Macromolecular Research最新文献

The treatment of infectious diseases is impacted by the emergence of multidrug-resistant microbiological infections. Due to the long-term usage of antibacterial clinical drugs, microbes develop resistance to clinical drugs. To take advantage of the potential of these families of chemicals, several derivatives of thiophene containing p-toluene sulfonamide (TPS) were prepared using an eco-friendly method with high yields. These synthetic derivatives had a wide range of structural diversity to demonstrate a structure–activity link. In multi-component reaction (MCR), the versatile reactants (1 mmol) react for up to 6–8 h at pH 7.2 ± 0.2 and temperature 70 ± 1 °C. The reaction involved the reusable organic catalyst l-Proline (1 mol%), and the mechanisms through a Knoevenagel condensation pathway, which has the advantage of effectively producing the described thiophene derivatives (TD). Then, further TD reacts with p-toluene sulfonamide (Tosyl-Cl) at 0 °C within 10–12 h to provide the final product TPS. The present investigation provides an inexpensive and eco-friendly method of TPS derivatives. A perusal of the tables indicates that TPS derivatives exhibited promising activity against S. typhimurium as compared to E. coli and S. aureus. The compounds having good activity contained electron-withdrawing as well as electron-donating substituent groups on the benzaldehyde benzene ring of the amino part of the amide.

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Green sustainable development of multi component heterocyclic aryl sulfonamide reaction

The demand for lightweight respirators necessitates the development of high-performance composites capable of removing chemical agents. However, most of these materials either pose risks to human health or involve toxic substances in their production. This study investigates the adsorption of cyanogen chloride and sarin onto spherical composites synthesized via a biocompatible and rapid alginate-based method. The incorporation of metal and triethylenediamine, combined with highly porous activated carbon powder, significantly enhances the adsorption capacity of the composite. Rapid synthesis through ion exchange maintains a highly specific surface area. Moreover, the impregnation of metal and triethylenediamine further augments both the physical and chemical adsorption performance of the composite. The properties of the composites were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analyses. Breakthrough time tests indicated that the impregnated alginate-based composites exhibited superior physical (143%) and chemical (128%) adsorption capabilities compared to military-activated carbon. This study presents a potential biocompatible alginate-based synthesis technique to improve adsorption while enabling easy and rapid adjustment of particle size.

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We report on the surface engineering of zirconia (ZrO₂) by incorporation of abaloparatide (ABL) on the surface of nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp)-immobilized zirconia. First, nHAp-immobilized zirconia (nHAp–PDA–ZrO₂) was fabricated by adding nHAp in a polydopamine (PDA)-coating process on zirconia surface. Surface chemistry, morphology, and wettability of nHAp–PDA–ZrO₂ were examined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and water contact angle measurement. As a second step, ABL incorporation was performed by the reaction of ABL with PDA layer coated on nHAp–PDA–ZrO₂. A fluorescence microscope visualized that ABL was efficiently bound on the surface of nHAp–PDA–ZrO₂to form ABL/nHAp–PDA–ZrO₂. The synergistic osteogenic effect of ABL and nHAP on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, calcium-mineral deposition, and alizarin red staining were assessed. The combination of ABL and nHAp for surface-engineering approaches may provide an effective approach to develop highly promising bone-regenerative osteogenic implant surfaces.

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The surface of zirconia is engineered by incorporation of bone-forming abaloparatide (ABL) and osteoconductive nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp). This ABL/nHAp-functionalized zirconia surface exhibits synergistic improved osteogenic activity.

Hyperbranched thiol (Hyperbranched mercaptopropionate, HBMP) was synthesized using a commercially available hydroxyl-terminal hyperbranched oligomer and 3-mercaptopropionic acid applying a low-temperature esterification reaction. The chemical structure and molecular weight analysis of synthesized HBMP were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The synthesized HBMP was analyzed with curing kinetics, thermal/mechanical properties, and adhesion trait with bisphenol-A-type epoxy resin compared to pentaerythritol tetra-mercaptopropionate (PETMP). The curing kinetics between HBMP and epoxy resin required higher activation energy compared to PETMP case. In addition, it was confirmed that as the content of HBMP increases, the thermal and mechanical properties decrease, but the adhesion property was greatly improved. These results indicate that incorporating hyperbranched thiol in epoxy resin is an efficient method to utilize the material as an adhesive layer.

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Synthesis procedure of HBMP reaction with BoltornTM P1000 and 3-MPA.

Conjugated polymers derived from polyfluorene and featuring sulfonate groups in their side chains were synthesized for interlayer in both fullerene and non-fullerene organic solar cells (OSCs). These polymers, specifically denoted as PFS-T-x (x = H, Li), establish an advantageous interfacial dipole through the ionic functionality located at the side chains. Remarkably, the key parameters of organic solar cells, such as ({J}_{sc}) and (FF,) exhibit improvements as the size of the cation increases. The highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) was achieved using PFS-T-Li as interlayer, reaching up to 9.11% and 16.3% for the device based on fullerene and non-fullerene, respectively. This study can provide a deeper understanding and potential enhancements in the performance of OSCs utilizing polymers as universal interlayers.

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This study explored the impact of different countercations in conjugated polymers used as an interlayer in organic solar cells. It was discovered that the conjugated polyelectrolyte containing lithium countercations produced the highest power conversion efficiency, ascribed to the creation of an advantageous interfacial dipole.

