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2018 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)最新文献

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Classic Controllers Design Applied to Temperature Control for a Plastic Thermoforming Machine 经典控制器设计在塑料热成型机温度控制中的应用
J. Hernández-Ambato, J. Rodríguez-Flores, J. Cortes-Llanganate, F. Cabrera-Aguayo
The present document describes the methodology used for the design and implementation of a temperature control system for the oven of a plastic thermoforming machine. This work departs from the utilization of graphics methods for the approximation of the transfer function of the plant using experimental data. The best-obtained model was used for the designing of a proportional-integral (PI) classic controller and classic PI no-lineal with anti-windup. The PI controller with anti-windup effect presented a suitable control action over the plant, which was combined with an AC/AC converter by integral cycle for the control of the process variable. Evaluation testing on the control system showed a temperature variation in the oven lower than ${pm 2}$ °C. Even more, the application of this work on the real plant contributed for improvement of the dimensional stability of final products in 81.82%.
本文件描述用于设计和实现用于塑料热成型机烘箱的温度控制系统的方法。这项工作与利用图形方法利用实验数据近似装置的传递函数不同。利用得到的最优模型设计了比例积分(PI)经典控制器和带抗卷绕的经典PI非线性控制器。具有抗绕组效应的PI控制器对被控对象具有合适的控制作用,并通过积分循环与AC/AC变换器相结合对过程变量进行控制。对控制系统的评估测试表明,烘箱内的温度变化低于${pm 2}$°C。更重要的是,该工作在实际植物上的应用对最终产品尺寸稳定性的提高贡献了81.82%。
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引用次数: 0
Weakly-Hard Real-Time Guarantees for Weighted Round-Robin Scheduling of Real-Time Messages 实时消息加权轮循调度的弱硬实时性保证
Zain Alabedin Haj Hammadeh, R. Ernst
Communication resources often exist in distributed real-time systems, therefore, providing guarantees on a predefined end-to-end deadline requires a timing analysis of the communication resource. Worst-case response time analysis techniques for guaranteeing the system's schedulability are not expressive enough for weakly-hard real-time systems. In weakly-hard real-time systems, the timing analysis ought to ensure that the distribution of the system deadline misses/mets is precisely bounded. In this paper, we compute weakly-hard real-time guarantees in the form of a deadline miss model using Typical Worst-Case Analysis for real-time messages with weighted round-robin scheduling. We evaluate the proposed analysis's scalability and the tightness of the computed deadline miss models. We illustrate also the applicability of our analysis in an industrial case study.
通信资源通常存在于分布式实时系统中,因此,在预定义的端到端截止日期上提供保证需要对通信资源进行定时分析。用于保证系统可调度性的最坏情况响应时间分析技术对于弱硬实时系统的表达能力不够。在弱硬实时系统中,时序分析应确保系统截止日期缺失/延迟的分布是精确限定的。本文利用典型最坏情况分析方法,对具有加权轮循调度的实时消息,以最后期限缺失模型的形式计算了弱硬实时保证。我们评估了所提出的分析的可扩展性和计算的截止日期缺失模型的紧密性。我们还说明了我们的分析在工业案例研究中的适用性。
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引用次数: 1
WIP Cyber-Physical Systems and Smart Networked Systems 网络物理系统和智能网络系统
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引用次数: 0
Identification of the Gordon- Ng Chiller Model: Linear or Nonlinear Least Squares? Gordon- Ng制冷机模型的辨识:线性还是非线性最小二乘?
F. Acerbi, G. Nicolao
In this paper, the calibration of the parameters of the Gordon-Ng Universal (GNU) chiller model is investigated. In its standard formulation, the GNU model is written as a linear-in-parameter model that can be calibrated by Ordinary Least Squares. It has been already observed elsewhere that, since the regressors are subject to measurement inaccuracies, the OLS approach is prone to yield biased estimates of the parameters. As a remedy, Andersen and Reddy proposed the adoption of an Errors in Variable (EIV) framework, showing that bias could be reduced or even eliminated by means of a corrected least squares algorithm. However, some questions remained open. Given that the EIV approach achieves bias reduction at the cost of increasing the variance, is it really preferable to OLS? If the final goal is not parameter estimation, but the prediction of the Coefficient of Performance (COP), how does OLS compare with EIV? And what is the most appropriate calibration method, under a statistical viewpoint? Finally, is the added complexity of a statistically rigorous approach employing Nonlinear Least Squares (NLS) really worth the potential improvements in COP prediction? In order to answer these questions, three estimation methods, OLS, EIV and NLS, are tested on two benchmarks: a public precise chiller performance dataset and an ASHRAE dataset. The results suggest, that OLS estimation, in spite of its suboptimality, may prove largely satisfactory both for parameter estimation and COP prediction, although it may be worth analyzing other more challenging COP prediction problem before the final word is said.
