Pub Date : 2014-11-01DOI: 10.1109/SmartGridComm.2014.7007723
Nan Zou, Lijun Qian, Husheng Li
The recently developed power electronic devices allow the flexibility of power and/or reactive power generation or consumption via electric vehicle charging. It is envisioned that a fleet of electric vehicles may provide auxiliary means for frequency and voltage regulation to improve the power quality and the stability of the power grid. This emerging technology is especially important for microgrid because of the volatility of power generation and consumption in a microgrid due to its diverse and sometimes unpredictable power sources and distributed load. In this work, the intelligent electric vehicle charging control for reduced cost and improved stability of microgrid is formulated as a constrained optimization problem. In order to capture the uncertainties in a microgrid, a discrete-time Markov Decision Process is adopted to model the dynamics of the system. Value iteration and policy iteration are used to solve the problem, and simulation results indicate that the resulted action policy made state transitions towards the stable states, thus scheduled electric vehicle to provide auxiliary regulation services to stabilize the system.
{"title":"Auxiliary frequency and voltage regulation in microgrid via intelligent electric vehicle charging","authors":"Nan Zou, Lijun Qian, Husheng Li","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm.2014.7007723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm.2014.7007723","url":null,"abstract":"The recently developed power electronic devices allow the flexibility of power and/or reactive power generation or consumption via electric vehicle charging. It is envisioned that a fleet of electric vehicles may provide auxiliary means for frequency and voltage regulation to improve the power quality and the stability of the power grid. This emerging technology is especially important for microgrid because of the volatility of power generation and consumption in a microgrid due to its diverse and sometimes unpredictable power sources and distributed load. In this work, the intelligent electric vehicle charging control for reduced cost and improved stability of microgrid is formulated as a constrained optimization problem. In order to capture the uncertainties in a microgrid, a discrete-time Markov Decision Process is adopted to model the dynamics of the system. Value iteration and policy iteration are used to solve the problem, and simulation results indicate that the resulted action policy made state transitions towards the stable states, thus scheduled electric vehicle to provide auxiliary regulation services to stabilize the system.","PeriodicalId":6499,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)","volume":"19 1","pages":"662-667"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83257490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-11-01DOI: 10.1109/SmartGridComm.2014.7007676
Obada Al-Khatib, Wibowo Hardjawana, B. Vucetic
The most challenging issue in Smart Grid (SG) communications is the management of a vast amount of SG communications traffic in the wireless access network, which connects power substations to a large number of SG devices. To confront this challenge, electric utilities and telecommunications operators have proposed the use of a hybrid wireless access network, referred to as a hybrid SG network, which is a combination of both public and private access networks. The public access network is leased by the electric utility from a telecommunications operator, where the network carries both Human-to-Human (H2H) communications traffic and SG communications traffic. On the contrary, the private access network is owned by the electric utility to exclusively deliver the SG communications traffic. However, a key issue in hybrid SG networks is how to efficiently partition the SG traffic onto public and private access networks. In this paper, we propose a unified analytical framework, based on a queuing system, to evaluate the performance of hybrid SG networks under different policies for the partitioning of the SG traffic. By using this framework, expressions for several performance metrics are derived and used to compare between two basic partitioning policies, referred to as load-based and traffic-based. The analytical framework is validated by simulations of a wireless network model using real-world SG traffic profiles from the Ausgrid Smart Grid Smart City project and shown to agree well with the simulations.
