Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS43011.2019.8956856
Afreen Fatima, A. Basu
A common issue in biomicrofluidic systems is that fluidic channels may become contaminated when ampiphilic molecules adsorb to the hydrophobic channel walls. Desorption rates are often measured using optical methods, many of which require a chromophore or a fluorophore label. This paper describes label-free desorption measurements using a drop frequency sensor (DFS), a microfluidic sensor reported recently by our group. The DFS is based on a surfactant retardation effect which measures the drag of surface-active agents on microdroplets generated in a tee junction. We measure desorption curves of Tween, a small molecule surfactant, from the walls of a polydimethylsiloxane channels. Typical desorption times increase with Tween concentration, ranging from 45 to 324 seconds at Tween concentrations between 10 and 1000 ppm. The limit of detection is 10 ppm.
{"title":"Measuring Analyte Desorption using a Surfactant Hydrodynamic Retardation Effect Detector","authors":"Afreen Fatima, A. Basu","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS43011.2019.8956856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS43011.2019.8956856","url":null,"abstract":"A common issue in biomicrofluidic systems is that fluidic channels may become contaminated when ampiphilic molecules adsorb to the hydrophobic channel walls. Desorption rates are often measured using optical methods, many of which require a chromophore or a fluorophore label. This paper describes label-free desorption measurements using a drop frequency sensor (DFS), a microfluidic sensor reported recently by our group. The DFS is based on a surfactant retardation effect which measures the drag of surface-active agents on microdroplets generated in a tee junction. We measure desorption curves of Tween, a small molecule surfactant, from the walls of a polydimethylsiloxane channels. Typical desorption times increase with Tween concentration, ranging from 45 to 324 seconds at Tween concentrations between 10 and 1000 ppm. The limit of detection is 10 ppm.","PeriodicalId":6710,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE SENSORS","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78829387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS43011.2019.8956719
Tonmoy Ghosh, E. Sazonov, P. Chandler-Laney
Rapid weight gain during infancy expands the threat of obesity. Currently, there is a lack of tools to monitor the feeding behavior of infants. This paper presents a sensor system and a method for inspecting satiety cues exhibited by infants during feeding in the form of opening/closing of the eyes. Open eyes and vigorous sucking indicate an alert, actively feeding infant, while eye closing in combination with a slower frequency or lower strength of sucking indicate that an infant is getting full and falling asleep. The monitoring is performed by a sensor system consisting of a feeding bottle instrumented with a camera to monitor facial expression and a pressure sensor to monitor sucking. A method for open eye detection is proposed based on the histograms of oriented gradients features and multi-stage cascade classifier. In a pilot study of 4 infants, a recall value of 82.40% and F1-score of 80.79% was achieved while testing on 914 infant images.
{"title":"Sensor System for Open/Closed Eye Detection in Infants During Feeding","authors":"Tonmoy Ghosh, E. Sazonov, P. Chandler-Laney","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS43011.2019.8956719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS43011.2019.8956719","url":null,"abstract":"Rapid weight gain during infancy expands the threat of obesity. Currently, there is a lack of tools to monitor the feeding behavior of infants. This paper presents a sensor system and a method for inspecting satiety cues exhibited by infants during feeding in the form of opening/closing of the eyes. Open eyes and vigorous sucking indicate an alert, actively feeding infant, while eye closing in combination with a slower frequency or lower strength of sucking indicate that an infant is getting full and falling asleep. The monitoring is performed by a sensor system consisting of a feeding bottle instrumented with a camera to monitor facial expression and a pressure sensor to monitor sucking. A method for open eye detection is proposed based on the histograms of oriented gradients features and multi-stage cascade classifier. In a pilot study of 4 infants, a recall value of 82.40% and F1-score of 80.79% was achieved while testing on 914 infant images.","PeriodicalId":6710,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE SENSORS","volume":"54 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76377130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS43011.2019.8956563
M. Abdolrazzaghi, F. Hariri, M. Chu, H. Naguib, M. Daneshmand
In this work, polyaniline polymer is used for relative humidity level sensing mounted on a planar microwave oscillator. This intrinsically conducting polymer becomes lossy with water ingress. The sensing transducer is based on two concentric split-ring resonator that is designed at high frequency of 5 GHz to exploit the sensitivity. The loss of the resonator is compensated with positive feedback loop and the oscillation is controlled with varactor as the phase modifier. Relative humidity levels of ~ 5 % - 65 % is measured linearly using the proposed sensor with a sensitivity of 833 kHz/degree that agrees with commercial sensor.
