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Agricultural precipitation and thermal resources use efficiency and potential resources management measures in the context of global climate change in Northeast China 全球气候变化背景下东北地区农业降水和热资源利用效率及资源管理对策
Pub Date : 2011-05-20 DOI: 10.1109/ISWREP.2011.5893750
Bilin Xiao, Wenlai Jiang, Daolong Wang, Yinjun Chen, J. Chen
Northeast China is one of the most important regions for food production in China, with its cropping system being significantly affected by the climate change and vulnerable with water and heat stress. For annual harvest in Northeast China, agricultural precipitation and thermal resources were the primary environmental factors for crops growth from May to September. Therefore, its temporal and spatial change, distribution and use efficiency become important to the crops growth. We choose annual mean precipitation (AP) and annual accumulated temperature 10°C (AAT10) in the growing season to represent the water and thermal resources. And we use Agricultural Precipitation Resources Use Efficiency (APUE) and Agricultural Thermal Resources Use Efficiency (ATUE) to reflect the water and heat utilization. The results showed that 1) AAT10 increased slightly from 1971 to 2006 with distribution of decreased from southwest to northeast, AP trends was decreased and with regional variation that concentrated on the southeast of Northeast China, 2) APUE was 6.6-6.8 kg/mm · hm2 higher than the national level (5.25 kg/mm · hm2) and lower than the world level (7-7.8 kg/mm · hm2). ATUE was 1.13-1.72 kg/hm2 · d · °C, which was higher than the national level, 3) Annual mean precipitation and thermal resources use efficiency in growing season was not distribute as the natural resources distributed which meant the potential of water and heat use was not insufficient. We propose the potential resources measures as follows: 1) Prevented chilling damage and be fit for the temperature increased and make water conservation, 2) Choosing systematic irrigation management measures according to water spatial and temporal allocated changed, 3) Improving the multiply cold and arid tolerance varieties technology and adjusting crops planting structure and varieties distribution to adapt climate change impacts.
东北是中国最重要的粮食产区之一,其种植系统受气候变化影响较大,易受水热胁迫的影响。在东北地区,5 - 9月农业降水和热资源是影响作物生长的主要环境因子。因此,其时空变化、分布和利用效率对作物生长具有重要意义。我们选择生长期的年平均降水量(AP)和年积温10°C (AAT10)来代表水和热资源。用农业降水资源利用效率(APUE)和农业热资源利用效率(ATUE)来反映水热利用情况。结果表明:①1971 ~ 2006年,AAT10略有增加,呈由西南向东北递减的趋势,AP呈减少趋势,区域差异主要集中在东北东南部;②APUE高于全国水平(5.25 kg/mm·hm2) 6.6 ~ 6.8 kg/mm·hm2,低于世界水平(7 ~ 7.8 kg/mm·hm2)。ATUE为1.13 ~ 1.72 kg/hm2·d·°C,高于全国水平。3)生长季年平均降水和热资源利用效率与自然资源分布不一致,水热利用潜力不充分。提出了防范寒害、适应增温和节水的资源对策;根据水资源时空分配变化选择系统的灌溉管理措施;改进抗寒抗旱多品种技术,调整作物种植结构和品种分布,以适应气候变化的影响。
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引用次数: 2
Biogeochemistry characteristics of nitrogen in unsaturated soils of Jinghuiqu irrigation district 井水渠灌区非饱和土壤氮的生物地球化学特征
Pub Date : 2011-05-20 DOI: 10.1109/ISWREP.2011.5893170
Xiuhua Liu, Lin Li, Zhi Wang
Biogeochemistry characteristics of an unsaturated zone in Jinghuiqu irrigation district of China was studied to analyze the predominant interacting factors of nitrogen concentration and transformation in the vadose zone under long term flood irrigation using river water and groundwater sources alternatively. The site was instrumented for soil sampling at various depths above the groundwater table at 4 meters below the soil surface. The measured concentrations of the biogeochemicals (TN, N-NO3-, N-NH4+, and several microorganisms) showed that there exist “active” and “inactive” layers in the profile, which were distinguished by the combined amount of clay and silt particles in the soil. Most parameter values increase sharply in the “active” layers and decrease sharply in the “inactive” layers. In the active zone, the N-NO3- was concentrated and more transformed by microorganisms. All the N concentrations, in NNO3-, N-NH4+ and TN, were mainly affected by the amounts of organic matter and microorganisms.