{"title":"Performance evaluation of a hybrid of public and private Smart Grid wireless access networks","authors":"Obada Al-Khatib, Wibowo Hardjawana, B. Vucetic","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm.2014.7007676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm.2014.7007676","url":null,"abstract":"The most challenging issue in Smart Grid (SG) communications is the management of a vast amount of SG communications traffic in the wireless access network, which connects power substations to a large number of SG devices. To confront this challenge, electric utilities and telecommunications operators have proposed the use of a hybrid wireless access network, referred to as a hybrid SG network, which is a combination of both public and private access networks. The public access network is leased by the electric utility from a telecommunications operator, where the network carries both Human-to-Human (H2H) communications traffic and SG communications traffic. On the contrary, the private access network is owned by the electric utility to exclusively deliver the SG communications traffic. However, a key issue in hybrid SG networks is how to efficiently partition the SG traffic onto public and private access networks. In this paper, we propose a unified analytical framework, based on a queuing system, to evaluate the performance of hybrid SG networks under different policies for the partitioning of the SG traffic. By using this framework, expressions for several performance metrics are derived and used to compare between two basic partitioning policies, referred to as load-based and traffic-based. The analytical framework is validated by simulations of a wireless network model using real-world SG traffic profiles from the Ausgrid Smart Grid Smart City project and shown to agree well with the simulations.","PeriodicalId":6499,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)","volume":"6 1","pages":"380-385"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82044482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-11-01DOI: 10.1109/SmartGridComm.2014.7007709
F. Uriarte, R. Hebner
Power distribution systems are experiencing higher load levels, unbalanced distributed generation, new load diversity, and more uncorrelated events than before. To quantify this change, the authors contrast the electrical state of the largest Smart Grid residential community in Austin, Texas before and after the appearance of its PVs and EVs. This community is the research focus of many wanting to prevent unwanted consequences from an uncontrolled growth in residential generation and load. The authors use surface and filled contour plots to show existing and future electrical footprints, the impact on transformer utilization, feeder demand, current unbalance, voltage drop, and on distribution losses.
{"title":"Residential Smart Grids: Before and after the appearance of PVs and EVs","authors":"F. Uriarte, R. Hebner","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm.2014.7007709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm.2014.7007709","url":null,"abstract":"Power distribution systems are experiencing higher load levels, unbalanced distributed generation, new load diversity, and more uncorrelated events than before. To quantify this change, the authors contrast the electrical state of the largest Smart Grid residential community in Austin, Texas before and after the appearance of its PVs and EVs. This community is the research focus of many wanting to prevent unwanted consequences from an uncontrolled growth in residential generation and load. The authors use surface and filled contour plots to show existing and future electrical footprints, the impact on transformer utilization, feeder demand, current unbalance, voltage drop, and on distribution losses.","PeriodicalId":6499,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)","volume":"9 1","pages":"578-583"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81982625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-11-01DOI: 10.1109/SmartGridComm.2014.7007687
Oana Balmau, D. Dzung, Abdulkadir Karaagac, Vukasin Nesovic, Aleksandar Paunovic, Y. Pignolet, N. Tehrani
The advantages of using power line communication (PLC) to make grids more intelligent and provide new applications are obvious: in order to distribute electricity there are power lines to all buildings and facilities, no additional cables have to be deployed and no wireless transmission power or other regulations have to be observed. However, there are currently no large communication networks using medium voltage power line communication. In this paper we evaluate the performance of the IPv6 routing protocol RPL designed for networks with low-power devices and lossy links on PLC links in a medium voltage scenario. For this purpose the embedded OS Contiki networking stack has been extended on the MAC and networking layer. To capture realistic conditions, we implemented a SINR (signal-to-noise+interference-ratio) model of the MV PLC channel for the COOJA network simulator. This enables us to investigate latency, success rate, control traffic for a partly meshed medium voltage grid simulation scenario based on the grid layout of a local utility. Thus we provide a benchmark to evaluate networking protocols for monitoring and control applications for smart grids. Based on the evaluation results, we can identify application scenarios where RPL is suitable as well as some of the systems's constraints and drawbacks.
{"title":"Evaluation of RPL for medium voltage power line communication","authors":"Oana Balmau, D. Dzung, Abdulkadir Karaagac, Vukasin Nesovic, Aleksandar Paunovic, Y. Pignolet, N. Tehrani","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm.2014.7007687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm.2014.7007687","url":null,"abstract":"The advantages of using power line communication (PLC) to make grids more intelligent and provide new applications are obvious: in order to distribute electricity there are power lines to all buildings and facilities, no additional cables have to be deployed and no wireless transmission power or other regulations have to be observed. However, there are currently no large communication networks using medium voltage power line communication. In this paper we evaluate the performance of the IPv6 routing protocol RPL designed for networks with low-power devices and lossy links on PLC links in a medium voltage scenario. For this purpose the embedded OS Contiki networking stack has been extended on the MAC and networking layer. To capture realistic conditions, we implemented a SINR (signal-to-noise+interference-ratio) model of the MV PLC channel for the COOJA network simulator. This enables us to investigate latency, success rate, control traffic for a partly meshed medium voltage grid simulation scenario based on the grid layout of a local utility. Thus we provide a benchmark to evaluate networking protocols for monitoring and control applications for smart grids. Based on the evaluation results, we can identify application scenarios where RPL is suitable as well as some of the systems's constraints and drawbacks.","PeriodicalId":6499,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)","volume":"79 1","pages":"446-451"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81339708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-11-01DOI: 10.1109/SmartGridComm.2014.7007690
Jörg Deutschmann, Andreas M. Lehmann, Johannes Hampel, J. Huber
The simulation of powerline communication (PLC) networks with larger numbers of nodes and with different channel conditions is essential for the development of the respective protocols, especially regarding medium access and network layer strategies. However, creating realistic models for network simulations is a complex process and demands high resources. Therefore, emulation and testbeds have been a necessary addition for testing and verification. In this paper, we propose a solution that brings both approaches closer together. Via the direct code execution (DCE) framework of the network simulator 3 (ns-3) project, we show how the machine code from real devices can be run within the network simulator, thus making it unnecessary to model the PLC protocol in another instance, namely the simulator. We will show results for the DLC®-3000 Single Frequency Network (SFN) PLC protocol and a proof of concept, that the same code performs on real PLC devices as well as within the simulator.
