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2018 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)最新文献

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Behavior-driven Development for Real-time Embedded Systems 实时嵌入式系统的行为驱动开发
A. S. Nezhad, J. Lukkien, R. H. Mak
Embedded systems are a class of computer systems that are typically characterized by a tight interaction with the physical environment. Various methodologies have been adopted for the development of such systems, ranging from traditional waterfall to modern agile techniques. One of the agile techniques that has recently attracted increasing attention is Behavior-Driven Development (BDD). BDD promotes the engagement of all stakeholders in every development iteration to minimize the misunderstanding between technical and non-technical stakeholders and, consequently, to speed up the development process and lower the costs. In this paper, we investigate the application of BDD to the development of embedded systems, especially focusing on the testing of timing requirements for real-time embedded software. In particular, we extend BDD with time-related concepts and propose an approach to generate test code for the verification of timing behavior of real-time embedded systems. Our approach offers more automation for the development of test code compared to existing BDD tools, thus minimizing the risk of timing faults and reducing development costs and time-to-market.
嵌入式系统是一类典型的以与物理环境紧密交互为特征的计算机系统。这种系统的开发采用了各种方法,从传统的瀑布技术到现代敏捷技术。最近引起越来越多关注的敏捷技术之一是行为驱动开发(BDD)。BDD在每次开发迭代中促进所有涉众的参与,以尽量减少技术涉众和非技术涉众之间的误解,从而加快开发过程并降低成本。本文研究了BDD在嵌入式系统开发中的应用,重点研究了实时嵌入式软件的时序需求测试。特别是,我们用与时间相关的概念扩展了BDD,并提出了一种方法来生成用于验证实时嵌入式系统的时序行为的测试代码。与现有的BDD工具相比,我们的方法为测试代码的开发提供了更多的自动化,从而将时间错误的风险最小化,并减少了开发成本和上市时间。
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引用次数: 3
Advanced LLE Method for Dimension Reduction using Nonlinear Manufacturing Data 基于非线性制造数据的先进LLE降维方法
Sitong Xu, W. Lu, Xiang Li, Kee Jin Lee
Modern manufacturing processes are often characterized by high dimensionality and nonlinearity; dimension reduction is usually required to identify the critical features and help improve the process yield. Dimension reduction and analysis of data with high nonlinearity has been a challenging task. Many methods have been proposed based on manifold learning, which aims to learn a lower-dimensional manifold from the original high-dimensional space. However, since the mappings are usually implicit, it is difficult to build a connection between the classification results and the original features. Apart from the prediction results, industry data analysis also focus on the features themselves. Therefore, methods that are able to combine feature selection with dimension reduction is often needed. This paper proposed a hybrid method for nonlinear dimension reduction and feature selection based on Locally Linear Embedding (LLE). LLE and many filter feature selection shares a common procedure of neighbor search. By integrating nearest neighbor search for both LLE and ReliefF, and adjusting the distance measure in supervised LLE with results from feature selection, the proposed method could connect the feature selection process with the nonlinear model, extract the critical features for further analysis, and improve the performance of process modelling. Two dataset from real industry processes are also illustrated as case studies.
现代制造过程往往具有高维和非线性的特点;通常需要减小尺寸来识别关键特征并帮助提高工艺良率。高非线性数据的降维和分析一直是一项具有挑战性的任务。许多方法提出了基于流形学习,旨在学习原始高维空间的低维流形。然而,由于映射通常是隐式的,因此很难在分类结果和原始特征之间建立联系。除了预测结果,行业数据分析也关注特征本身。因此,经常需要将特征选择与降维相结合的方法。提出了一种基于局部线性嵌入(LLE)的非线性降维和特征选择混合方法。LLE和许多滤波器特征选择都有一个共同的邻域搜索过程。该方法结合LLE和ReliefF的最近邻搜索,并根据特征选择结果调整监督LLE中的距离度量,将特征选择过程与非线性模型连接起来,提取关键特征进行进一步分析,提高了过程建模的性能。来自实际工业过程的两个数据集也作为案例进行了说明。
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引用次数: 2
Digitalization of the IEC PAS 63131 Standard with AutomationML IEC PAS 63131标准的自动化数字化
R. Drath, I. Ingebrigtsen
This paper describes a concept for an electronic data exchange of System Control Diagrams (SCDs) from the process engineering to control engineering domain. SCDs are standardized by the Norwegian NORSOK organisation and contain, in contrast to P&IDs, concrete function blocks and their interrelations, a real representation of the actual control application. SCDs are of interdisciplinary nature containing process and automation information at the same diagram. Their application in the Norwegian oil and gas industry is well established and of high value for the automation departments and control room operators. Seamless electronic data exchange is however not established today, the printed diagram is still the main input for the control system supplier's engineers. This paper investigates a way to utilize AutomationML to overcome this issue.