本文研究了Gordon-Ng通用型(GNU)制冷机模型参数的标定问题。在其标准公式中,GNU模型被写成一个参数线性模型,可以通过普通最小二乘进行校准。在其他地方已经观察到,由于回归量受到测量不准确性的影响,OLS方法容易产生有偏差的参数估计。作为补救措施,Andersen和Reddy提出采用变量误差(Errors in Variable, EIV)框架,表明通过修正的最小二乘算法可以减少甚至消除偏差。然而,一些问题仍然悬而未决。考虑到EIV方法以增加方差为代价实现了偏差减少,它真的比OLS更好吗?如果最终目标不是参数估计,而是性能系数(COP)的预测,OLS与EIV相比如何?从统计学的角度来看,什么是最合适的校准方法?最后,采用非线性最小二乘(NLS)的统计严谨方法所增加的复杂性是否真的值得COP预测的潜在改进?为了回答这些问题,三种估计方法,OLS, EIV和NLS,在两个基准上进行了测试:公共精确冷水机组性能数据集和ASHRAE数据集。结果表明,尽管OLS估计具有次优性,但在参数估计和COP预测方面可能在很大程度上令人满意,尽管在最后说之前可能值得分析其他更具挑战性的COP预测问题。
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引用次数: 1
Evaluation of Libraries and Typical Embedded Systems for ECDSA Signature Verification for Car2X Communication Car2X通信ECDSA签名验证的库和典型嵌入式系统的评估
M. Kramer, Florian Gerstmayer, Jürgen Hausladen
Over the last decades, cars have become more and more prevalent and play an important role in our modern society. With the continuously growing number of vehicles, also the probability for road accidents and traffic congestions increases. Car2X communication in traffic infrastructure is a key enabler of many technologies yet to come, such as autonomous driving. Allowing and enabling the exchange of data from various cars and their respective environment provides amongst other possibilities - increased road safety and congestion avoidance. Several standards already exist which define the structure of messages and how they have to be signed - with elliptic curve based signatures. This signature is to be verified, ensuring authenticity and integrity so no “malicious” car can i.e. impersonate an emergency vehicle or sham an accident. However, validating an elliptic curve signature in such a field of application requires appropriate performance to ensure necessary throughput. In other words, cars and roadside equipment must be up to the task to process messages fast enough to prevent any harm, like traffic lights being switched too late or cars not being informed in time of an accident ahead. This paper shall show typical performance for out of the box embedded hardware, likely to be used for such equipment. Furthermore it will compare OpenSSL and mbedTLS regarding their performance and it will give optimization advices to maximize verification throughput.