研究了中国靖水渠灌区不饱和带的生物地球化学特征,分析了长期河水与地下水交替灌溉条件下渗透带氮浓度与转化的主要相互作用因素。该地点在地下水位以上4米以下的不同深度进行土壤采样。生物地球化学物质(TN、N-NO3-、N-NH4+和几种微生物)的测定浓度表明,剖面中存在“活性”层和“非活性”层,这是由土壤中粘土和粉砂颗粒的组合量来区分的。大多数参数值在“活动”层急剧上升,在“非活动”层急剧下降。在活性区,N-NO3-被微生物富集和转化。NNO3-、N- nh4 +和TN的氮浓度主要受有机质和微生物数量的影响。
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引用次数: 4
Effect of artificial aquifer recharge on hydraulic conductivity using single injection well 单注井人工补给含水层对水力导电性的影响
Pub Date : 2011-05-20 DOI: 10.1109/ISWREP.2011.5893680
Yanhui Dong, Pinge Zhao, Weibo Zhou
Artificial aquifer recharge is an important measure to raise the groundwater level, prevent and remedy the environmental and geological problems caused by the over extraction. Because of the physical and chemical clogging, the performance of recharge decreased gradually and the hydraulic conductivity reduced during the recharging process. In order to reveal the changing of recharging performance, the paper took the single injection well recharge as an example to research the changing law of hydraulic conductivity. The recharge test with pressure was done in confined aquifer depth of 100 to 300m at the south suburbs of Xi'an. The results show that hydraulic conductivity of artificial aquifer recharge attenuated with time power function and was smaller than the hydraulic conductivity of pumping. When the quantity of water recharge per unit time was smaller, the attenuation of hydraulic conductivity was slower. The performance of small quantity of water recharge per unit time was better than the large.
人工补给含水层是提高地下水位、预防和补救过度开采造成的环境和地质问题的重要措施。在回灌过程中,由于物理和化学堵塞,回灌性能逐渐下降,水力导率降低。为了揭示回灌性能的变化,本文以单注井回灌为例,研究了水力导率的变化规律。在西安市南郊100 ~ 300m的承压含水层进行了承压回灌试验。结果表明:人工补给含水层的水力导电性随时间幂函数衰减,且小于抽水的水力导电性;单位时间补水量越小,水导率衰减越慢。单位时间回灌水量小的效果好于单位时间回灌水量大的。
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引用次数: 2
Effects of environmental policy measures on the nitrate pollution of groundwater in Jinfo Mt. region 环境政策措施对金佛山地区地下水硝酸盐污染的影响
Pub Date : 2011-05-20 DOI: 10.1109/ISWREP.2011.5892954
Kunyu Wu, Li-cheng Shen, Yuchuan Sun, Bailing Zhang
Since the late of 20th Century, economy and society have rapidly developed in Jinfo Mt. region, which led to serious nitrite pollution of groundwater in this region. In recent years, some environmental policy measures have been implemented. These environmental policy measures made the use of chemical fertilizer in agriculture in the region reduce much. Since 2004 to d2009 the nitrate pollution of groundwater in Jinfo Mt. region had been reduced significantly. The environmental policy measures implemented in this region were very successful, the effects of which to environmental protection is positive.