本文描述了过程工程与控制工程领域系统控制图(SCDs)电子数据交换的概念。scd由挪威NORSOK组织标准化,与p&id相比,scd包含具体功能块及其相互关系,是实际控制应用的真实表示。scd具有跨学科性质,在同一图中包含过程和自动化信息。它们在挪威石油和天然气行业的应用已经很成熟,对自动化部门和控制室操作员具有很高的价值。然而,无缝的电子数据交换尚未建立,印刷的图表仍然是控制系统供应商工程师的主要输入。本文研究了一种利用AutomationML来克服这一问题的方法。
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引用次数: 5
Application of the Internet of Things (IoT) Technology in Consumer Electronics - Case Study 物联网(IoT)技术在消费电子产品中的应用-案例研究
A. Ożadowicz, Jakub Grela, Lukasz Wisniewski, Krzysztof Smok
In this paper, an alternative and new approach to embed sophisticated Internet of Things (IoT) functionality into consumer electronic devices has been proposed. The approach has been evaluated by implementing it into an electric kettle. The proposed concept includes a new communication architecture, data models as well as the possibility to create user profiles. Moreover, it is compatible with the building automation and control systems (BACS) and other available IoT solutions. The presented evaluation shows that by careful consideration of the power consumption, there is a high potential to a safe significant amount of energy, especially if it is scaled up to the number of potential users. Furthermore, it is shown that the proposed architecture is very flexible and can be extended with several other functionalities or profiles, depended on the requirements and addressed device type.
本文提出了一种将复杂的物联网(IoT)功能嵌入消费电子设备的替代方法。通过在电水壶中实施该方法,对该方法进行了评估。提出的概念包括一个新的通信架构、数据模型以及创建用户配置文件的可能性。此外,它与楼宇自动化和控制系统(BACS)以及其他可用的物联网解决方案兼容。所提出的评估表明,通过仔细考虑电力消耗,有很高的潜力获得安全的大量能源,特别是如果将其扩大到潜在用户的数量。此外,还表明所提出的体系结构非常灵活,并且可以根据需求和所处理的设备类型扩展到其他几个功能或配置文件。
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引用次数: 4
Moving Average control chart for the detection and isolation of temporal faults in stochastic Petri nets 随机Petri网时间故障检测与隔离的移动平均控制图
Sara Rachidi, E. Leclercq, Yoann Pigné, D. Lefebvre
This paper deals with problems of detection and isolation of temporal faults in timed stochastic discrete event systems. Partially labeled timed Petri nets are used to model the considered systems. Temporal faults corresponding to significant variations of the support of the probability density function (pdf) are considered. A pdf represents the firing duration of each transition. A Moving Average control chart (also known as a Moving Mean chart) is applied in order to detect the variation of mean duration. The advantages of the proposed analysis are to detect variations in time series when parameters vary slowly and to isolate the faults thanks to the signature table.
研究了定时随机离散事件系统中时间故障的检测与隔离问题。使用部分标记的定时Petri网对所考虑的系统进行建模。考虑了概率密度函数(pdf)支持度显著变化所对应的时间断层。pdf表示每个转换的触发持续时间。移动平均控制图(也称为移动平均图)用于检测平均持续时间的变化。该分析方法的优点是在参数变化较慢的情况下可以检测到时间序列的变化,并利用特征表隔离故障。
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引用次数: 1
Sustainable Robotics Solutions in Smart Cities. The Challenge of the ECHORD++ Project 智能城市中的可持续机器人解决方案。ecord ++项目的挑战
A. Grau-Saldes, Y. Bolea, Ana Puig-Pey, A. Sanfeliu, J. Casanovas
The objective of this paper is to explain novel sustainable robotics solutions for cities. Those new proposals appear under the ECHORD++ project which is a good tool to meet academia and industry with the objective of providing innovative technological solutions. In this paper, authors explain the tool as well as the methodology to promote robotics research in urban environments, and the on-going experience will demonstrate that huge advances are made in this field.