在过去的几十年里,汽车变得越来越普遍,在我们的现代社会中扮演着重要的角色。随着车辆数量的不断增加,道路事故和交通拥堵的概率也在增加。交通基础设施中的Car2X通信是许多尚未到来的技术的关键推动因素,例如自动驾驶。允许并启用来自不同车辆及其各自环境的数据交换提供了其他可能性-提高道路安全和避免拥堵。已有几个标准定义了消息的结构以及如何对消息进行签名——基于椭圆曲线的签名。该签名需要验证,以确保真实性和完整性,因此没有“恶意”汽车可以冒充紧急车辆或伪造事故。然而,在这样的应用领域中验证椭圆曲线签名需要适当的性能来确保必要的吞吐量。换句话说,汽车和路边设备必须能够足够快地处理信息,以防止任何伤害,比如交通灯切换得太晚,或者汽车没有及时收到前方发生事故的通知。本文将展示可能用于此类设备的开箱即用嵌入式硬件的典型性能。此外,它将比较OpenSSL和mbedTLS的性能,并给出优化建议,以最大限度地提高验证吞吐量。
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引用次数: 1
End-to-end Redundancy between Real-time I4.0 Components based on Time-Sensitive Networking 基于时间敏感组网的实时I4.0组件端到端冗余
Frederick Prinz, Michael Schoeffler, A. Lechler, A. Verl
To increase the changeability of future production systems, assets have to provide a standardized representation of their capabilities. Therefore, the concept of I4.0 components was developed, which describes assets with an asset administration shell providing a self-description. Real-time I4.0 components, like safety critical systems or motion control applications, require a deterministic communication with bounded low latency. Moreover, they demand for redundant connections to achieve fault tolerance with respect to the network infrastructure and the components. The integration of redundancy mechanisms in realtime I4.0 components requires additional implementation and configuration effort, which has not been covered in detail yet. In this work, we extend the concept of asset administration shells to configure end-to-end redundancy between real-time I4.0 components. Thereby, we apply the new real-time communication technology Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) with focus on the standard IEEE 802.1CB. Finally, we evaluate the performance of the redundancy implementation in terms of the transmission offset between the primary frame and its duplicate.
为了增加未来生产系统的可变性,资产必须提供其能力的标准化表示。因此,开发了I4.0组件的概念,它使用提供自我描述的资产管理外壳来描述资产。实时工业4.0组件,如安全关键系统或运动控制应用程序,需要具有有限低延迟的确定性通信。此外,它们需要冗余连接来实现网络基础设施和组件的容错。在实时I4.0组件中集成冗余机制需要额外的实现和配置工作,目前还没有详细介绍。在这项工作中,我们扩展了资产管理外壳的概念,以配置实时I4.0组件之间的端到端冗余。因此,我们以IEEE 802.1CB标准为重点,应用新的实时通信技术时敏网络(TSN)。最后,我们根据主帧和重复帧之间的传输偏移来评估冗余实现的性能。
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引用次数: 12
Efficient diagnosability assessment via ILP optimization: a railway benchmark 通过ILP优化的有效可诊断性评估:铁路基准
F. Basile, G. Tommasi, C. Sterle, Abderraouf Boussif, M. Ghazel
Diagnosability of faults in discrete event systems modeled with Petri nets can be assessed either via graph-based techniques (also called diagnoser, verifier/twin-plant based techniques), or via the solution of optimization problems. The approaches that belong to the former class are based on the analysis of the net reachability or coverability graphs (or of a more compact version of them). The latter approach exploits the mathematical representation of the net itself to specify and solve optimization problems, which are usually expressed as integer linear programming (ILP) problems. In this paper we exploit the railway Petri net model originally proposed in [16], and extended in [14] to be used as a benchmark for diagnosability analysis, to assess the efficiency of the approach based on the solution of ILP problems proposed in [3]. In order to show the effectiveness of the proposed technique, a comparison with a graph-based approach for analyzing diagnosability is also presented.
用Petri网建模的离散事件系统中的故障可诊断性可以通过基于图的技术(也称为诊断器、验证器/基于双工厂的技术)或通过优化问题的解决方案来评估。属于前一类的方法是基于对网络可达性或可覆盖性图(或它们的更紧凑的版本)的分析。后一种方法利用网络本身的数学表示来指定和解决优化问题,这些问题通常表示为整数线性规划(ILP)问题。在本文中,我们利用[16]中最初提出的铁路Petri网模型,并在[14]中进行了扩展,作为可诊断性分析的基准,以评估基于[3]中提出的ILP问题的解决方法的效率。为了证明该方法的有效性,还与基于图的可诊断性分析方法进行了比较。
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引用次数: 9
Information Retrieval in Industrial Production Environments 工业生产环境中的信息检索
Stefan Windmann, O. Niggemann
The complexity of industrial production systems is steadily growing. Hence, the plant stuff has to search in an increasing number of documents within the daily work routine, e.g. in manuals, commissioning instructions, service notes, shift books, process data, repair instructions, data sheets, R/I flow charts, CAD drawings etc. To support the plant stuff, an intelligent search engine for industrial production environments is proposed in this paper. Characteristics of the developed search engine with respect to the domain of industrial production environments, e.g. tailored synonym replacements and document classifications, are outlined. Particularly, two methods for document classifications, a k-nearest-neighbor classifier and a Naive Bayes classifier, are evaluated with documents from industrial production environments.
