Pub Date : 2018-09-01DOI: 10.1109/ETFA.2018.8502554
B. Gerard, Souad Bezzaoucha Rebaï, H. Voos, M. Darouach
In the present paper, the problem of attacks on cyber-physical systems via networked control system (NCS) subject to unmeasured disturbances is considered. The geometric approach is used to evaluate the security and vulnerability level of the controlled system. The presented work deals with the so-called false data injection attacks and shows how imperfectly known disturbances can be used to perform undetectable, or at least stealthy, attacks that can make the NCS vulnerable to attacks from malicious outsiders. A numerical example is given to illustrate the approach.
{"title":"Vulnerability Analysis of Cyber Physical Systems Under False-Data Injection and Disturbance Attacks","authors":"B. Gerard, Souad Bezzaoucha Rebaï, H. Voos, M. Darouach","doi":"10.1109/ETFA.2018.8502554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA.2018.8502554","url":null,"abstract":"In the present paper, the problem of attacks on cyber-physical systems via networked control system (NCS) subject to unmeasured disturbances is considered. The geometric approach is used to evaluate the security and vulnerability level of the controlled system. The presented work deals with the so-called false data injection attacks and shows how imperfectly known disturbances can be used to perform undetectable, or at least stealthy, attacks that can make the NCS vulnerable to attacks from malicious outsiders. A numerical example is given to illustrate the approach.","PeriodicalId":6566,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)","volume":"22 1","pages":"1023-1030"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83450773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-01DOI: 10.1109/ETFA.2018.8502457
L. L. Bello, A. Lombardo, Sebastiano Milardo, Gaetano Patti, M. Reno
Nowadays the role of mobile nodes, either human workers or robots, in industrial production is becoming increasingly important. Consequently, in Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks (IWSN), alongside with reliability and realtime constraints, mobility support is becoming a compelling requirement. However, providing mobility support in IWSN is quite challenging, as the uncertainty and dynamics of industrial environments, combined with the need for supporting real-time constraints of the data and the mobility of the nodes, complicate routing. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is considered a promising approach for reducing the complexity of network management in many contexts, including industrial automation networks. This paper therefore presents a new SDN approach to handle node mobility and scheduling in IWSN based on the Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) protocol of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. The paper describes the proposed approach, that is called the Forwarding and TSCH Scheduling over SDN (FTS-SDN), and provides simulative performance assessments.
{"title":"Software- Defined Networking for Dynamic Control of Mobile Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks","authors":"L. L. Bello, A. Lombardo, Sebastiano Milardo, Gaetano Patti, M. Reno","doi":"10.1109/ETFA.2018.8502457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA.2018.8502457","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays the role of mobile nodes, either human workers or robots, in industrial production is becoming increasingly important. Consequently, in Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks (IWSN), alongside with reliability and realtime constraints, mobility support is becoming a compelling requirement. However, providing mobility support in IWSN is quite challenging, as the uncertainty and dynamics of industrial environments, combined with the need for supporting real-time constraints of the data and the mobility of the nodes, complicate routing. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is considered a promising approach for reducing the complexity of network management in many contexts, including industrial automation networks. This paper therefore presents a new SDN approach to handle node mobility and scheduling in IWSN based on the Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) protocol of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. The paper describes the proposed approach, that is called the Forwarding and TSCH Scheduling over SDN (FTS-SDN), and provides simulative performance assessments.","PeriodicalId":6566,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)","volume":"51 1","pages":"290-296"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77822122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-01DOI: 10.1109/etfa.2018.8502549
{"title":"Complex Engineering Systems and Systems Engineering","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/etfa.2018.8502549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/etfa.2018.8502549","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":6566,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83264451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-01DOI: 10.1109/ETFA.2018.8502616
T. M. Tuxi, A. E. C. D. Cunha
This paper presents some contributions to a time-optimal control framework based on Time-Weighted Systems (TWS). A two-steps control synthesis method is proposed, where, first, given a TWS and a set of safety and coordination requirements, a supervisor to guarantee the former is synthesized, and, second, given a required number of productions, a supervisor that guarantees the minimum makespan (production time) is computed. We also propose a realization of a timed supervisory control map for a TWS that is robust with respect to variations on event execution times and that contains a simple control law suitable for implementation in platforms like PLCs or microcontrollers. We illustrate our approach using two Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS) case studies.