20世纪末以来,金佛山地区经济社会快速发展,地下水亚硝酸盐污染严重。近年来,实施了一些环保政策措施。这些环境政策措施使该地区的农业化肥使用量大大减少。2004 ~ 2009年,金佛山地区地下水硝酸盐污染明显减少。该地区实施的环境政策措施非常成功,对环境保护起到了积极的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Assessment of energy saving technologies in Chinese integrated steel plant 中国综合钢厂节能技术评价
Pub Date : 2011-05-20 DOI: 10.1109/ISWREP.2011.5893478
Dawei Ni, Zhanglin Peng, Tao Yu
The iron and steel industry, as the largest energy consuming industry in China, is as well as one of the most important sources of CO2 emissions and other pollutants. To improve the emission reduction and energy saving for Chinese iron and steel industries, an integrated steel plant combined with a series of advanced energy saving technologies was proposed in this study. The economic and emission reduction potential assessment was carried out for each technology. After calculations and analysis, the proposed technologies were then evaluated from the technical, environmental, and economic aspects, respectively and significant results were obtained.
钢铁工业是中国最大的能源消耗行业,也是二氧化碳和其他污染物最重要的排放源之一。为了提高我国钢铁工业的减排节能水平,本研究提出了结合一系列先进节能技术的综合钢铁厂。对每项技术进行了经济和减排潜力评估。经过计算和分析,分别从技术、环境和经济三个方面对所提出的技术进行了评价,并取得了显著的成果。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis on the change laws of evapotranspiration and its influencing factors in arid areas 干旱区土壤蒸散变化规律及其影响因素分析
Pub Date : 2011-05-20 DOI: 10.1109/ISWREP.2011.5893015
Deng Hongzhang, W. Wenke, Chen Donghui
This paper collects and summaries the existing materials, taking the field obersavations. The evapotranspiration in Ge'ermu area is estimated by combining hydrologic data and the remote sensing data, and the law of evapotranspiration distribution variation in study area was obtained statistically. So as to analyse the factors of influencing evapotranspiration. The result showed that many crucial physical factors, such as the energy supplying condition, the vapor transportation condition, and the ability of evaporation media to supply water influenced evapotranspiration in the process. Solar radiation may be the main energy supplying, saturation deficit and wind velocity will also decide the vapor transportation condition, moreover, the ability of evaporation media to supply water is depended on groundwater, the soil constitution and surface vegetation. The main factors influenced evapotranspiration in arid areas Climate conditions were the depth of groundwater table, the lithology of vadose zone, the rate of vegetation covering and so on.
本文收集和总结了已有的资料,并进行了实地观察。将水文资料与遥感资料相结合,估算了格尔木地区的蒸散发量,统计得到了研究区蒸散发分布的变化规律。从而分析影响蒸散量的因素。结果表明,供能条件、水汽输送条件、蒸发介质供水能力等关键物理因素影响着蒸散过程。太阳辐射可能是主要的供能,饱和亏缺和风速也将决定水汽输送条件,蒸发介质的供水能力取决于地下水、土壤构成和地表植被。影响干旱区蒸散发的主要因素是地下水位深度、渗透带岩性、植被覆盖度等气候条件。
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引用次数: 1
Public pressure, stakeholder management and environment disclosure 公众压力、利益相关者管理与环境信息披露
Pub Date : 2011-05-20 DOI: 10.1109/ISWREP.2011.5893407
H. Jun, Xin Yu, Li Haohong
This paper identifies the determinants which affect the environmental disclosure of company in China from a comprehensive perspective of public pressure and stakeholder management. Environmental disclosure data are collected from the annual reports of year 2008 which includes 200 firms from 21 industries. Both quantity assessment and quality assessment are employed to measure the level of environmental disclosure. Results show that there are significantly positive associations between the level of environmental disclosure industry types, firm size and state blockholder. The findings suggest that company characteristics such as size and industry are the antecedents of public pressure which drives the company to respond to rather than by impetus of profitability.