{"title":"Network simulation for powerline protocols with direct code execution applied to DLC®-3000 SFN","authors":"Jörg Deutschmann, Andreas M. Lehmann, Johannes Hampel, J. Huber","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm.2014.7007690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm.2014.7007690","url":null,"abstract":"The simulation of powerline communication (PLC) networks with larger numbers of nodes and with different channel conditions is essential for the development of the respective protocols, especially regarding medium access and network layer strategies. However, creating realistic models for network simulations is a complex process and demands high resources. Therefore, emulation and testbeds have been a necessary addition for testing and verification. In this paper, we propose a solution that brings both approaches closer together. Via the direct code execution (DCE) framework of the network simulator 3 (ns-3) project, we show how the machine code from real devices can be run within the network simulator, thus making it unnecessary to model the PLC protocol in another instance, namely the simulator. We will show results for the DLC®-3000 Single Frequency Network (SFN) PLC protocol and a proof of concept, that the same code performs on real PLC devices as well as within the simulator.","PeriodicalId":6499,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)","volume":"24 1","pages":"464-468"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81496378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-11-01DOI: 10.1109/SmartGridComm.2014.7007672
Mashud Hyder, Reduan H. Khan, K. Mahata
Random access is being considered as one of the key bottlenecks for supporting machine-to-machine (M2M) communications over an IEEE 802.16-based WiMAX network. Apart from handling massive access attempts from a large number of devices, the random access plane requires service differentiation capability to meet the diverse QoS requirements of various M2M applications. To address these issues, in this paper, we propose an enhanced random access scheme, where the fixed/low-mobility M2M devices pre-equalize their random access codes using the estimated frequency response of the slowly-varying wireless channel. Consequently, the base station is able to detect a large number of codes as their mutual orthogonality remains preserved. Moreover, a differentiated random access strategy is proposed to provide QoS-aware access service to various M2M devices. The performance of the proposed scheme is demonstrated under two different code matrices using both theoretical analysis and simulation results.
{"title":"An enhanced random access mechanism for Smart Grid M2M communications in WiMAX networks","authors":"Mashud Hyder, Reduan H. Khan, K. Mahata","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm.2014.7007672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm.2014.7007672","url":null,"abstract":"Random access is being considered as one of the key bottlenecks for supporting machine-to-machine (M2M) communications over an IEEE 802.16-based WiMAX network. Apart from handling massive access attempts from a large number of devices, the random access plane requires service differentiation capability to meet the diverse QoS requirements of various M2M applications. To address these issues, in this paper, we propose an enhanced random access scheme, where the fixed/low-mobility M2M devices pre-equalize their random access codes using the estimated frequency response of the slowly-varying wireless channel. Consequently, the base station is able to detect a large number of codes as their mutual orthogonality remains preserved. Moreover, a differentiated random access strategy is proposed to provide QoS-aware access service to various M2M devices. The performance of the proposed scheme is demonstrated under two different code matrices using both theoretical analysis and simulation results.","PeriodicalId":6499,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)","volume":"220 1","pages":"356-361"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79849101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-11-01DOI: 10.1109/SmartGridComm.2014.7007699
Qipeng Chen, D. Kaleshi, S. Armour, Z. Fan
The current UK Smart Metering Technical Specification requires smart meter readings to be collected once a day, primarily to support accurate billing without violating users' privacy. In this paper we consider the use of Smart Metering data for Distribution State Estimation (DSE), and compare the effectiveness of daily data collection strategy with a more frequent, half-hourly SM data collection strategy. We first assess the suitability of using the data for load forecasting at Low Voltage (LV) transformers, and then use the forecast for DSE. The outputs of DSE indicate a whole system's real-time status which can be used to make effective decisions for grid control. Our statistical test results show that the use of the half-hourly collected SM data significantly improves the load forecasting accuracy. However, the DSE results show that neither data collection strategy alone is sufficient to estimate a system's status accurately, and both require additional real-time measurements, with significantly fewer additional measurements points required if the data is collected half-hourly. This research offers a unique DSE perspective which will provide evidence towards a more comprehensive specification of the SM data collection frequency if it is to be used for smart grid operational support.