{"title":"Contributions to the control of Time-Weighted Systems","authors":"T. M. Tuxi, A. E. C. D. Cunha","doi":"10.1109/ETFA.2018.8502616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA.2018.8502616","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents some contributions to a time-optimal control framework based on Time-Weighted Systems (TWS). A two-steps control synthesis method is proposed, where, first, given a TWS and a set of safety and coordination requirements, a supervisor to guarantee the former is synthesized, and, second, given a required number of productions, a supervisor that guarantees the minimum makespan (production time) is computed. We also propose a realization of a timed supervisory control map for a TWS that is robust with respect to variations on event execution times and that contains a simple control law suitable for implementation in platforms like PLCs or microcontrollers. We illustrate our approach using two Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS) case studies.","PeriodicalId":6566,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)","volume":"1 1","pages":"418-425"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89408943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-01DOI: 10.1109/ETFA.2018.8502558
F. Salgado, T. Gomes, A. Tavares, J. Cabral
Approaches to Dynamic Binary Translation (DBT) on resource-constrained embedded systems are not straight forward, leading to several improvements and acceleration suggestions that rely on dedicated hardware. Software to hardware of-floading is a common acceleration procedure used when software-only approaches do not meet the performance requirements, making such approach suitable to be successfully applied to DBT. This article approaches hardware offloading to address some limitations of an in-house DBT engine, the DBTOR, regarding its Translation Cache (TCache) management mechanism. The suggested approaches are non-intrusive to the target architecture, which cope with the commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS)-driven deployment of DBT for the resource-constrained embedded devices. This work proposes a TCache management hardware module that overpasses the linked list and hash table software-only approaches, resulting in a performance improvement of 25% and 26%, respectively.
{"title":"A Hardware-assisted Translation Cache for Dynamic Binary Translation in Embedded Systems","authors":"F. Salgado, T. Gomes, A. Tavares, J. Cabral","doi":"10.1109/ETFA.2018.8502558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA.2018.8502558","url":null,"abstract":"Approaches to Dynamic Binary Translation (DBT) on resource-constrained embedded systems are not straight forward, leading to several improvements and acceleration suggestions that rely on dedicated hardware. Software to hardware of-floading is a common acceleration procedure used when software-only approaches do not meet the performance requirements, making such approach suitable to be successfully applied to DBT. This article approaches hardware offloading to address some limitations of an in-house DBT engine, the DBTOR, regarding its Translation Cache (TCache) management mechanism. The suggested approaches are non-intrusive to the target architecture, which cope with the commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS)-driven deployment of DBT for the resource-constrained embedded devices. This work proposes a TCache management hardware module that overpasses the linked list and hash table software-only approaches, resulting in a performance improvement of 25% and 26%, respectively.","PeriodicalId":6566,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)","volume":"50 1","pages":"307-312"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82040492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-01DOI: 10.1109/ETFA.2018.8502516
Rainer Schiekofer, A. Scholz, M. Weyrich
Ope UA is one of the most important communication protocols for Industry 4.0 applications in the automation domain. However, to really reach the status of an Internet-of-Things protocol, OPC UA also has to give some answers to upcoming cross-domain questions. Only if OPC UA is able to bridge the gap between several different domains, it will be accepted as real Internet-of-Things protocol and therefore supported even better by the APIs of the big IT players. One technology which already interconnects nearly every domain is the REST architecture. A lot of research already focused on the combination of these two technologies. However, in this paper we will show the first approach which covers all OPC UA requirements and therefore enables also use cases like server reconfiguration. We will also give some insights into our concept, which was contributed to the OPC UA specification as part of the Vl.04 release.
