过接枝聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)同时增强与类黄酮苷元的疏水相互作用、氢键和静电缔合。PEI改性CF (PEI-CF)保持CF的纤维结构，通过增强疏水相互作用、氢键和静电缔合的协同作用，对类黄酮苷元具有更高的吸附程度和吸附速率。结果表明，PEI-CF对山奈酚和槲皮素的柱分离效率较好，即使柱长径比降至11:1，也远优于之前开发的戊二醛交联胶原纤维和异丁基接枝胶原纤维，以及常用的聚酰胺和Sephadex LH-20。图形抽象

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引用次数: 0

Multi-functional epoxides cross-linked collagen sponges for tissue engineering scaffolds 组织工程支架用多功能环氧化合物交联胶原蛋白海绵

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2023-10-12 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-023-00137-3

Yuanzhi Zhang, Changkai Yang, Min Gu, Xiaoxia Zhang, Xueqing Zhang, Guoying Li

With the efficient cross-linking abilities and the flexible regulation abilities to the performances of cross-linked products, the multi-functional aliphatic epoxides were once widely used to cross-link the collagen-based materials in the last century. In present work, the multi-functional epoxides were used to construct and cross-link collagen sponges for tissue engineering scaffolds, which was hoped to board the theoretical system of epoxides and explore their potentials for modern applications. The bi- to tetra-functional epoxides were used to cross-link collagen solutions and establish the gel-like precursors, then using freeze-drying to form the final sponges. The SEM observed that the sponges had shown regular porous structures with a wide range of pore sizes from 160 to 440 μm. The sponges had presented the resistance to enzymatic degradation, shape-remaining ability, and reversible compressibility in aqueous environments, which all could be regulated through the functionalities of epoxides. The regulation abilities of multi-functional epoxides on the performances of sponges had been mainly achieved through the cross-linking degrees that the higher functionality of epoxides would bring higher cross-linking degree. Such higher cross-linking degrees could enhance the elastic behaviors of gel-like precursors, and improve the compressive strengths and thermal stabilities of sponges. Nevertheless, the multi-functional epoxides had barely affected the safety of collagen sponges at the cellular level according to the results of CCK8 assay and the SEM and CLSM images of L929 fibroblasts cultured on the cross-sections of sponges.

Graphical abstract

多功能脂肪族环氧化合物由于其高效的交联能力和对交联产物性能的灵活调节能力，在上个世纪曾被广泛应用于胶原基材料的交联。本研究利用多功能环氧化物构建并交联胶原海绵用于组织工程支架，希望能进一步完善环氧化物的理论体系，探索其现代应用潜力。用双功能到四功能环氧化物交联胶原蛋白溶液并建立凝胶状前体，然后用冷冻干燥形成最终的海绵。扫描电镜观察到海绵具有规则的孔隙结构，孔径范围为160 ~ 440 μm。海绵具有抗酶降解能力、保持形状的能力和在水环境中的可逆压缩性，这些都可以通过环氧化物的功能来调节。多功能环氧化物对海绵性能的调节能力主要是通过交联度来实现的，环氧化物的功能化程度越高，交联度越高。较高的交联度可以增强凝胶状前驱体的弹性行为，提高海绵的抗压强度和热稳定性。然而，根据CCK8测定结果和海绵横截面培养的L929成纤维细胞的SEM和CLSM图像，多功能环氧化物在细胞水平上几乎没有影响胶原海绵的安全性。图形抽象

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引用次数: 0

Composite nanofiltration membrane with tannic acid coordinated collagen fibers for enhanced molecule separation 单宁酸配合胶原纤维复合纳滤膜增强分子分离

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2023-10-11 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-023-00133-7

Yinshan Xie, Zihao Ge, Xin Li, Yi Wang, Fei Liu, Jian Li

Biomass-based membranes have attracted increasing attentions due to their cheap and sustainable advantages. In this work, a novel thin-film composite (TFC) nanofiltration (NF) membrane was fabricated through a facial interfacial polymerization (IP) process by initiate the crosslinking reaction between collagen fibers (CFs) and tannic acid (TA). The increased TA concentrations endowed the TFC membrane with a higher crosslinking degree, a thicker active layer and a rougher top surface. At optimized condition with 0.60 mg TA decoration, the TFC-3 membrane exhibited a high water permeability of 23.49 L m⁻² h⁻¹ bar⁻¹ with high rejections above 98.0% for congo red, reactive blue 19, coomassie blue G-250, and methyl blue. Furthermore, the membrane preserved remarkable salt retentions (93.3% for Na₂SO₄, 83.4% for MgSO₄, 36.2% for MgCl₂, and 26.4% for NaCl) and satisfying operation stability. This facial fabrication method offered a new insight to employ biomass for molecular precise separation.