This study presents the synthesis of silica-embedded carbon nanofibers (SiO₂/eCNFs) as additives to enhance the heat dissipation properties of epoxy molding compounds (EMCs) for semiconductor packaging. Three different sized SiO₂ nanoparticles were prepared and added to the precursor solution for polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers. Through electrospinning and carbonization, SiO₂ nanoparticles-embedded PAN nanofibers were successfully converted to SiO₂/eCNFs. As-fabricated SiO₂/eCNFs were mixed with EMC in different concentrations from 0.1 to 1.0 wt% to investigate the effect of SiO₂/eCNFs on EMC in perspective of thermal and mechanical properties. Under our experimental conditions, the addition of 500SiO₂/eCNFs with 0.4 wt% EMC achieved a 67% enhancement in thermal conductivity and a 43% higher impact strength compared to pristine EMC. The improved thermal and mechanical properties by adding SiO₂/eCNFs additives can be attributed to two factors: one-dimensional carbon and embedded SiO₂ nanoparticles. The presence of one-dimensional carbon successfully enhanced the thermal conductivity owing to its natural graphitic characteristics and dimensional advantages. In addition, the optimal size of the SiO₂ nanoparticles provided more heat dissipation routes while maintaining the packing factor compatibility with the SiO₂ fillers in the EMC. In practical EMC applications for semiconductor chips, infrared (IR) camera observations confirmed a faster increase in the surface temperature with the use of SiO₂/eCNFs-EMC, demonstrating the potential of these new EMC additives as next-generation high-performance semiconductors.

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The improvement in the thermal conductivity of the chip molded in epoxy molding compound (EMC) through the addition of SiO₂-embedded carbon nanofibers (SiO₂/eCNFs) is demonstrated. The SiO₂/eCNFs-EMC molded chips exhibited enhanced thermal conductivity, attributed to the formation of heat pathways through the combination of SiO₂ and CNFs.

This study reports the development of a novel biomass-based epoxy vitrimer using bio-derived monomers and a fully bio-based cross-linking agent. Specifically, di-epoxy, tri-epoxy, and soybean oil (SO)-epoxy monomers were synthesized from renewable sources of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), protocatechuic acid (PCA), and soybean oil, respectively. A fully bio-based tetra-functional thiol cross-linker was also synthesized from α-lipoic acid. The resulting epoxy resins exhibited high biomass contents (77.10% for di-epoxy, 74.30% for tri-epoxy, and 74.00% for SO-epoxy) demonstrating their sustainability. These resins, which can be cured at relatively low temperatures, exhibited exceptional mechanical properties with tensile strengths of up to 55.76 MPa. Moreover, the resins exhibited stress–relaxation behavior and reprocessing capabilities through the integration of thiol–epoxy reactions and transesterification, marking a significant advancement in the development of sustainable alternatives to conventional petroleum-based thermosets. This study underscores the potential application of these bio-based, reprocessable epoxy vitrimers to the reduction of environmental pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.

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The growing demand for efficient energy storage solutions has driven significant advancements in supercapacitor technology, aimed at overcoming the traditional limitations of low energy density. This article reviews strategies for enhancing the energy density of supercapacitors, focusing on advancements in electrolyte formulations, activated carbon materials, pseudocapacitive materials, and binder technologies. Aqueous, ionic liquid, and organic electrolytes have been optimized to expand voltage windows and improve ionic conductivity, thereby increasing energy storage capacity. The development of high specific surface area carbon materials and the precise tailoring of pore size distributions have been shown to enhance capacitance. Pseudocapacitive materials, including metal oxides and MXenes, have demonstrated the potential for significantly higher energy densities through redox-active mechanisms. Innovations in binder systems, particularly those employing conductive materials like reduced graphene oxide, have further improved electrode performance by enhancing structural integrity and ion transport. A key focus is the role of polymer binders, which are vital for reducing the internal resistance and subsequent heat generation. Research in this area aims to develop binders that minimize resistive losses, improve ion transport efficiency, reduce heat generation and maintain optimal operating temperatures, prevent thermal degradation, and increase energy density. Continuous research into new materials and formulations for polymer binders is essential for advancing supercapacitor technology.

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In this work, novel nanoparticles based on stearyl polyoxyethylene ether (Brij S100) and heparin for oral delivery of cisplatin were developed. The Brij S100 was covalently grafted with heparin (Hep) via the help of cystamine as a linker molecule and the successful conjugation of Hep and Brij S100 was proved by FT-IR and ¹H-NMR spectroscopy techniques. The Hep-Brij S100 copolymer was self-assembled to form the micelle structure at the minimum concentration (CMC value) of 392 ± 23 µg/ml. Cisplatin (Cis) was loaded into the Hep-Brij S100 nanogels with high drug loading content (4.88%) and efficiency (93.60%). The results of DLS and SEM revealed the nanoscale of particles (170.5 nm) with homogeneity of dispersed colloidal nanoparticles. The in vitro release of Cis from Hep-Brij S100 nanogel followed the Fickian diffusion. Furthermore, the pH-responsive release profile of Cis showed that Hep-Brij S100 nanoformulation was suitable for oral administration, without inducing any cytotoxic effect on normal cells, even at the high concentration (100 mg/ml). Importantly, the Hep-Brij S100/Cis nanomedicine exerted better cytotoxicity (IC₅₀ = 3.26 ± 0.19 µg/mL) than that of the free Cis (52.81 ± 6.26 µg/mL) on MCF7-breast cancer cells. These results strongly indicated that Hep-Brij S100 nanogels possess great potential for the oral delivery of chemotherapies.

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