{"title":"REST based OPC UA for the IIoT","authors":"Rainer Schiekofer, A. Scholz, M. Weyrich","doi":"10.1109/ETFA.2018.8502516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA.2018.8502516","url":null,"abstract":"Ope UA is one of the most important communication protocols for Industry 4.0 applications in the automation domain. However, to really reach the status of an Internet-of-Things protocol, OPC UA also has to give some answers to upcoming cross-domain questions. Only if OPC UA is able to bridge the gap between several different domains, it will be accepted as real Internet-of-Things protocol and therefore supported even better by the APIs of the big IT players. One technology which already interconnects nearly every domain is the REST architecture. A lot of research already focused on the combination of these two technologies. However, in this paper we will show the first approach which covers all OPC UA requirements and therefore enables also use cases like server reconfiguration. We will also give some insights into our concept, which was contributed to the OPC UA specification as part of the Vl.04 release.","PeriodicalId":6566,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)","volume":"6 1","pages":"274-281"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87981456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-01DOI: 10.1109/ETFA.2018.8502522
Pirmin Held, Daniel Weißhaar, S. Mauch, D. Abdeslam, Dirk Benyoucef
This paper describes the optimization of parameters of an event detection method for Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM). The input signal consisting of voltage and current was processed with FIT-PS. An event detection method is presented with regard to the adjustable parameters. For parameter optimization the methods simulated annealing and pattern search are used. By using automatic parameter optimization methods, previous results based on manually selected parameters can be significantly improved up to 11.5 %. In the runtime investigation, pattern search has clear advantages over simulated annealing for comparable or better results. In addition, it is possible in the future to adapt this method very quickly to other boundary conditions.
{"title":"Parameter Optimized Event Detection for NILM Using Frequency Invariant Transformation of Periodic Signals (FIT-PS)","authors":"Pirmin Held, Daniel Weißhaar, S. Mauch, D. Abdeslam, Dirk Benyoucef","doi":"10.1109/ETFA.2018.8502522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA.2018.8502522","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the optimization of parameters of an event detection method for Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM). The input signal consisting of voltage and current was processed with FIT-PS. An event detection method is presented with regard to the adjustable parameters. For parameter optimization the methods simulated annealing and pattern search are used. By using automatic parameter optimization methods, previous results based on manually selected parameters can be significantly improved up to 11.5 %. In the runtime investigation, pattern search has clear advantages over simulated annealing for comparable or better results. In addition, it is possible in the future to adapt this method very quickly to other boundary conditions.","PeriodicalId":6566,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)","volume":"13 1","pages":"832-837"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87490011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-01DOI: 10.1109/ETFA.2018.8502514
T. Damo, L. Becker
The definition of equipment and components of physical plants is a necessary step towards the development of simulation, control, and supervisory applications for the petrochemical industry. Often it happens that the same plant/equipment is (re)modeled on each application, thereby there is a waste-of-time on repetitive (re)design. Even though each software platform normally offers a different view of the same plant, it is desirable to have some kind of interoperability between them. This paper presents M4PIA, a Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) infrastructure devoted for petrochemical industry automation. M4PIA allows representing industrial plants by means of different and interchangeable object-oriented models, providing means to perform automatic code generation from a plant specification for different software platforms. Currently, our work involves using M4PIA in high-level automation manouvers and plant simulations. The use of M4PIA is expected to result in less development time and costs, while it increases efficiency, maintainability, and reliability of the developed applications.