本文从公众压力和利益相关者管理两方面综合分析了影响中国公司环境信息披露的因素。环境信息披露数据来自2008年的年报,其中包括来自21个行业的200家公司。采用数量评价和质量评价两种方法来衡量环境信息披露的水平。结果表明,环境信息披露水平与行业类型、企业规模、国有股东之间存在显著正相关关系。研究结果表明,公司的规模和行业等特征是公众压力的先决条件,这种压力驱使公司做出反应,而不是盈利能力的推动力。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental study on treating micro-polluted raw water with PAC and PAFC PAC和PAFC处理微污染原水的实验研究
Pub Date : 2011-05-20 DOI: 10.1109/ISWREP.2011.5893298
Liping Zhang, Xiaomei Gao
By removing pollutant of micro-polluted raw water, the experiment adopts adding PAFC or PAC separately, combined adding PAFC+HPAM or PAC+HPAM. The result shows that the effect of turbidity removal of PAFC is better than PAC. The effect of turbidity removal of combined adding PAFC+HPAM or PAC+HPAM is superior to the effect of adding PAFC or PAC separately.
通过去除微污染原水的污染物,实验采用单独添加PAFC或PAC、PAFC+HPAM或PAC+HPAM联合添加。结果表明,PAFC的除浊效果优于PAC, PAFC+HPAM或PAC+HPAM联合添加的除浊效果优于单独添加PAFC或PAC。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of phosphorus on crop water and nitrogen use efficiency under different precipitaion year in dryland 不同降水年份下磷对旱地作物水氮利用效率的影响
Pub Date : 2011-05-20 DOI: 10.1109/ISWREP.2011.5893679
Bing Wang, Wenzhao Liu, T. Dang
Absence of soil phosphorus constrained the crop yield, the use of limited water resource and nitrogen nutrient in dryland on the loess plateau. Reasonable phosphorus fertilization was also crucial to increase crop yield and improve water and nitrogen use efficiency. It was conducted that the effect of phosphorus application rate on crop yield, water consumption, nitrogen absorption, water use efficiency, and nitrogen use efficiency at long term fertilization experiment station in dryland on the loess plateau during different precipitation year. The results showed that during different type of year most of the indexes had similar trend of rising with phosphorus rate increasing in a lower range and dropping down in a higher range except for water consumption and harvesting index (HI). More higher phosphorus rates were unfavorable to crop yield, water and nitrogen use efficiency in both types of years but phosphorus application in all rates decreased HI and water consumption more than non phosphorus application treatment in dry year. So moderate phosphorus application was the favorable selection for higher crop productivity, water and nitrogen use efficiency in dryland on loess plateau, simultaneously may be helpful for improving utilization effect of phosphorus fertilizer.
土壤缺磷制约了黄土高原旱地作物产量、有限的水资源和氮养分的利用。合理施磷对提高作物产量和水氮利用效率也至关重要。在黄土高原旱地长期施肥试验站,研究了不同降水年份下施磷量对作物产量、耗水量、氮素吸收量、水分利用效率和氮素利用效率的影响。结果表明:不同年份,除耗水量和收获指数(HI)外,其余指标均呈低磷增高降的上升趋势。较高的施磷量对两种年份的作物产量和水氮利用效率均不利,但在干旱年份,施磷量均比不施磷处理更能降低作物HI和耗水量。因此,适度施磷是黄土高原旱地提高作物产量和水氮利用效率的有利选择,同时可能有助于提高磷肥的利用效果。
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引用次数: 5
Simple estimation method on Kostiakov infiltration parameters in border irrigation 边界灌溉Kostiakov入渗参数的简单估算方法
Pub Date : 2011-05-20 DOI: 10.1109/ISWREP.2011.5893636
W. Weihan, Pan Wen-ying
The volume balance equation without surface water volume was acquired by mathematical deduction and transform, then using the linear regression method the simple estimation method on soil infiltration parameters was put forward. The results of example indicated that the predicted irrigation advance of zero inertia model with the parameters obtained by the new method go well with the observed.
通过数学推导和变换,得到了不含地表水体积的体积平衡方程,并利用线性回归方法提出了土壤入渗参数的简单估算方法。算例结果表明,用新方法得到的参数对零惯性模型的灌溉进度进行了预测,与实测结果吻合较好。
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引用次数: 3
期刊
2011 International Symposium on Water Resource and Environmental Protection
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