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Monte Carlo Simulation for Distance and Absorbed Dose Calculations in a PET-CT Facility by Using MCNP-X 用MCNP-X进行PET-CT设备中距离和吸收剂量计算的蒙特卡罗模拟
Pub Date : 2016-01-28 DOI: 10.17265/1548-7709/2016.01.005
H. Tekin, Ü. Kara
Modern PET/CT clinics consist of a scanner room housing the double gantry PET/CT unit and a control area. These areas should be considered as a parts of facility that must be protected. The scanner room, quiet rooms, and frequently the hot lab require structural shielding to protect staff and personnel in surrounding areas. The 511 keV photons from the PET positron emitting isotopes are the source term for the quiet rooms and the hot lab, while both the 511 keV photons and the multi-energetic spectrum of x-rays from the CT unit must be considered for the scanner room. In this study, we have developed a 3D (three dimensional) model of PET-CT scanner room by using MCNP-X (version 2.4.0) Monte Carlo code. We considered the distance factor in PET-CT facility for the amount of exposure radiation dose received by staff. In terms of exposed radiation dose of staff, we obtained the well agreement on distance factor calculations by using Monte Carlo method. We achieved a good agreement between MCNP-X results and clinical experimental results.
现代PET/CT诊所包括一个装有双龙门PET/CT单元的扫描室和一个控制区。这些区域应被视为必须加以保护的设施的一部分。扫描室,安静的房间,经常是热实验室需要结构屏蔽,以保护周围区域的工作人员和人员。来自PET正电子发射同位素的511 keV光子是安静室和热实验室的源项,而来自CT单元的511 keV光子和x射线的多能谱必须考虑到扫描仪室。在本研究中,我们利用MCNP-X(2.4.0版本)蒙特卡罗代码开发了PET-CT扫描室的三维模型。我们考虑了PET-CT设施中工作人员接受的暴露辐射剂量的距离因素。对于工作人员的暴露辐射剂量,用蒙特卡罗方法计算距离因子得到了很好的一致性。MCNP-X结果与临床实验结果吻合较好。
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引用次数: 22
A Review of Operating System Infrastructure for Real-Time Embedded Software 实时嵌入式软件操作系统基础结构综述
Pub Date : 2015-12-28 DOI: 10.17265/1548-7709/2015.06.001
Luis, Femando, Friedrich, Mario, Dantas
Since their early applications in the 1960s, embedded systems have come down in price and increased dramatically in processing power and functionality. In addition, embedded systems are becoming increasingly complex. High-end devices, such as mobile phones, PDAs, entertainment devices, and set-top boxes, feature millions of lines of code with varying degrees of assurance of correctness. Nowadays, more and more embedded systems are implementing in a distributed way, and a wide range of high-performance distributed embedded systems have been design and deployed. As many aspects of embedded system design become increasingly dependent on the effective interaction of distributed processors, it is clear that much effort needs to be focus on software infrastructure, such as operating systems, to ensure that they provide functionality to fulfill these requirements. This paper reviews some of the approaches associated with the operating systems used to fulfill these needs.
自20世纪60年代早期应用以来,嵌入式系统的价格已经下降,处理能力和功能也显著提高。此外,嵌入式系统正变得越来越复杂。高端设备,如移动电话、pda、娱乐设备和机顶盒,以数百万行代码为特征,这些代码具有不同程度的正确性保证。目前,越来越多的嵌入式系统采用分布式方式实现,各种高性能的分布式嵌入式系统被设计和部署。由于嵌入式系统设计的许多方面越来越依赖于分布式处理器的有效交互,因此很明显,需要在软件基础设施(如操作系统)上投入大量精力,以确保它们提供满足这些需求的功能。本文回顾了与用于满足这些需求的操作系统相关的一些方法。
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引用次数: 3
Analysing Traffic Flow and Traffic Hotspots from Historic and Real-Time GPS Data 从历史和实时GPS数据分析交通流量和交通热点
Pub Date : 2015-12-28 DOI: 10.17265/1548-7709/2015.06.006
C. Bartolo, Thiago Matos Pinto
Traffic congestion is an increasing issue in many road networks. Considering the Maltese Islands, the traffic situation is in bad condition, despite the different attempts by the government to find a solution for this problem. In this report, we investigate how traffic may be analysed, which methods are available for this analysis, and how the traffic flow can be depicted. Many methods for this analysis are presented with a customized method attempted for finding traffic congestions and checking the traffic flow around the towns. The solution implemented in this work enables users to provide data through a data collecting Android app, which displays traffic flow on an interactive map, while allowing the users to view the traffic flow on a web-based interactive map at their chosen town, date and time. The method works by analysing GPS data from vehicles attained from different methods of data collection, namely data collection from Android devices, and historic GPS data from tracking devices installed in commercial fleets. The results of this work demonstrate a method for analysing traffic flow with accurate results, a usable and easy method of depicting traffic, with positive user feedback.