{"title":"Relative Humidity Sensing using PANI/PVA integrated with Feedback Oscillator Circuit","authors":"M. Abdolrazzaghi, F. Hariri, M. Chu, H. Naguib, M. Daneshmand","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS43011.2019.8956563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS43011.2019.8956563","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, polyaniline polymer is used for relative humidity level sensing mounted on a planar microwave oscillator. This intrinsically conducting polymer becomes lossy with water ingress. The sensing transducer is based on two concentric split-ring resonator that is designed at high frequency of 5 GHz to exploit the sensitivity. The loss of the resonator is compensated with positive feedback loop and the oscillation is controlled with varactor as the phase modifier. Relative humidity levels of ~ 5 % - 65 % is measured linearly using the proposed sensor with a sensitivity of 833 kHz/degree that agrees with commercial sensor.","PeriodicalId":6710,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE SENSORS","volume":"10 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87024399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS43011.2019.8956767
Luis Iglesias Hernandez, I. Dufour, P. Shanmugam, J. Michaud, D. Alquier, D. Certon
This paper shows for the first time the ability to detect different gases by tracking the impedance of an uncoated silicon nitride capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) array at the anti-resonant frequency. The principle of this chemical detection is based on the influence of a physical property of the gas (the mass density) on the resonant properties of the CMUTs. In this paper, we present results for carbon dioxide and hydrogen detection. Potential applications of such sensor include long term gas monitoring or fast response gas sensing for gas leakage detection.
{"title":"High Frequency Gas Detection With an Uncoated CMUT Array by Impedance Resonant Frequency Measurement","authors":"Luis Iglesias Hernandez, I. Dufour, P. Shanmugam, J. Michaud, D. Alquier, D. Certon","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS43011.2019.8956767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS43011.2019.8956767","url":null,"abstract":"This paper shows for the first time the ability to detect different gases by tracking the impedance of an uncoated silicon nitride capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) array at the anti-resonant frequency. The principle of this chemical detection is based on the influence of a physical property of the gas (the mass density) on the resonant properties of the CMUTs. In this paper, we present results for carbon dioxide and hydrogen detection. Potential applications of such sensor include long term gas monitoring or fast response gas sensing for gas leakage detection.","PeriodicalId":6710,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE SENSORS","volume":"79 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83923678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS43011.2019.8956577
C. Kroh, R. Wuchrer, Nadja Steinke, Margarita Guenther, G. Gerlach, T. Härtling
The inline monitoring of ethanol concentrations in liquids is a crucial part of process monitoring in breweries and distilleries. Current methods are based on infrared spectroscopy which are bulky and costly making them non-affordable for small and middle-sized companies. To overcome these problems, we present a small, compact and cost-effective sensing method, based on a nanostructured, plasmonically active sensor substrate. The sensor substrate is coated with a microstructured ethanol-sensitive acrylamide-bisacrylamide hydrogel which induces a change of the hydrogel’s refractive index in conjugation with the hydrogel swelling and shrinking. With such an approach, the ethanol concentration in liquids can be determined in a simple optical transmittance setup. In our study, we demonstrate the capability of the sensor principle for the detection of ethanol concentration ranging from 0 to 30 vol%. Furthermore, we determined the response time of the sensor substrate to be less than 10 seconds, which shows an enormous improvement compared to other hydrogel-based sensing methods. Finally, initial results for real sample measurements are presented.
{"title":"Fast response hydrogel-based plasmonic sensor substrate for the detection of ethanol","authors":"C. Kroh, R. Wuchrer, Nadja Steinke, Margarita Guenther, G. Gerlach, T. Härtling","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS43011.2019.8956577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS43011.2019.8956577","url":null,"abstract":"The inline monitoring of ethanol concentrations in liquids is a crucial part of process monitoring in breweries and distilleries. Current methods are based on infrared spectroscopy which are bulky and costly making them non-affordable for small and middle-sized companies. To overcome these problems, we present a small, compact and cost-effective sensing method, based on a nanostructured, plasmonically active sensor substrate. The sensor substrate is coated with a microstructured ethanol-sensitive acrylamide-bisacrylamide hydrogel which induces a change of the hydrogel’s refractive index in conjugation with the hydrogel swelling and shrinking. With such an approach, the ethanol concentration in liquids can be determined in a simple optical transmittance setup. In our study, we demonstrate the capability of the sensor principle for the detection of ethanol concentration ranging from 0 to 30 vol%. Furthermore, we determined the response time of the sensor substrate to be less than 10 seconds, which shows an enormous improvement compared to other hydrogel-based sensing methods. Finally, initial results for real sample measurements are presented.","PeriodicalId":6710,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE SENSORS","volume":"44 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89196580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS43011.2019.8956615
R. Kobayashi, M. Noda, M. Sawamura, H. Yamakado, Masayuki Sohgawa
We newly applied real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) method for phospholipid liposome-immobilized cantilever sensor in order to obtain a trace amount of chronological behavior of α−synuclein (aSyn) as causative agent for Parkinson Disease. Our goal is to detect aggregated, not a monomeric, forms of aSyn in its initial stage, as it is most toxic in patient’s cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Especially, by introducing similar processes of the RT-QuIC on a microscale cantilever surface, pM order aSyn fibril was detected, further indicating several hundreds of fM detection in the cantilever biosensor system that is fluorescent label-free technique.