{"title":"Reconsidering the smart metering data collection frequency for distribution state estimation","authors":"Qipeng Chen, D. Kaleshi, S. Armour, Z. Fan","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm.2014.7007699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm.2014.7007699","url":null,"abstract":"The current UK Smart Metering Technical Specification requires smart meter readings to be collected once a day, primarily to support accurate billing without violating users' privacy. In this paper we consider the use of Smart Metering data for Distribution State Estimation (DSE), and compare the effectiveness of daily data collection strategy with a more frequent, half-hourly SM data collection strategy. We first assess the suitability of using the data for load forecasting at Low Voltage (LV) transformers, and then use the forecast for DSE. The outputs of DSE indicate a whole system's real-time status which can be used to make effective decisions for grid control. Our statistical test results show that the use of the half-hourly collected SM data significantly improves the load forecasting accuracy. However, the DSE results show that neither data collection strategy alone is sufficient to estimate a system's status accurately, and both require additional real-time measurements, with significantly fewer additional measurements points required if the data is collected half-hourly. This research offers a unique DSE perspective which will provide evidence towards a more comprehensive specification of the SM data collection frequency if it is to be used for smart grid operational support.","PeriodicalId":6499,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)","volume":"23 1","pages":"517-522"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83569729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we consider smart charging systems for plug-in electric vehicles. We formulate an optimization problem of smart charging scheduling in which the charging schedule is optimized so that it supplies sufficient electricity for the next trip and also minimizes the charging cost under given time-of-use (TOU) rate structures while it follows demand response (DR) events requested by a utility, and we also present an algorithm to solve the optimization problem. To validate the effectiveness of our smart charging system, we first developed and implemented a smart charging system using SEP 2.0 and SAE J2836/2847/J2931 and conducted demonstration experiments in which a total of 10 customers of Duke Energy regularly used our developed system for approximately one year with simulated TOU rate structures and DR events. We also present the results of the experiments for our developed smart charging system to show the cost benefits for users without forcing their patience and the impact on peak demand shift by the user-friendly system.
{"title":"Smart charging system for PEV based on SEP 2.0 and SAE standards","authors":"Takayuki Shimizu, Akihisa Yokoyama, Kazuma Sato, Kunihiko Kumita","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm.2014.7007728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm.2014.7007728","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we consider smart charging systems for plug-in electric vehicles. We formulate an optimization problem of smart charging scheduling in which the charging schedule is optimized so that it supplies sufficient electricity for the next trip and also minimizes the charging cost under given time-of-use (TOU) rate structures while it follows demand response (DR) events requested by a utility, and we also present an algorithm to solve the optimization problem. To validate the effectiveness of our smart charging system, we first developed and implemented a smart charging system using SEP 2.0 and SAE J2836/2847/J2931 and conducted demonstration experiments in which a total of 10 customers of Duke Energy regularly used our developed system for approximately one year with simulated TOU rate structures and DR events. We also present the results of the experiments for our developed smart charging system to show the cost benefits for users without forcing their patience and the impact on peak demand shift by the user-friendly system.","PeriodicalId":6499,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)","volume":"77 1","pages":"692-697"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83915949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-11-01DOI: 10.1109/SmartGridComm.2014.7007654
Oana Balmau, D. Dzung, Y. Pignolet
The communication network supporting Smart Grid applications must minimize the time that messages cannot be delivered and thus find alternative paths rapidly. At the same time, the control overhead in normal operation should be limited and not interfere with the data traffic. Hence the routing protocol for such networks has to trade-off these two conflicting goals. One of the candidate routing protocols for Smart Grid networks is the IETF IPv6 routing protocol RPL which was designed for low-power and lossy networks. It strives to consume little bandwidth and energy with its traffic overhead and to be under-reactive to network changes. This design choice was made because in many of the technologies envisioned for such networks the bandwidth is scarce and the link quality may vary. Fluctuations should not trigger unnecessary instabilities, thus the system was designed to have inertia before deciding to modify communication paths. However, this robustness is in direct conflict with the agility that is required for fast recovery in case of communication failures. In this article we investigate the behavior of the local repair failover mechanism, then we propose and evaluate simple options to minimize the recovery time.