交通拥堵是许多道路网络中日益严重的问题。考虑到马耳他群岛,交通状况很糟糕,尽管政府尝试了不同的方法来解决这个问题。在本报告中,我们研究了如何分析交通,哪些方法可用于此分析,以及如何描述交通流。提出了许多分析方法,其中包括一种定制的方法,试图发现交通拥堵并检查城镇周围的交通流量。在这项工作中实施的解决方案使用户能够通过数据收集Android应用程序提供数据,该应用程序在交互式地图上显示交通流量,同时允许用户在基于网络的交互式地图上查看他们选择的城镇,日期和时间的交通流量。该方法通过分析从不同数据收集方法获得的车辆的GPS数据,即从Android设备收集的数据,以及从商业车队安装的跟踪设备收集的历史GPS数据。这项工作的结果展示了一种分析交通流量的方法,具有准确的结果,一种可用和简单的描述交通的方法,具有积极的用户反馈。
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引用次数: 0
Research on Wind Power System with Adaptive Speed Control of MPPT Algorithm 基于MPPT算法的风电系统自适应速度控制研究
Pub Date : 2015-12-28 DOI: 10.17265/1548-7709/2015.06.005
Ai-mei, Xiao, Yong-xin, Jia
MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) is one of the most important technologies in the wind power system. It analyses the wind power system’s model. Based on properties of wind machine’s mechanical and electrical, around the rotor dynamics and the excitation winding voltage, this paper researches the automatic tracking algorithm of rotational speed. By dynamically changing winding voltage it controls the generator reaction torque, then the rotational speed is adjusted and it develops a new nonlinear adaptive transmission control model for wind power generator. This control model can adjust the excitation winding of the alternator voltage dynamically and make wind turbines to achieve the maximum power point tracking rapidly.
最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)是风力发电系统中最重要的技术之一。分析了风力发电系统的模型。根据风机的机电特性、转子动态特性和励磁绕组电压,研究了风机转速的自动跟踪算法。通过动态改变绕组电压来控制发电机的反转矩,进而调节转速,建立了一种新的风力发电机非线性自适应传动控制模型。该控制模型可以动态调节交流发电机励磁绕组电压,使风力发电机组快速实现最大功率点跟踪。
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引用次数: 0
Can ICT Help to Solve the Clinical Appropriateness Problem?—An Experience in the Italian Public Health ICT能帮助解决临床适宜性问题吗?——意大利公共卫生的经验
Pub Date : 2015-12-28 DOI: 10.17265/1548-7709/2015.06.004
L. Vaira, Mario Alessandro Bochicchio
Clinical exams are essential in modern medicine for disease screening, diagnosis and monitoring, but their misuse can lead to resources dissipation. In recent years there has been a significant increase in clinical exams demand. This can be seen both as a positive result of an improved health awareness, mostly in terms of prevention, and as the direct and logical consequence of the medical defensive behaviour, which arises from the potential occurrence of legal controversies and of the clinician's unawareness and indifference about the cost of clinical exams. Often the reasons are related to practical problems, such as the lack of knowledge about an already performed exam, the unavailability or inaccessibility of previous test results, doubts about the reliability of the obtained result for a specific exam or, even, the loss of the previous medical report. In order to reduce the occurrence of inappropriate exams requests we propose an approach, mainly based on Open Data and Open Software, to enforce a suitable set of "appropriateness rules" which can be used to check the appropriateness of the request exam as soon as the request is submitted to the medical unit in charge to perform it. The appropriateness rules come from an open and update repository that can allow the total comprehension about the clinical appropriateness topic and facilitate discussions and debates on the theme. The paper discusses also an implementation of the proposed approach and its application to a public hospital, in Italy.