{"title":"Model- Driven Engineering for Petrochemical Industry Automation","authors":"T. Damo, L. Becker","doi":"10.1109/ETFA.2018.8502514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA.2018.8502514","url":null,"abstract":"The definition of equipment and components of physical plants is a necessary step towards the development of simulation, control, and supervisory applications for the petrochemical industry. Often it happens that the same plant/equipment is (re)modeled on each application, thereby there is a waste-of-time on repetitive (re)design. Even though each software platform normally offers a different view of the same plant, it is desirable to have some kind of interoperability between them. This paper presents M4PIA, a Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) infrastructure devoted for petrochemical industry automation. M4PIA allows representing industrial plants by means of different and interchangeable object-oriented models, providing means to perform automatic code generation from a plant specification for different software platforms. Currently, our work involves using M4PIA in high-level automation manouvers and plant simulations. The use of M4PIA is expected to result in less development time and costs, while it increases efficiency, maintainability, and reliability of the developed applications.","PeriodicalId":6566,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)","volume":"10 1","pages":"1060-1063"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88304314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-01DOI: 10.1109/ETFA.2018.8502586
A. Bonci, M. Pirani, A. Carbonari, B. Naticchia, A. Cucchiarelli, S. Longhi
This paper gives a novel perspective about the role of the self-similarities in the modelling of system of systems with cyber-physical representation. With the adoption of virtual overlays of dynamically self-adapting holarchies, the emergent characteristics and behaviors of the information and automation systems are mapped into a recursive tree of autonomic components that can be typically realized through holonic multiagent systems. The nested computing structures that are used to achieve a productivity goal are kept simple by means of self-similarities. This simplification provides a viable methodology for the pervasive management and the automated programming of the holonic components. The technique described is suitable for a prompt adoption on a vast class of manufacturing, robotics, mechatronics, and facility management processes, whilst enabling a continuum between humans and machines. An advantage of the proposed method is its agnosticism with respect to most of the specific but heterogeneous technological means adopted in the already existent automation realizations.
{"title":"Holonic Overlays in Cyber-Physical System of Systems","authors":"A. Bonci, M. Pirani, A. Carbonari, B. Naticchia, A. Cucchiarelli, S. Longhi","doi":"10.1109/ETFA.2018.8502586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA.2018.8502586","url":null,"abstract":"This paper gives a novel perspective about the role of the self-similarities in the modelling of system of systems with cyber-physical representation. With the adoption of virtual overlays of dynamically self-adapting holarchies, the emergent characteristics and behaviors of the information and automation systems are mapped into a recursive tree of autonomic components that can be typically realized through holonic multiagent systems. The nested computing structures that are used to achieve a productivity goal are kept simple by means of self-similarities. This simplification provides a viable methodology for the pervasive management and the automated programming of the holonic components. The technique described is suitable for a prompt adoption on a vast class of manufacturing, robotics, mechatronics, and facility management processes, whilst enabling a continuum between humans and machines. An advantage of the proposed method is its agnosticism with respect to most of the specific but heterogeneous technological means adopted in the already existent automation realizations.","PeriodicalId":6566,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)","volume":"8 1","pages":"1240-1243"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75919047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-01DOI: 10.1109/ETFA.2018.8502566
M. Faroni, D. Gorni, A. Visioli
Reduction of the energy consumption in robotized processes is a key issue in nowadays manufacturing. In this paper, we propose a simple approach to energy minimization of robotic tasks with assigned cycle time based on sequential quadratic programming. The method aims at re-shaping a given timing law in the sense of energy saving, without modifying the desired path and the given cycle time. Thanks to the iterative linearization of the nonlinear time-constraint, the resulting minimization problem is solved by only using common quadratic programming solvers, making the method suitable for a direct implementation in robot industrial controllers. At first, the method is devised by only considering the kinematics of the manipulator. The dynamic model is then straightforwardly included, without significantly increasing the complexity of the method. Validation in simulation environment is provided in order to show the effectiveness of the methodology.
{"title":"Energy Minimization in Time-Constrained Robotic Tasks via Sequential Quadratic Programming","authors":"M. Faroni, D. Gorni, A. Visioli","doi":"10.1109/ETFA.2018.8502566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA.2018.8502566","url":null,"abstract":"Reduction of the energy consumption in robotized processes is a key issue in nowadays manufacturing. In this paper, we propose a simple approach to energy minimization of robotic tasks with assigned cycle time based on sequential quadratic programming. The method aims at re-shaping a given timing law in the sense of energy saving, without modifying the desired path and the given cycle time. Thanks to the iterative linearization of the nonlinear time-constraint, the resulting minimization problem is solved by only using common quadratic programming solvers, making the method suitable for a direct implementation in robot industrial controllers. At first, the method is devised by only considering the kinematics of the manipulator. The dynamic model is then straightforwardly included, without significantly increasing the complexity of the method. Validation in simulation environment is provided in order to show the effectiveness of the methodology.","PeriodicalId":6566,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)","volume":"22 1","pages":"699-705"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81502977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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