本文的目的是为城市解释新的可持续机器人解决方案。这些新提案出现在ecord ++项目下,该项目是满足学术界和工业界提供创新技术解决方案的好工具。在本文中,作者解释了在城市环境中促进机器人研究的工具和方法,并且正在进行的经验将证明该领域取得了巨大的进步。
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引用次数: 2
Heterogeneous ITS Architecture for Manned and Unmanned Cars in Suburban Areas 城郊有人驾驶和无人驾驶汽车的异构ITS架构
Salma Emara, Aya Elewa, Omar Wasil, Kholoud Moustafa, Nada Abdel Khalek, A. H. Soliman, Hassan H. Halawa, M. Elsalamouny, R. Daoud, H. Amer, Ahmed K. F. Khattab, H. Elsayed, T. Refaat
Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technology plays a critical role in maintaining road safety, avoiding accidents and controlling traffic flow. As self driving cars are expected to take over the roads, this paper discusses the intermediate phase in which manned and unmanned cars coexist. A heterogeneous network architecture that simultaneously serves manned and unmanned cars' different requirements in a suburban area is proposed and simulated using Riverbed Modeler. The feasibility of this architecture is examined in three different scenarios: Normal operation, congestion in both directions and Road Side Units (RSU) failure. In normal operation mode, traffic data is sent through Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure/Infrastructure-to-Vehicle (V2I/I2V or to RSU) using IEEE 802.11p and infotainment information is communicated as V2I/I2V using Long Term Evolution (LTE). A special case is highlighted and tested, in which congestion is in both directions. In such situation, data needs to be relayed to the nearest RSU using multi-hop communication. A fault-tolerant model is also proposed and analyzed in case of failure of RSU. The performance metrics are end-to-end delay, LTE response time, handover delay and packet loss ratio. The architecture proves its suitability by satisfying traffic control real time application requirements.
车联网(V2X)技术在维护道路安全、避免事故和控制交通流量方面发挥着至关重要的作用。由于自动驾驶汽车有望接管道路,本文讨论了有人驾驶和无人驾驶汽车共存的中间阶段。提出了一种同时满足城郊有人车和无人车不同需求的异构网络架构,并利用Riverbed Modeler进行了仿真。该架构的可行性在三种不同的情况下进行了测试:正常运行、双向拥堵和路旁单元(RSU)故障。在正常运行模式下,交通数据通过IEEE 802.11p通过车辆对车辆(V2V)和车辆对基础设施/基础设施对车辆(V2I/I2V或RSU)发送,信息娱乐信息通过长期演进(LTE)作为V2I/I2V通信。强调并测试了一个特殊的情况,在这个情况下,拥塞是双向的。在这种情况下,需要使用多跳通信将数据中继到最近的RSU。提出了一种容错模型,并对RSU故障的容错模型进行了分析。性能指标包括端到端延迟、LTE响应时间、切换延迟和丢包率。通过满足交通控制实时应用需求,证明了该体系结构的适用性。
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引用次数: 2
Multi-resource sharing scheduling considering uncontrollable environment 考虑不可控环境的多资源共享调度
Mahya Rahimi, E. Dumitrescu, É. Niel
This paper addresses the problem of scheduling through a visual, expressive and formal modeling approach, based on Timed Game Automata (TGA). The originality of the proposed approach lies in integrating various kinds of uncontrollability in the scheduling problem and also the ability of handling the sharing of multiple resources. This uncontrollable behaviors consist of the start time, the duration of the task and the failure occurrence in a schedule which are modeled by TGA. The models have the advantage of being directly exploitable by means of synthesis tools. To obtain the minimum makespan and optimal schedules as the result, a time-optimal reachability game is performed through Tiga tool. The obtained result for a scheduling example shows the huge difference in the obtained schedule with and without considering uncontrollable behaviors.