临床检查是现代医学疾病筛查、诊断和监测的重要手段,但临床检查的不当使用会造成资源的耗散。近年来,临床检查的需求有了显著的增长。这既可以看作是提高健康意识(主要是在预防方面)的积极结果,也可以看作是医疗防御行为的直接和合乎逻辑的后果,这种行为源于可能发生的法律纠纷以及临床医生对临床检查费用的不了解和漠不关心。原因往往与实际问题有关,例如对已经进行的检查缺乏了解,以前的检查结果无法获得或无法获得,对特定检查结果的可靠性产生怀疑,甚至丢失了以前的医疗报告。为了减少不适当的检查请求的发生,我们提出了一种主要基于开放数据和开放软件的方法,来执行一套合适的“适当规则”,一旦请求提交给负责执行它的医疗单位,就可以用来检查请求检查的适当性。适当性规则来自一个开放和更新的存储库,可以允许对临床适当性主题的全面理解,并促进关于该主题的讨论和辩论。本文还讨论了所提出的方法的实施及其在意大利一家公立医院的应用。
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引用次数: 1
Emergency Governance and Preparedness to Respond 应急治理和应急准备
Pub Date : 2015-12-28 DOI: 10.17265/1548-7709/2015.06.007
ZoranNusev, Aleksandar, Risteski
Every level of government (local, state and federal), every corporation and organization has an ultimate goal of preventing and being ready for the (un)accounted emergencies. Having the organizational policies in place, budget assigned makes it all that much easier to deal with these risks. The paper is focusing on the differences and alignments between Canada and Macedonia in their preparedness for the Emergencies. The goal is to analyze and use this information to further develop the standard operating procedures, governance and communications within which will provide better preparedness, management and prevention of loss of life and property.
每一级政府(地方、州和联邦)、每一家公司和组织都有一个最终目标,即预防并为(联合国)统计的紧急情况做好准备。有了适当的组织策略,预算分配使得处理这些风险变得更加容易。该文件的重点是加拿大和马其顿在紧急情况准备方面的差异和一致。目标是分析和利用这些信息,进一步制定标准作业程序、治理和沟通,从而更好地做好准备、管理和预防生命和财产损失。
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引用次数: 0
Methods of Assessment and Diagnosis of the Quality of Knowledge in E-Learning 网络学习中知识质量的评估与诊断方法
Pub Date : 2015-12-28 DOI: 10.17265/1548-7709/2015.06.002
Hrabovskyi Yevhen, S. K. Kharkiv
In the article the author analyses the main methods of assessment and diagnosis of the quality of knowledge in e-learning. Advantages and disadvantages of the study, conducted with the use of e-learning technologies. The author analyzes the methodological support of e-learning as a set of procedures with the educational process with the use of electronic means, also proposed a detailed examination of the electronic control systems distance learning, analyzed the main tasks that solve these systems. Special attention shall have control, assessment of knowledge, skills business training as necessary components of process diagnostics. Analysis of proposed pedagogical testing in higher education, analyzes its main interrelated functions: diagnostic, educational and upbringing. The paper also presents an analysis of regulatory programs as an effective means of evaluation and quality diagnostic expertise in e-learning. There are major benefits of monitoring programs to further their use in diagnosing students' knowledge.
本文分析了网络学习中知识质量评估与诊断的主要方法。使用电子学习技术进行的研究的优点和缺点。作者分析了远程学习作为一套程序与教育过程中使用电子手段的方法支持,还对远程学习的电子控制系统提出了详细的考察,分析了解决这些系统的主要任务。应特别注意将控制、评估知识、技能业务培训作为过程诊断的必要组成部分。分析了高等教育教学测试的建议,分析了其主要的相关功能:诊断功能、教育功能和培养功能。本文还分析了监管计划作为电子学习中评估和质量诊断专业知识的有效手段。监控程序在诊断学生知识方面有很大的好处。
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引用次数: 12
Mixed Attributes Two-Stage-Clustering Entity Resolution 混合属性两阶段聚类实体解析
Pub Date : 2015-12-28 DOI: 10.17265/1548-7709/2015.06.003
Lei Gang
Record matching and clustering are two essential steps in the process of entity resolution, and the single text similarity clustering based on tf-idf (term frequency-inverse document frequency) feature often leads to poor precision in spots entity resolution. The paper outlines a mixed attributes two-stage-clustering entity resolution framework (abbreviated in MATC-ER) and designs an approach to measure the similarity by mixing spot name and spot introduction, which makes good use of the record information at different stages. Then the paper proves its efficiency based on the comparative experiments on the real data of travel spots.