{"title":"Recipes for faster failure recovery in Smart Grid communication networks","authors":"Oana Balmau, D. Dzung, Y. Pignolet","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm.2014.7007654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm.2014.7007654","url":null,"abstract":"The communication network supporting Smart Grid applications must minimize the time that messages cannot be delivered and thus find alternative paths rapidly. At the same time, the control overhead in normal operation should be limited and not interfere with the data traffic. Hence the routing protocol for such networks has to trade-off these two conflicting goals. One of the candidate routing protocols for Smart Grid networks is the IETF IPv6 routing protocol RPL which was designed for low-power and lossy networks. It strives to consume little bandwidth and energy with its traffic overhead and to be under-reactive to network changes. This design choice was made because in many of the technologies envisioned for such networks the bandwidth is scarce and the link quality may vary. Fluctuations should not trigger unnecessary instabilities, thus the system was designed to have inertia before deciding to modify communication paths. However, this robustness is in direct conflict with the agility that is required for fast recovery in case of communication failures. In this article we investigate the behavior of the local repair failover mechanism, then we propose and evaluate simple options to minimize the recovery time.","PeriodicalId":6499,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)","volume":"292 1","pages":"248-253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86583503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-11-01DOI: 10.1109/SmartGridComm.2014.7007712
Tian Zhang, Wei Chen, Zhu Han, Z. Cao
In the paper, we consider delay-optimal charging scheduling of the electric vehicles (EVs) at a renewable energy aided charging station with multiple charge points. The uncertainty of the EV arrival, the intermittence of the renewable energy, and the variation of the grid power price are taken into account. In each period, the station determines the number of charging EVs during this period. Meanwhile, it also chooses the amount of renewables used for charging (the rest amount of energy will be purchased from the grid). The goal is to minimize the mean waiting time of EVs under the long-term constraint on the cost. We formulate a stochastic optimization problem, in which the charging EV number sequence and the allocated renewable energy sequence compose the two-dimensional optimization variable vector sequence, to investigate this scheduling problem. We derive the formal solution of the problem. Specifically, we prove that the optimal variable vector can be successively obtained: the optimal number of charging EVs is the solution of a reduced stochastic optimization problem and the greedy renewable energy allocation is optimal for given number of charging EVs. Finally, based on theoretical analysis, we propose two strategies for the problem and we investigate the proposed strategies numerically.
{"title":"Electric vehicle charging scheduling under local renewable energy and stochastic grid power price","authors":"Tian Zhang, Wei Chen, Zhu Han, Z. Cao","doi":"10.1109/SmartGridComm.2014.7007712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartGridComm.2014.7007712","url":null,"abstract":"In the paper, we consider delay-optimal charging scheduling of the electric vehicles (EVs) at a renewable energy aided charging station with multiple charge points. The uncertainty of the EV arrival, the intermittence of the renewable energy, and the variation of the grid power price are taken into account. In each period, the station determines the number of charging EVs during this period. Meanwhile, it also chooses the amount of renewables used for charging (the rest amount of energy will be purchased from the grid). The goal is to minimize the mean waiting time of EVs under the long-term constraint on the cost. We formulate a stochastic optimization problem, in which the charging EV number sequence and the allocated renewable energy sequence compose the two-dimensional optimization variable vector sequence, to investigate this scheduling problem. We derive the formal solution of the problem. Specifically, we prove that the optimal variable vector can be successively obtained: the optimal number of charging EVs is the solution of a reduced stochastic optimization problem and the greedy renewable energy allocation is optimal for given number of charging EVs. Finally, based on theoretical analysis, we propose two strategies for the problem and we investigate the proposed strategies numerically.","PeriodicalId":6499,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm)","volume":"20 1","pages":"596-601"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86633758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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