本文通过一种基于定时游戏自动机(TGA)的可视化、表达性和形式化建模方法来解决调度问题。该方法的创新之处在于将调度问题中的各种不可控性融合在一起,并具有处理多资源共享的能力。这些不可控行为包括任务的开始时间、持续时间和故障在计划中的发生情况,这些不可控行为由TGA建模。该模型具有可通过综合工具直接利用的优点。为了获得最小完工时间和最优调度结果,通过Tiga工具进行了时间最优可达性博弈。一个调度实例的结果表明,在考虑不可控行为的情况下,得到的调度结果存在巨大差异。
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引用次数: 0
Large-Scale Scheduling with Routing, Batching and Release Dates for Wafer Fabs using Tabu Search 使用禁忌搜索的晶圆厂的大规模调度与路由,批处理和发布日期
Clemens Schwenke, Henri Blankenstein, K. Kabitzsch
Semiconductor fabricating facilities (wafer fabs) aim for manageable, heuristics that can reproducibly solve their typical large-scale dynamic complex job shop scheduling problems. Hence, the main contribution of this work is a deterministic tabu search algorithm that sequences, routes and batches the process operations of a continuous reentrant material flow using a large-scale mix of single, flexible (parallel) and batch machines. Due to continuous production, release dates and due dates are considered to minimize job tardiness. Using known large-scale benchmark instances, sixteen neighborhood structures are validated to find a practical compromise between solution quality and computational effort. The result is a novel combination of neighborhoods for simultaneous sequencing, routing and batching that finds good schedules for problem instances of industrial size and complexity in an acceptable time.
半导体制造设施(晶圆厂)的目标是可管理的,启发式的,可以重复地解决其典型的大规模动态复杂作业车间调度问题。因此,这项工作的主要贡献是一种确定性禁忌搜索算法,该算法使用单个,灵活(并行)和批处理机器的大规模混合对连续可重入物料流的过程操作进行排序,路由和批处理。由于持续生产,发布日期和截止日期被认为是最大限度地减少工作延误。使用已知的大规模基准实例,验证了16个邻域结构,以找到解决质量和计算工作量之间的折衷方案。其结果是同时排序、路由和批处理的新邻域组合,在可接受的时间内为工业规模和复杂性的问题实例找到良好的调度。
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引用次数: 0
Flexible Container Platform Architecture for Industrial Robot Control 面向工业机器人控制的柔性容器平台体系结构
Carlos A. Garcia, Marcelo V. García, E. Irisarri, F. Pérez, M. Marcos, Elisabet Estévez-Estévez
The adoption of virtualization technologies in the development of software has brought advances in concepts such as flexibility and innovation in the field. The advantages introduced by these emerging solutions are widely known in Cloud Computing and Big Data systems. It should also be noted that these concepts have contributed to spreading such technologies in different contexts. Good examples of this are Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS) and Industrial Internet-of-Things (IIoT) providing the future smart factories with advanced flexibility in production. In this sense, this paper proposes a flexible container architecture for industrial control. More specifically, it is focused on multi-purpose controllers or mobile anthropomorphic robots making use of a container solution. To this end, key technologies as Docker or IEC 61499, are used to address at the same time the deployment of flexible functions and the virtualization of control, with legacy support.
在软件开发中采用虚拟化技术带来了该领域的灵活性和创新等概念的进步。这些新兴解决方案带来的优势在云计算和大数据系统中广为人知。还应当指出,这些概念有助于在不同情况下传播这些技术。网络物理生产系统(CPPS)和工业物联网(IIoT)就是一个很好的例子,它们为未来的智能工厂提供了先进的生产灵活性。在这个意义上,本文提出了一种灵活的工业控制容器体系结构。更具体地说,它专注于使用容器解决方案的多用途控制器或移动拟人化机器人。为此,使用Docker或IEC 61499等关键技术,同时解决灵活功能的部署和控制的虚拟化,并提供遗留支持。
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引用次数: 5
期刊
2018 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)
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