记录匹配和聚类是实体分辨过程中必不可少的两个步骤,基于tf-idf(词频-逆文档频率)特征的单一文本相似度聚类往往导致点实体分辨精度不高。本文提出了一种混合属性两阶段聚类实体解析框架(简称MATC-ER),设计了一种利用不同阶段记录信息,将点名和点介绍混合进行相似性度量的方法。通过对旅游景点真实数据的对比实验,验证了该方法的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
Telecardiology Assistance in Senior Living Houses 长者生活院舍的心脏电讯学协助
Pub Date : 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.17265/1548-7709/2015.03.005
Milica Kaladjurdjevic
The CHF (chronic heart failure) represents one of major cause of mortality and morbidity in developed countries. It is expected that incidence of heart failure associated with aging, will rise exponentially, due to its higher prevalence among population over 75 years. The SLH (senior living house) is missing an adequate secondary healthcare assistance in order to provide a qualitative secondary prevention to the resident. We have conducted a pilot project of telecardiology in one senior living house in 2013, with duration of 6 months; we decided to expend the project as an observational trial with primary objective to evaluate impact of telemedicine on secondary prevention of clinical cardiovascular outcomes/hospitalization in senior living house setting and secondary objectives to evaluate quality of life using Minnesota living with Heart Failure questionnaire and to evaluate cost savings and additional benefits earned by telemedicine. For the study, 85% powered at the 5% level of significance; to detect differences, we need 310 patients, including 10% drop out. As results, during the pilot project, 23 patients with median age of 86 years were monitored; we are currently enrolling new senior living house and patients with CHF that resides in senior living house.
慢性心力衰竭(CHF)是发达国家死亡率和发病率的主要原因之一。由于75岁以上人群的患病率较高,预计与衰老相关的心力衰竭发病率将呈指数级上升。老年人生活之家(SLH)缺乏足够的二级保健援助,无法向居民提供定性的二级预防。2013年,我们在一所老年住宅开展了心电学试点项目,为期6个月;我们决定将该项目扩展为一项观察性试验,主要目的是评估远程医疗对老年生活院中临床心血管结局/住院的二级预防的影响,次要目的是使用明尼苏达州心力衰竭患者生活问卷评估生活质量,并评估远程医疗的成本节约和额外收益。在这项研究中,85%的显著性水平为5%;为了检测差异,我们需要310名患者,包括10%的退出患者。结果,在试点项目期间,监测了23例中位年龄86岁的患者;我们目前正在招收新的老年生活中心和居住在老年生活中心的CHF患者。
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引用次数: 0
The Protection Technology of Script-Based Cyber Attack 基于脚本的网络攻击防护技术
Pub Date : 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.17265/1548-7709/2015.02.008
Jonghun Jung, Hwankuk Kim, Hyun-lock Choo, Lim ByungUk
Recent web-based cyber attacks are evolving into a new form of attacks such as private information theft and DDoS attack exploiting JavaScript within a web page. These attacks can be made just by accessing a web site without distribution of malicious codes and infection. Script-based cyber attacks are hard to detect with traditional security equipments such as Firewall and IPS because they inject malicious scripts in a response message for a normal web request. Furthermore, they are hard to trace because attacks such as DDoS can be made just by visiting a web page. Due to these reasons, it is expected that they could result in direct damages and great ripple effects. To cope with these issues, in this article, a proposal is made for techniques that are used to detect malicious scripts through real-time web content analysis and to automatically generate detection signatures for malicious JavaScript.
最近,基于web的网络攻击正在演变成一种新的攻击形式,例如窃取私人信息和利用网页内的JavaScript进行DDoS攻击。这些攻击可以通过访问网站进行,而不会传播恶意代码和感染。基于脚本的网络攻击很难被传统的安全设备(如防火墙和IPS)检测到,因为它们在正常的web请求的响应消息中注入恶意脚本。此外,他们很难追踪,因为DDoS等攻击可以通过访问网页进行。由于这些原因,预计会造成直接损失和巨大的连锁反应。为了解决这些问题,本文提出了一种通过实时web内容分析来检测恶意脚本并自动生成恶意JavaScript检测签名的技术。
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引用次数: 2
期刊
通讯和计算机:中英文版
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