{"title":"A Novel Detection of Biomarker Molecule of α-synuclein for Parkinson Disease by Phospholipid Liposome-Immobilized Cantilever Biosensor Using Real-Time Quaking-Induced Conversion Method","authors":"R. Kobayashi, M. Noda, M. Sawamura, H. Yamakado, Masayuki Sohgawa","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS43011.2019.8956615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS43011.2019.8956615","url":null,"abstract":"We newly applied real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) method for phospholipid liposome-immobilized cantilever sensor in order to obtain a trace amount of chronological behavior of α−synuclein (aSyn) as causative agent for Parkinson Disease. Our goal is to detect aggregated, not a monomeric, forms of aSyn in its initial stage, as it is most toxic in patient’s cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Especially, by introducing similar processes of the RT-QuIC on a microscale cantilever surface, pM order aSyn fibril was detected, further indicating several hundreds of fM detection in the cantilever biosensor system that is fluorescent label-free technique.","PeriodicalId":6710,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE SENSORS","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89185748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS43011.2019.8956639
Paul Marsh, Yi Zhuang, Zhenghan Xu, Lauren Heine, H. Cao
This paper presents the application of a simple, inductively-coupled potentiometric pH measurement system into the cap of standard laboratory sample tubes, thus enabling continuous, wireless monitoring of a bevy of samples. The system is powered by a compact Class E amplifier using inductive coupling via a designed resonance frequency of 1 MHz. Signals are transmitted back via load modulation at frequencies a fraction of the power carrier frequency, thus allowing for extraction of the signal frequency. Results are demonstrated which clearly show that modulation frequency tracks closely with open circuit potential, and the system as a whole features good sensitivity and linearity. This system holds promise for a host of applications.
{"title":"Sample Tube pH Monitoring via Passive Powering and Communication","authors":"Paul Marsh, Yi Zhuang, Zhenghan Xu, Lauren Heine, H. Cao","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS43011.2019.8956639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS43011.2019.8956639","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the application of a simple, inductively-coupled potentiometric pH measurement system into the cap of standard laboratory sample tubes, thus enabling continuous, wireless monitoring of a bevy of samples. The system is powered by a compact Class E amplifier using inductive coupling via a designed resonance frequency of 1 MHz. Signals are transmitted back via load modulation at frequencies a fraction of the power carrier frequency, thus allowing for extraction of the signal frequency. Results are demonstrated which clearly show that modulation frequency tracks closely with open circuit potential, and the system as a whole features good sensitivity and linearity. This system holds promise for a host of applications.","PeriodicalId":6710,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE SENSORS","volume":"63 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83049493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS43011.2019.8956812
Giancarlo Ayala-Charca, S. Magierowski, E. Ghafar-Zadeh
This paper presents a novel real-time resonance-like impedance spectroscopy method using ITO electrodes. These electrodes can exhibit N-Shape Nonlinear Negative Differential Resistance (NDR) under specific conditions. In these conditions, the impedance of the electrode becomes pure capacitive, resulting in a resonance-shape spectrum. The resonance frequency is related to electrochemical changes at the interface between electrode and sample. We validated this method using microfabricated ITO electrodes exposed to two chemical solutions, including DMEM culture medium and 0.9% NaCl Solution. Based on these results, the proposed method can offer great advantages of rapid impedance spectroscopy for high throughput screening of chemical and biological materials suitable for a variety of life sciences applications.