工业生产系统的复杂性正在稳步增长。因此,工厂人员必须在日常工作中查找越来越多的文件,例如手册,调试说明,维修说明,班次簿,工艺数据,维修说明,数据表,R/I流程图,CAD图纸等。为了支持工厂资料,本文提出了一种面向工业生产环境的智能搜索引擎。已开发的搜索引擎在工业生产环境领域的特征,例如定制同义词替换和文档分类,被概述。特别地,用工业生产环境中的文档评估了两种文档分类方法,即k近邻分类器和朴素贝叶斯分类器。
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引用次数: 1
Performance Analysis of a High-Reliable Real-Time Wireless Transmission System with Near Field Coupling 一种具有近场耦合的高可靠实时无线传输系统性能分析
Niels Hendrik Fliedner, U. Meier, T. Neugebauer
Wireless industrial environments are dominated by multipath propagation and interference. In order to handle spatial diversity, a possible approach is dividing the physical area into many small cells. The spatial diversity is turned into FDMA by utilizing different frequency bands for neighboring cells. A challenging use case with fast vehicles traveling over long distances in a short time is the packaging industry. It would require many fast handoffs for each vehicle. Thus, a small cell FDMA approach is not appropriate. Conversely, employing radiating lines eliminates FDMA-based handoff issues, and reduces multipath delay spread and signal attenuation compared to centralized approaches. Additionally, radiating lines perform well in high-speed, low-power and long-range environments. In this paper, we realize a novel radiating-line-based, high-reliable, real-time transmission system with near-field coupling. This wireless transmission method results in a frequency-flat, time-invariant radio channel for the given requirements. Employing antenna diversity results in significant improvements in the system's performance compared to single antenna solutions.
无线工业环境以多径传播和干扰为主。为了处理空间多样性,一种可能的方法是将物理区域划分为许多小单元。通过对相邻小区使用不同的频带,将空间分集转化为FDMA。快速车辆在短时间内长距离行驶的一个具有挑战性的用例是包装行业。这需要每辆车进行多次快速切换。因此,小单元FDMA方法是不合适的。相反,与集中式方法相比,采用辐射线消除了基于fdma的切换问题,并减少了多径延迟传播和信号衰减。此外,辐射线路在高速、低功耗和远程环境中表现良好。本文实现了一种新型的基于辐射线的、高可靠的、实时的近场耦合传输系统。这种无线传输方法产生一个频率平坦的、时不变的无线电信道,以满足给定的要求。与单天线解决方案相比,采用天线分集可以显著提高系统性能。
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引用次数: 0
Tailored Genetic Algorithm for Scheduling Jobs and Predictive Maintenance in a Permutation Flowshop 排序流程车间作业调度和预测性维护的定制遗传算法
A. Ladj, F. B. Tayeb, C. Varnier
We tackle in this paper the Permutation Flow-shop Scheduling Problem (PFSP) with predictive maintenance interventions. The objective is to propose an integrated model that coordinates production schedule and predictive maintenance planning so that the total time to complete the schedule after predictive maintenance insertion is minimized. Predictive maintenance interventions are scheduled based on Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) results using a new proposed heuristic. To jointly establish an integrated scheduling of production jobs and predictive maintenance actions, we propose a tailored genetic algorithm incorporating properly designed operators. Computational experiments carried out on Taillard well known benchmarks, to which we add both PHM and maintenance data, show the efficiency of the newly proposed maintenance planning heuristic and genetic algorithm.
本文研究了具有预测性维护干预的置换流车间调度问题。目标是提出一个协调生产计划和预测性维护计划的集成模型,以便在预测性维护插入后完成计划的总时间最小化。预测性维护干预是基于预测和健康管理(PHM)的结果,使用一种新的启发式方法。为了共同建立生产作业和预测性维护行动的集成调度,我们提出了一种定制的遗传算法,其中包含适当设计的操作员。在Taillard知名基准测试中,我们将PHM和维护数据都加入其中,并进行了计算实验,结果表明了新提出的启发式和遗传算法的有效性。
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引用次数: 3
期刊
2018 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)
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