Graphical abstract

生物基膜因其廉价和可持续的优点而受到越来越多的关注。本研究通过引发胶原纤维(CFs)与单宁酸(TA)之间的交联反应，采用界面聚合(IP)工艺制备了一种新型薄膜复合纳滤(TFC)膜。随着TA浓度的增加，TFC膜的交联度提高，活性层变厚，膜顶表面变粗糙。在0.60 mg TA的优化条件下，TFC-3膜的透水性达到23.49 L m−2 h−1 bar−1，对刚果红、活性蓝19、考马斯蓝G-250和甲基蓝的拒绝率高达98.0%以上。此外，该膜保持了良好的盐保留率(Na2SO4为93.3%，MgSO4为83.4%，MgCl2为36.2%，NaCl为26.4%)，并具有良好的操作稳定性。这种表面制备方法为利用生物质进行分子精确分离提供了新的思路。图形抽象

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引用次数: 0

Effects of bactericide–protease interactions on the protease-assisted soaking performance 杀菌剂-蛋白酶相互作用对蛋白酶辅助浸泡性能的影响

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering

Pub Date : 2023-09-27 DOI: 10.1186/s42825-023-00135-5

Hao Liu, Yahang Pan, Bi Shi, Yunhang Zeng

Protease-assisted soaking has received increasing attention in recent years. However, few reports have elaborated on the effect of bactericides, which are used to protect raw hides from microbial damage in the soaking process, on the performance of protease-assisted soaking. Here we investigate the effects of three bactericides, namely, 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (MIT), sodium propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (SPHB) and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), on the catalytic activity of protease. MIT and SPHB have little effect on the proteolytic activity, whilst CTAB has a negative effect. Fluorescence spectroscopy, synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation were used to analyse the bactericide–protease interaction. The data reveal that MIT and SPHB are bound to the non-catalytic sites of protease, whilst CTAB affects the catalytic triad of protease. Furthermore, the protease and bactericides were used alone, simultaneously and sequentially in the soaking process, and their soaking performances were evaluated. The evaluation shows that the use of protease increases the microorganisms in the soaking float, and MIT exhibits the best bactericidal effect. The simultaneous use of protease and MIT effectively inhibits bacteria and scarcely affects the removal of unstructured proteins from hides and the attack on epidermis by protease. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the scientific use of protease with other auxiliaries in soaking.

Graphical Abstract

蛋白酶辅助浸泡法近年来受到越来越多的关注。然而，很少有报道详细阐述杀菌剂对蛋白酶辅助浸泡性能的影响，杀菌剂用于保护生皮在浸泡过程中免受微生物损害。本文研究了2-甲基-4-异噻唑啉-3-酮(MIT)、4-羟基苯甲酸丙酯钠(SPHB)和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)三种杀菌剂对蛋白酶催化活性的影响。MIT和SPHB对蛋白水解活性影响不大，而CTAB则有负作用。采用荧光光谱、同步荧光光谱、分子对接和分子动力学模拟等方法分析了杀菌剂与蛋白酶的相互作用。数据显示MIT和SPHB结合在蛋白酶的非催化位点上，而CTAB影响蛋白酶的催化三联体。同时，对蛋白酶和杀菌剂分别单独、同时和顺序使用浸泡过程进行浸泡性能评价。评价结果表明，蛋白酶的使用使浸泡浮子中的微生物数量增加，其中MIT的杀菌效果最好。同时使用蛋白酶和MIT有效抑制细菌，几乎不影响非结构蛋白从皮革中去除和蛋白酶对表皮的攻击。这些发现有助于更好地理解蛋白酶与其他助剂在浸泡中的科学使用。图形抽象

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引用次数: 0