{"title":"Novel Resonance-Like Impedance Spectroscopy for Life Science Applications","authors":"Giancarlo Ayala-Charca, S. Magierowski, E. Ghafar-Zadeh","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS43011.2019.8956812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS43011.2019.8956812","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a novel real-time resonance-like impedance spectroscopy method using ITO electrodes. These electrodes can exhibit N-Shape Nonlinear Negative Differential Resistance (NDR) under specific conditions. In these conditions, the impedance of the electrode becomes pure capacitive, resulting in a resonance-shape spectrum. The resonance frequency is related to electrochemical changes at the interface between electrode and sample. We validated this method using microfabricated ITO electrodes exposed to two chemical solutions, including DMEM culture medium and 0.9% NaCl Solution. Based on these results, the proposed method can offer great advantages of rapid impedance spectroscopy for high throughput screening of chemical and biological materials suitable for a variety of life sciences applications.","PeriodicalId":6710,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE SENSORS","volume":"45 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80700186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS43011.2019.8956645
R. Bernasconi, D. Meroni, A. Aliverti, L. Magagnin
The significant incidence of cancer on public health in the modern industrialized world is pushing the research on novel therapeutic techniques and diagnosis tools. The latter, in particular, are of vital importance, since in many cases a prompt cancer diagnosis can significantly decrease patient’s mortality. Bioimpedance tissue analysis, in particular, is gaining attention as a promising methodology to identify tumor. Manufacturing technologies for bioimpedance probes are however still not completely adapt for cost effective mass production. In this context, the present work aims at producing a costless bioimpedance sensor by employing inkjet printing and electrolytic metal deposition. The probe manufactured in this way is successfully employed for bioimpedance testing of three animal tissues, demonstrating ability to successfully distinguish between them.
{"title":"Fabrication of a Bioimpedance Sensor via Inkjet Printing and Selective Metallization","authors":"R. Bernasconi, D. Meroni, A. Aliverti, L. Magagnin","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS43011.2019.8956645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS43011.2019.8956645","url":null,"abstract":"The significant incidence of cancer on public health in the modern industrialized world is pushing the research on novel therapeutic techniques and diagnosis tools. The latter, in particular, are of vital importance, since in many cases a prompt cancer diagnosis can significantly decrease patient’s mortality. Bioimpedance tissue analysis, in particular, is gaining attention as a promising methodology to identify tumor. Manufacturing technologies for bioimpedance probes are however still not completely adapt for cost effective mass production. In this context, the present work aims at producing a costless bioimpedance sensor by employing inkjet printing and electrolytic metal deposition. The probe manufactured in this way is successfully employed for bioimpedance testing of three animal tissues, demonstrating ability to successfully distinguish between them.","PeriodicalId":6710,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE SENSORS","volume":"116 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79270187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-01DOI: 10.1109/SENSORS43011.2019.8956625
Muhammad H. Alvi, Minhao Sheng, R. Lorenz, T. Jahns
Giant Magnetoresistive (GMR) point field detectors (PFDs) have been integrated into power electronic converters for high-bandwidth galvanically-isolated current sensing in conductors that are especially designed for magnetic field shaping. In this work, a methodology is introduced to sense currents in standard conductors with very high bandwidth by detecting the magnetic field as a vector in multi-dimensional space. Tools are developed to identify the field components in directions that do not have frequency-dependent changes arising from skin effect in the conductors. The importance of orienting the PFD in a particular point is identified as critical to the flat frequency response of current sensing. In this paper, bandwidth extension for busbar current sensing is experimentally verified by sensing the magnetic field using a rotated 1-D GMR as well as by computing the same magnetic field vector from orthogonal X and Y outputs of a 2-D GMR PFD. Current sensing bandwidth extension using the multi-dimensionality of the magnetic field leads to compact, low-cost current sensing without complicated conductor designs.
{"title":"Magnetoresistive Point Field Detector-based Current Sensing for Power Electronics with Bandwidth Extension","authors":"Muhammad H. Alvi, Minhao Sheng, R. Lorenz, T. Jahns","doi":"10.1109/SENSORS43011.2019.8956625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS43011.2019.8956625","url":null,"abstract":"Giant Magnetoresistive (GMR) point field detectors (PFDs) have been integrated into power electronic converters for high-bandwidth galvanically-isolated current sensing in conductors that are especially designed for magnetic field shaping. In this work, a methodology is introduced to sense currents in standard conductors with very high bandwidth by detecting the magnetic field as a vector in multi-dimensional space. Tools are developed to identify the field components in directions that do not have frequency-dependent changes arising from skin effect in the conductors. The importance of orienting the PFD in a particular point is identified as critical to the flat frequency response of current sensing. In this paper, bandwidth extension for busbar current sensing is experimentally verified by sensing the magnetic field using a rotated 1-D GMR as well as by computing the same magnetic field vector from orthogonal X and Y outputs of a 2-D GMR PFD. Current sensing bandwidth extension using the multi-dimensionality of the magnetic field leads to compact, low-cost current sensing without complicated conductor designs.","PeriodicalId":6710,"journal":{"name":"2019 IEEE SENSORS","volume":"43 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83413361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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